The impacts of radio telemetry on the behavior of lynx canadensis · The impacts of radio telemetry...

The impacts of radio telemetry on the behavior of lynx canadensis

Cochrane Ecological Institute (CEI)

International Forest Ecosystem Management (B.Sc.)

University of Applied Sciences Eberswalde


Internship report

Sep 1st

2011 till Feb 29th

2012

Lavinia Haase

Cochrane Ecological Institute (CEI)

Cochrane, Alberta, Canada

International Forest Ecosystem Management (B.Sc.)

University of Applied Sciences Eberswalde


2

Table of contents

Acknowledgement 3

1. Introduction 4-5

1.1. Canada 4

1.2. The Cochrane Ecological Institute (CEI) 5

2. Projects 6-12

2.1. Lynx project 6-10

2.1.1. Project design 6

2.1.2. Ethograms 7

2.1.3. Scat Analysis 7-8

2.1.4. Preference of trees 8

2.1.5. Hair traps 8-9

2.1.6. Potential release sites 10

2.2. Bate Analysis swift fox and lynx 11

2.2.1. Project design 11

2.2.2. Results 11

2.3. Survey 12

2.3.1. Concept 12

2.3.2. Outcome 12

3. Conclusion 13

4. References 14

5. Appendix 15-23

5.1. Behavior Catalog 15

5.2. Scat list 16-17

5.3. Map: Preference of trees 18

5.4. Map: Hair trap locations 19

5.5. Map: Trap locations for Bate Analysis (fox pen) 20

5.6. Map: Trap locations for Bate Analysis (lynx pen) 21

5.7. Data sheet Bate Analysis 22

5.8. Survey design 23

3

Acknowledgement

I would like to say thank you to Ken and Clio for having me at the CEI and making me feel very much

at home. I had a great time and feel very fortunate that they gave me the opportunity to work with

those amazing animals so closely. Also thank you for always having an open ear for my ideas and

problems and for the support I got with my project whether it was theoretical or technical advice or

equipment I needed. Thank you to Mike for being a great teacher and giving me the opportunity to

take on responsibility and trusting in my abilities.

Another thank you goes out to the HNEE for the PROMOS scholarship I received. It helped me to

cover the expensive flight to Canada.

Last but not least thank you to my parents who always support me and who made my internship in

Canada happen in the first place by supporting me financially and equipping me with the right gear

for the freezing winter.

Ken Weagle, Erin Meagher, Lavinia Haase

4

1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction to the region: Alberta, Canada

Alberta is the fourth largest province in Canada. It is known as a prairie province although

three quarter of the province is covered with trees.

Agriculture has historically been a core industry. Since the discovery of large deposits of oil

and natural gas they are Alberta’s main economic drivers.

Alberta has the widest variety of physical features of any province in Canada and is the only

place in North America where prairie, northern forest and mountain regions meet. There are

some of the most spectacular natural landscapes in North America, including desert

badlands, the world's only boreal forest songbird observatories, the largest collection of

Aboriginal rock art on the North American Plains, glaciers and mountains.

With its 530 parks and protected areas- including 70 Provincial Parks, five National Parks and

five UNESCO World Heritage Sites- it has more than any other province.

The fastest growing industries are the oil and gas, construction, and professional, scientific

and technical services sectors. Because of Banff National Park and Kananaskis Provincial Park

the region is Alberta’s top tourism destination.

Bison & elk

5

1.2. The Cochrane Ecological Institute (CEI)

The Cochrane Ecological Institute- Cochrane Wildlife Reserve Society is devoted to the

preservation of biodiversity through the conservation and breeding of endangered

indigenous species, environmental impact evaluation, ecosystem restoration through the

reintroduction of extirpated flora and fauna, rescue and rehabilitation and release of injured

and orphaned wildlife, public education and field research, and the monitoring of habitat

and species through the development of non intrusive survey methods.

The CEI is a family founded, charitable, not -for -profit organization which was founded in

1971 by Miles and Beryl Smeeton and is now run by their daughter, Clio Smeeton. Miles and

Beryl Smeeton were internationally known sailors, mountaineers, and explorers.

The Smeetons initiated the swift fox reintroduction program in Canada in 1972, six years

before the species was declared extirpated in Canada. All animals held at the CEI are

destined for reintroduction. They are not maintained for public exhibit, trade, or sale. Over

the 26 years of its existence the CEI has also been an integral part of the Canadian Wildlife

Service's Trumpeter swan (Cygnus bucinnator) and wood bison (B.b.athabascae)

reintroduction programs, as well as playing a key role in the Canadian swift fox

reintroduction program. The CEI is unique in that it holds the world's longest established

(1972), largest (20 pairs), and only captive breeding colony of swift fox. These animals are

bred solely for reintroduction as part of the CEI's ecosystem restoration program.

Internationally, as species and habitat vanish, the concept of ecosystem restoration through

the reintroduction of indigenous flora and fauna, is gaining greater and greater prominence.

The preservation of habitat without those species, which made that habitat a viable whole,

is a sterile exercise.

Inside compound of the CEI

(January 2012)

6

2. Projects

2.1. Lynx project

2.1.1. Project design-“The impact of radio telemetry on the behavior of lynx Canadensis”

Research topic: Impacts of radio telemetry on the behavior of Lynx Canadensis

Hypothesis: The behavior of Lynx Canadensis is being influenced by radio

telemetry (collaring).

Abstract: Establish a post-collaring ethogram of the lynx to compare with the

pre-collaring behavior as well as the behavior during the time the

lynx were collared.

Procedure: Observe the lynx from two locations (Bear Pool & Car dump) 2h /

location / day. Note their behavior every 5 minutes (see Appendix

5.1 for behavior catalog). All 24 hours of a day must be covered to

get a general idea of their behavior during all hours of the day. For

this study four 24 hour cycles have been completed.

Expected results: It is expected to see visible changes in the behavior of the lynx in a

collared state in comparison to their “natural” behavior. Those

behavioral changes could influence the animal`s physical, social as

well as mental condition.

Equipment: - notebook & pen, stop watch

- Binocular, night vision binocular

- Camera, video camera, Spy cam

- sound recording, Computer/software (Ethoscribe)

Location #1: Bear Pool Location #2: South fence line

7

2.1.2. Ethogram

An Ethogram is a behavior protocol which contains a quantitative description of an

animal`s normal behavior. First of all a catalog of possible behaviors is being created.

For that the animal is being observed and all behaviors are being noted. It is

important to describe the action not the intention behind it. After the behavior

catalog has been established a hypothesis is being formulated and the study planed.

The last step is to build the final ethogram that tests your hypothesis.

The analysis of the final ethograms as well as the results and conclusion will be

presented in my bachelor thesis in a broad context to find out whether radio collars

do influence the behavior of lynx Canadensis and what influence this has on the

reintroduction of Canadian lynx in North America.

Lynx getting drugged

Lynx waking up in trap

Lynx collared ©CEI

2.1.3. Scat Analysis

To further back up the hypothesis that radio collars do influence the behavior of lynx

Canadensis, scat has been collected to test it for stress hormones. We collected scat

starting at the day of collaring (June 30th

2011), during the time the lynx were

collared as well as after the time they were collared until the end of February 2012.

8

The samples are going to be sent to a University to be tested for stress hormones and

we hope the results are going to confirm the findings we made with the ethograms.

See the Appendix 5.2 for the scat list.

Lynx scat Lynx Canadensis(© Joanne Thibault)

2.1.4. Preference of trees

Due to the evergreen spruce trees in the lynx pen it was sometimes hard to make out

the lynx in the trees. For that reason I had the idea to put up spy cams on the trunks

of all trees to find out if there are any trees they prefer to climb. Those results I

wanted to use for my observations to know which trees to focus on and where to

look for the lynx. See the Appendix 5.3 to view a map with the locations of the spy

cams. The outcome of the study though was rather disappointing. Due to the lynx

way of jumping up trees and being very quick about it, it wasn’t able for the spy cam

to catch them climbing up because from the time the camera detected a movement

to the actual release the lynx were already up the tree.

2.1.5. Hair Traps

Research topic: Hair trap study for lynx Canadensis

Research question: Which lures encourage rubbing?

Abstract: Test catnip spray, Red fox urine, beaver gland extract, Coyote

urine and anise oil for effectiveness to lure lynx to rub on post

to collect hair samples for DNA analysis.

Procedure: Put up five posts in the lynx pen along the south fence line

with a distance of 4m in between each post (see Appendix 5.4

for the Hair Trap location). The posts are wrapped with barb

wire to help collect hair from the lynx. Each post is being

9

sprayed with one of the five different lures and two spy cams

are being put up to capture the encounters of the lynx

rubbing on the posts.

Expected results: It is expected to see a preference of one lure

Equipment: - 5 posts

- Lures (catnip spray, Red fox urine, beaver gland extract,

Coyote urine, anise oil)

- 2 Spy cams

Results/Conclusion: There were two definite encounters captured on spy cam #1.

One with post#1 (catnip spray), which was being sprayed and

one with post#2 (red fox urine) which looks like was being

rubbed on with the lynx cheek. Due to an incident spy cam #1

stopped recording on March 4th

. Spy cam #2 which was

focused on post #3 (anise oil),4 (coyote urine) and 5(Beaver

gland extract) didn’t record any significant encounters. First

of all it wasn’t able to capture all three posts (post#3 anise oil

wasn’t captured) and the distance to the posts was too big

and therefore the night pictures didn’t turn out well. I

therefore recommend to use three spy cams for the project

as well as to reduce the distance from the spy cams to the

posts. The project should also run for a longer period (in this

case it was 6 days) and the lures should be reapplied every

other day to ensure maximum encounters.

Hair Trap wrapped with barbed wire; Spy cam Picture encounter spy cam #1

10

2.1.6. Potential release sites

Habitat requirements

- Large home range (60-85 square miles/animal)

- Don’t cross large areas of cleared land

- Dense climax forests with heavy undergrowth

- May range into mountains, rocky areas, tundra, edge of arctic prairie

- Boreal forests of North America (mainland of North America)

- Used to range down to Nevada, Utah, Colorado

- Uneven-age forests with relatively open canopy as well as “patchy” areas of disturbed

forest (Quinn&Parker, 1987)

- Old gap-phased forests → provide moderate density of hares & high density of squirrels

+ ample supply of blowdown for den sites

- Tree types: white & black spruce, paper birch, willow, quaking aspen (Alaska); white

spruce dominated forests (S/W Yukon); quaking aspen, balsam poplar, spruce stands

(central Alberta)

- Appear to avoid large open areas (Rolley 1987, Koehler&Aubry 1994)

- Densest stands impenetrable by lynx (Wolff 1980)

- Factors for habitat selection: prey abundance, protection from severe weather,

availability of resting/denning sites, dense cover for hunting & escape, freedom from

disturbance (Pollack 1951)

- Tolerant of human presence & disturbance, although less likely to occur in areas with

year-round human habitation (Staples 1995)

- Translocated individuals more vulnerable to traffic deaths (Brocke 1991)

- Don’t avoid crossing roads in Washington (McKelvey 2000); in BC radio-collared resident

lynx crossed highways less frequently than expected (Apps 2000)

- Lynx use some roads for hunting & travel (Koehler & Aubry 1994)

Two Reintroduction attempts in North America:

- Adirondack Mountains (New York State), 1989-1991, 83 lynx translocated from Yukon,

wide dispersal by lynx → high mortality & movement away from study site, within 2

years nearly half died (16 killed by collision with vehicles), no lynx were found

- Colorado, 1998, by Colorado Division of Wildlife, 96 lynx captured in BC, Yukon & Alaska

(57 ♀, 39 ♂), released in S/W Colorado 1999-2000, as of 2001: 37 mortalities, 24% due

to starvation, 14% hit by vehicles, 14% shot, reproduction has not yet been documented

(Shenk 2001)

11

2.2. Bate Analysis swift fox and lynx

2.2.1. Project design

Research topic: Bate Analysis for swift fox and Canadian lynx

Research question: Which small animals do swift fox and Canadian lynx prey on

Abstract: Establish a reference booklet with names, hair samples and

pictures of potential prey to identify hair found in scat in the

process of analyzing what the swift fox and lynx hunt next to

the food we feed them and how much it makes up of their

whole food intake

Procedure: Put up live traps around the lynx and fox pen (see Appendix

5.5 & 5.6 for trap locations) and stack the traps with peanut

butter. Check the traps once a week and identify the catches

as well as taking measurements, pictures and hair samples.

Expected results: It is expected to catch different kinds of small rodents

Equipment: - live traps

- measuring tape, camera, envelopes, data form

2.2.2. Results

Catches included bank voles, white-footed/deer mouse and a shrew, but the most

frequent caught was the bank vole. The collection of hair samples will be extended

and used to create a booklet to help analyze scat better in the future. See Appendix

5.7 for complete data sheet.

Bank vole Shrew White-footed/Deer Mouse

12

2.3. Survey

2.3.1. Concept

The aim of this survey is a qualitative study on people’s views and perceptions of

wildlife rehabilitation and release back into the wild in Alberta.

Reason for this survey is the fact that the Alberta department of Sustainable

Development (SRD) made the decision in 2010 to prevent certain species from

rehabilitation and release back into the wild. “Lynx, bobcat or cougar kittens, bear

cubs, moose, elk, and caribou calves, wolf and coyote cubs and the lambs and kids of

Bighorn sheep and Mountain goats are now prohibited from being rescued,

rehabilitated and released back into the wild in Alberta. Other species, amongst

them skunks, salamanders, frogs, toads and raccoons are even more unlucky. They

are to be killed upon arrival at any Wildlife rehabilitation centre” (Liberty 16,

November 2010, Newsletter CEI, Clio Smeeton). One argument is that the SRD does

not think that (a) the public cares about rehab one way or another, (b) that the

public is worried about "nuisance animals". So the idea is to find out what the public

thinks. See Appendix 5.8 for the Survey design.

2.3.2. Outcome

The survey is at this point still running and the result of this project -The human

dimension of wildlife rescue, rehabilitation and release back into the wild- may be

presented to the government of Alberta upon completion.

Representing the CEI & introducing our survey to the public

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3. Conclusion

All in all I can say that I had, from my side, a successful internship. I was able to get practical

experience in wildlife rehabilitation as well as a lot of background knowledge on the status of

conservation in Canada and as it turns out there is lots of room for improvement. There are

many environmental problems and conservation needs that have to be approached in the future.

Starting with the government who doesn`t put a focus on preserving what makes Canada so

special and that is its stunning natural beauty and fascinating flora and fauna.

I was also able to gain experience in scientific field work, having conducted a couple of research

projects. In my opinion learning by doing is still the most effective way of learning, at least for

me. You remember your mistakes as well as the successes and there is always lots of room for

improvement. I am happy with the outcomes of the projects and hope that they are going to be

continued as they are just a first step towards a bigger goal.

With the Bate Analysis we started a hair sample and data collection that should be turned into a

reference book to help better analyze hair samples found in scat to identify what an animals` diet

is made up of.

The survey on people’s views and perceptions of wildlife rehabilitation and release back into the

wild in Alberta will hopefully help to make people on the one hand aware of the fact that wildlife

rehabilitation is not funded by the government although it should be their concern and on the

other hand help in negotiations with the government to do make wildlife rehabilitation eligible

for funding by the government.

The hair trap study which I conducted in the last two weeks of my internship definitely needs

improvement. The time frame was too short and the effectiveness of the lures must be

improved. This project has a lot of potential but needs a lot of time for many test runs to find out

which lures do actually attract the lynx to rub (also consistently) on ensure the regular collection

of hair samples.

The lynx project, which was my main project, I hope to turn into a bachelor thesis on “The

impacts of radio telemetry on the behavior of lynx Canadensis and how it affects reintroduction in

North America”. The lynx project was just the beginning of a big project. In the future the CEI

plans to create further ethograms on other species like swift fox and deer using the same

methods, doing a pre-, during and post-collaring ethogram to assess the impacts of radio

telemetry on different species and with that knowledge develop less intrusive monitoring

methods.

I hope that my bachelor thesis is going to deliver the expected results and that it is going to help

me in my future career steps, either getting a job in wildlife management /conservation/zoology

or pursuing a Master in a similar field.

14

4. References

Book:

- Clio Smeeton, Hearts ease comes in a box

- Adrian Forsyth (1999), Mammals of North America-Temperate and Arctic Regions, Firefly

Books

- George A. Feldhamer, Bruce C. Thompson, Joseph A. Chapman (2003,Second Edition), Wild

Mammals of North America-Biology, Management and Conservation, Johns Hopkins

University Press

Internet sources:

- Government of Alberta, 2008-2010, Calgary, http://www.albertacanada.com/about-

alberta/calgary.html (03.04.2012)

- Government of Canada, 2012, About Canada, http://www.canada.gc.ca/aboutcanada-

ausujetcanada/menu-eng.html (03.04.2012)

- Clio Smeeton & Ken Weagle, 2009, http://www.ceinst.org (03.04.2012)

- Creighton Smith, 2010, How to Create a Useful Ethogram: a Comprehensive List of Animal

Behaviors, http://biology-nature.knoji.com/how-to-create-a-usefull-ethogram-a-

comprehensive-list-of-animal-behaviors (08.08.2011)

- Department of Biology Kenyon College, The Ethogram: quantifying behavior and testing

Hypotheses,

http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol261/Ethogram/EthoBody.htm#Hypothesis

(08.08.2011)

- Gregory W. McDaniel, Kevin S. McKelvey, John R. Squires, and Leonard F. Ruggiero, 2000,

Efficacy of lures and hair snares to detect lynx,

http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/Lynx_Response_to_Lures_McDaniel/Lynx_Response_

to_Lures_McDaniel.pdf (12.01.2012)

15

5. Appendix

5.1. Behavior Catalog

Abbreviation Behavior Definition

APP Actively Pursuing Prey Crouched to the ground, stalking prey,

(eyes focused on prey, ears pointed,

muscles taut)

S Sleeping lying down with eyes closed

ST Sleeping in tree

Lying down with eyes closed in tree on

a branch

RES Resting muscles relaxed, eyes partially closed,

sitting or lying

G Grooming Licking/biting own fur

W Walking Moving slow forward

R Running Moving fast forward

A Alert eyes wide open, muscles taut – sitting,

crouching or standing

AP Alert to presence of people Focused on people (eye contact, ears

pointed, muscles taut)

IT Interacting with each other playing, smelling, grooming, chasing

IV Investigating sniffing, digging, appears to be

searching

RFP Retrieving food (food given by people) Picking up food from the ground,

carrying it away/crouching down to

eat

GF Guarding food staying near food

NV Not visible subject under observation is out of

observers sight

C Climbing Jumping up trunk, clawing into bark &

then jumping up tree from branch to

branch

F Feeding Crouching down, eating

provided/hunted food

SM Scent marking Standing with their butt turned to the

object intended to be sprayed, lifting

their tail and spraying object with

urin/rubbing their cheek on objects

STR stretching Cat like, front legs down on the

ground, butt & nose up in the

air/arching their back

16

5.2. Lynx scat list 2011/2012

Date Notes

June 30th Day of collaring (1 sample each(yellow & red collar))

July 1st

July 2nd

July 3rd

July 4th

July 5th

July 6t

July 7th

July 8th

July9th

July 10th

July 11th

July 12th

July 13th

July 14th

July 15th

July 16th

July 17th

July 18th

July 19th

July 20th

July 21st

July 22nd

July 23rd

July 27th Removing of collars (2 samples from night in cage)

July 29th

July 30th

August 1st

August 2nd

August 5th 2 samples stomp, 2 samples under tree

August 7th 2 samples





September 2nd 5 samples (from lynx that escaped into bear pool)

September 3rd

September 30th

October 1st

October 3rd

October 4th

October 6th

October 7th

October 8th

October 9th

October 10th

October 11th

October 15th

October 22nd

October 25th

17

October 26th

October 27th

October 31st

November 1st

November 4th

November 5th

November 6th

November 11th 2 samples

November 12th

November 14th

November 19th

November 21st

November 23rd

December 1st

December 10th

December 15th

December 23rd

December 28th

January 4th

January 11th

January 14th

January 24th

January 27th

February 7th

February 19th

18

5.3. Map: Preference of trees

Bear

Pool

P

o

l

e

B

a

r

n

fake

rock

pond

#1 #2

#3

#4

#6 #5

#9

#7

#8

Poop tree

Poop stomp

Video cam 24h

Video cam 24h

Car dump

Rabbit hutch

Lynx den

19

5.4. Map: Hair traps locations

Bear

Pool

P

o

l

e

B

a

r

n

fake

rock

pond

Poop tree

Poop stomp

Car dump

#6

#5

#4

#3

#1

#2

Rabbit hutch

Lynx den

Beaver gland extract

Coyote urine

Anise oil

Red fox urine

Catnip spray

4m

4m

4m

4m

Spy cam #1

Spy cam #2

20

5.5. Map: Trap locations for Bate Analysis (Fox pen)

#9

#1

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

#7

#8

D

R

I

V

E

W

A

Y

2

0

A

C

R

E

F

O

X

P

E

N

10m

6m

50m

19m

50m

50m

50m

50m

25m

21

5.6. Map: Trap locations for Bate Analysis (Lynx pen)

Bear

Pool

P

o

l

e

B

a

r

n

fake

rock

pond

Poop tree

Poop stomp

Car dump

#6

#5

#4

#3

#1

#2

Rabbit hutch

Lynx den

22

5.7. Data Sheet Bate Analysis

Date Trap Species Length

(Body)

Height Tail Head Front

feet

Hind

feet

Hair

samples

taken?

Pictures

taken?

07.11.2011 Lynx

pen

trap#2

Bank

vole

- - - - - - Yes Yes

11.11.2011 Fox

pen

trap#1

Bank

vole

- - - - - - Yes Yes

29.11.2011 Fox

pen

trap#7

? 3 inch 1 ¼

inch

1.5

inch

1 inch 1/8

inch

¼

inch

Yes Yes

29.11.2011 Fox

pen

trap#9

?(2) 3 inch 1 ¼

inch

1.5

inch

1 inch 1/8

inch

¼

inch

Yes Yes

29.11.2011 Lynx

pen

trap#3

White-

footed/

Deer

Mouse

6.5 cm 3 cm 6.5

cm

2.5

cm

1 cm 2 cm Yes Yes

05.12.2011 Fox

pen

trap#1

Bank

voles

(3)

2

inches

1 inch 1

inch

1 inch 3/8

inch

¾

inch

No Yes

13.12.2011 Fox

pen

trap#1

Arctic?

shrew

2 ¼

inch

1 inch 1 ½

inch

7/8

inch

½

inch

¾

inch

Yes Yes

28.12.2011 Fox

pen

trap#8

Bank

vole (2)

- - - - - - No No

09.01.2012 Lynx

pen

trap#5

Bank

vole

- - - - - - No No

09.01.2012 Lynx

pen

trap#6

Bank

vole (2)

- - - - - - No No

23

5.8. Survey design

-The human dimension of wildlife rescue, rehabilitation and release back into the wild-

Canadian Other?

1) VISITOR TO CANADA: Are you visiting Canada for its wilderness and wildlife? Yes No

2) Please name three things that are typically Canadian to you:

3) Please name 1-3 animals/environmental elements which represent Canada the best to you:

4) Which characteristics about these animals/environmental elements are typically Canadian?

5) What do you connect emotionally with those animals/environmental elements?

6) How many hours per week do you spend a)With animals?_____ b)Outdoors?_____ c)Communing with

nature?_____

7) Do you know wild animals have become extinct in Canada in the 20th century? Yes No

8) If so, do you know any wild Canadian animals that are threatened with extinction in the 21st Century

(name max. 3):

9) Is the Conservation of the Environment important to you? Yes No

10) Is Alberta’s wildlife important to you? Yes No

11) Should the populations of Albert’s wildlife be regularly monitored to ensure sufficient management and

maintain their population levels? Yes No

12) If so: who by?

Government Non Government organizations

Universities Individuals

Commercially (Environmental Consultants paid by industry – oil & gas, logging, mining, hydro,

recreation, industrial development, road & rail - to do the work)

13) Should wildlife that is harvested by hunters and trappers be the only wildlife that is managed to maintain

population levels? Yes No

14) Who do you think is responsible for the protection of Alberta’s wildlife, wildlife habitat and conservation of

the Environment?

Alberta Government Government of Canada

Non Government Organizations Individuals

15) Who do you think should fund wildlife conservation?



Industry

16) Should injured or orphaned wildlife be rescued, rehabilitated and released back into the wild?

Yes No

17) Do you have concerns that rehabilitated and released birds or wildlife, released back into suitable habitat

and away from human communities, will pose a danger to the public? Yes No

18) If you believe that the rescue, rehabilitation and release of orphaned or injured wild birds and animals is a

conservation action, who should fund it?



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