The Importance of Apiculture
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Transcript of The Importance of Apiculture
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
The Importance of ApicultureThe Importance of Apiculture
Albert J. RobertsonAlbert J. Robertson
Meadow Ridge EnterprisesMeadow Ridge Enterprises
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
OutlineOutline
Definition of apicultureDefinition of apiculture Importance of honey bees and apiculture practicesImportance of honey bees and apiculture practices Honey bee health issuesHoney bee health issues The Saskatraz projectThe Saskatraz project
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
ApicultureApiculture Apiculture is the management and study of Apiculture is the management and study of
domesticated honey bees (Apis Mellifera).domesticated honey bees (Apis Mellifera). A critically important profession for secure and sustain A critically important profession for secure and sustain
the world’s food supply.the world’s food supply.
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Responsible for 1/3 of the world’s food supply by Responsible for 1/3 of the world’s food supply by pollination of more than 90-100 species of pollination of more than 90-100 species of flowering plants (Greenleaf and Kremer, 2006, flowering plants (Greenleaf and Kremer, 2006, PNAS, 103: 13890)PNAS, 103: 13890)
Worldwide economic value to food production of Worldwide economic value to food production of 50-100 billion USD annually with little or no 50-100 billion USD annually with little or no “carbon footprint” (Dr. Phippes, Apitrack website)“carbon footprint” (Dr. Phippes, Apitrack website)
Indicators of the health of their surrounding Indicators of the health of their surrounding ecosystem. Essential for the preservation and ecosystem. Essential for the preservation and sustainability of wild species of flowering plants.sustainability of wild species of flowering plants.
Used for prospecting and detecting land mines.Used for prospecting and detecting land mines.
Importance of Honey bees and Apicultural Practices
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Involved with collection of valuable hive products.Involved with collection of valuable hive products. HoneyHoney
most “green” sweetener; more evidence of health benefits most “green” sweetener; more evidence of health benefits accumulating (Dr. Ron Fessenden, accumulating (Dr. Ron Fessenden, www.foodnavigator-usa.com) diabetes, weight loss, cognitive ) diabetes, weight loss, cognitive function, wound healing, chemotherapy induced function, wound healing, chemotherapy induced neutropenia, cough suppression, antioxidant source.neutropenia, cough suppression, antioxidant source.
Wax Wax Long chain aliphatic alcohol (30-32 C)Long chain aliphatic alcohol (30-32 C) Cloned gene involved in bee wax synthesis from SAT-28. Cloned gene involved in bee wax synthesis from SAT-28.
Prapanan Teerawanichpan, Albert J. Robertson, Xiao Qui, Prapanan Teerawanichpan, Albert J. Robertson, Xiao Qui, 2010, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40; 641-2010, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40; 641-649649..
Pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee venom (apitherapy)Pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee venom (apitherapy)
Apicultural Practices
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
In the media since 2007, Colony Collapse Disorder In the media since 2007, Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Increased and continued decline in honey bee (CCD). Increased and continued decline in honey bee populations throughout the world is of serious concernpopulations throughout the world is of serious concern..
Possible Causes:Possible Causes: Parasitic mites (Varroa Destructor)Parasitic mites (Varroa Destructor)
Apis cerana Apis cerana Apis mellifera Apis mellifera Pathogens (viruses and microsporidia) associated with the Pathogens (viruses and microsporidia) associated with the
mitesmites Synthetic chemical miticide treatmentsSynthetic chemical miticide treatments
Residues, mite resistance, decreased natural immunity and Residues, mite resistance, decreased natural immunity and suppression of the development of natural resistance to mitessuppression of the development of natural resistance to mites
Lack of genetic diversity in the managed bee Lack of genetic diversity in the managed bee population.population.
Compounded by poor apicultural practices and Compounded by poor apicultural practices and agricultural pesticide uses (nicotinoids)agricultural pesticide uses (nicotinoids)
Honey Bee Health Issues
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Varroa Mites in Pupae
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Scanning Electron Micrographs of Varroa Mite
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Established in 2004 in collaboration with Established in 2004 in collaboration with Saskatchewan and Manitoba queen breeders.Saskatchewan and Manitoba queen breeders.
Involved assembling a large diverse gene pool at Involved assembling a large diverse gene pool at an isolated apiary called Saskatraz.an isolated apiary called Saskatraz.
Aimed at using natural selection (no synthetic Aimed at using natural selection (no synthetic chemical miticides) to select for honey bee chemical miticides) to select for honey bee genotypes with tolerance to parasitic mites.genotypes with tolerance to parasitic mites.
The Saskatraz ProjectSBA Honey Bee Breeding Program
The Saskatraz ProjectThe Saskatraz ProjectObjective: To develop productive, gentle honeybees
with tolerance to mites and brood diseasesBy: Albert J. Robertson
SBA Honeybee Breeding Program
Summer 2004-05
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Letters A to G represent isolated apiaries and the year of establishment at Meadow Ridge. Solid arrows indicate genetically diverse gene (GD) flow into
Saskatraz, dashed arrows gene flow out of Saskatraz. (ii) denotes instrumental insemination. RC denotes recurrent selection. 1Denotes no chemical miticides.
Saskatraz Breeding Program Logistics
certified
Saskatraz“Natural Selection1 and Evaluation”
(2004-09)
AMeadow Ridge (MR)
Closed BreedingPopulation
(1992-2003)
BFive Isolated
Russian ApiariesBlue 40, Green, Purple 30Yellow (2001-05) at MR
EColonies selected (127) bySK beekeepers (34), MR (83)Over 6 years(representing selections from > 50,000 colonies)(2004-2009)
GSaskatraz satellite yards at MR 2006-09(reselected elitebreeding lines forclosed populationmating and stock maintenance)
FCommercial QueenBreeders and Beekeepers(2005-2009)(4200 queen cells, 67 breeder queensdistributed between 2006-09)
CRussian/German hybrids (ii)
UM/German hybrids (ii)NWC crosses (open mated and ii)
(2006) Constructed at MR
DCanadian hygienic
Lines (TSQ)Crossed with
Russian and UM(2005) Constructed at MR
RC
certifiedRC
GD
GD
GD
GD
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Saskatraz natural selection yard site fall 2006 – fenced.Selection for this Saskatraz yard site is a death sentence.
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Primary Selection Criteria:
1. Honey Production2. Wintering Ability3. Mite Resistance and Suppression4. Resistance to Brood Diseases
(chalk brood, foul brood and virus susceptibility)
Breeding methods used to select and enrich for important traits (natural selection, back crossing, recurrent selection and progeny
analyses).
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
September 2006
These bees look good, but they are dying.
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Colony (2004)
VirusMay
2005June 2005
July 2005
Aug. 2005
Sept. 2005
Oct. 2005
May 2006
June 2006
July 2006
Aug. 2006
Sept. 2006
Oct. 2006
SAT 01DWVIAPVKBV
−−−
−−−
+−−
+−−
+−−
−−−
++−
+−−
+++
−++
+++
Dead
SAT 24DWVIAPVKBV
+−−
−
−
+−−
+−−
+−−
+−−
−−−
−−−
++−
Dead Dead Dead
SAT 28DWVIAPVKBV
+−−
−−−
+−−
−−−
+−−
++−
+−−
−−−
+++
−++
+++
SAT 30DWVIAPVKBV
−−−
+−−
+−−
+−−
+−−
−−−
−−−
−+−
−−−
+++
−++
−++
SAT 34DWVIAPVKBV
++−
+−−
++−
−−−
−−−
+++
−−−
−++
+++
−++
Saskatraz Apiary
%T%V
0.33−
0.640.06
1.51.6
0.51
0.33.3
0.723.9
0.915
0.7532
Pandemic
Varroa (ND 2005-2006) Were Sampled From All Saskatraz Colonies To Monitor Virus Infection Status of the Varroa Population and Host
Colony.
−
−
−
3
1
− − − −
−
−
3 1 7 2
− −
−
1 9
− 2 − − 3 4
− − − − − −
− −
−
1.2 7 1 9 31
− 1.3 − 17 3 33
− − − 12 46
− − 0.9 − 3 10 26 95
− 0.75 − 5 11 26
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Progeny Analyses of Selected Breeders and Progeny Analyses of Selected Breeders and Non-Selected ColoniesNon-Selected Colonies
•Grooming Assays•Hygienic Behaviour (VSH phenotypes)•Morphometric Analyses•Molecular Marker Analyses•Selecting for variability in virus susceptibility
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Grooming Assay
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Varroa Mite
Hygienic Behaviour Analyses
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
German (4)
Unknown
Canadian
Russian
New Zealand
A three dimensional plot showing the grouping of 5 different honeybee populations using 20 informative microsatellite markers.
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Selecting for Variability in Virus Susceptibility ofSaskatraz Breeding Lines
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Percent of brood cells infested with varroa at Saskatraz on Sept. 16, 2008.(Red bars indicate colonies showing virus infections)
Values plotted are mean, error bars are SE.
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Screening of Pre-Emergent Pupae From Varroa Tolerant and Sensitive Saskatraz Breeding Lines for IAPV using RT-PCR
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Summary
Natural Selection coupled with effective breeding Natural Selection coupled with effective breeding procedures show promise in improving the productivity, procedures show promise in improving the productivity, health and sustainability of the domesticated honey bee.health and sustainability of the domesticated honey bee.
Positive selection pressure without the use of synthetic Positive selection pressure without the use of synthetic chemical miticides, should allow natural genetic chemical miticides, should allow natural genetic processes to improve tolerance to mites and other processes to improve tolerance to mites and other pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi).pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi).
Apiculture practices should focus more on genetics, Apiculture practices should focus more on genetics, breeding and biotechnology to help obtain sustainability breeding and biotechnology to help obtain sustainability of honey bee populations.of honey bee populations.
The Importance of Apiculture, ABIC 2010
Acknowledgements•Saskatchewan Agriculture (ADF), Agriculture Council of Saskatchewan (MB, AB, BC and Yukon), Meadow Ridge Ent. Ltd., SBA and CBRF•GenServe Labs (Dr. G. Brown, Bruce Mann, Dr. Yves Plante, Dale Kelly, and Dr. Steven Creighton, SRC)•VIDO (Dr. Philip Griebel and Wayne Connor)•University of Saskatchewan Food and Bioproducts (Dr. Xiao Qiu and San Jei)•Mohommad Mostejeran (Research associate 2008-present)•Dr. Filipe Brizuela (Research associate summer 2008-09)• Saskatchewan Bee Keeper Colony Donators & Contributors• Dr. Abdullah Ibrahim (Research associate, summer 2007)• John Pedersen – breeder stock multiplication and selection (2006)• Eric Pedersen, Lyse Boisvert, Matthew Polinsky and Vika Cummins –
summer student (2005-2008)• Family members & Meadow Ridge staff: Tom, Jenny, and Cecilia Robertson, Neil Morrison, Rob Peace.• Collaborators: John Gruszka (P.A.Sask) Dr. Solignac (Paris, France), Dr.
Ralph Buchler (Germany), Dr. Rob Currie (U of M), and Manitoba Queen Breeders Association, Dr. S. Pernal (ACC, AB), Drs. T.
Rinderer, & R. Danka (Baton Rouge, LA), S. Cobey (Davis, CA), BC Queen Breeders Association (T&E Huxter), Geoff Wilson (P.A. Sask).