THE IMPACT OF POOR INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT ON

78 COOU Interdisciplinary Research Journal

The Impact of Poor Infrastructural Development on NigeriaEducation and Global Economy, 1960-2014Cynado C.N.O. Ezeogidi,

THE IMPACT OF POOR INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT ONNIGERIA EDUCATION AND GLOBAL ECONOMY, 1960-2014

Cynado C.N.O. Ezeogidi,Department of Political Science, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University

ABSTRACT

Nigeria educational system and economy no doubt have received a lot of criticisms fromeconomic historians and other scholars who are worried on the declining standard of educationand quality of life in the country. The interest of this paper is to do a historical overview ofeducation and standard of life from the date of Nigeria Independence in October 1st 1960 to 2014and see how valid it is that, poor infrastructural development has affected Nigeria education andglobal economic recession. The paper shall also examine the causes of poor infrastructuraldevelopment and determine their challenges and look for the appropriate measure to put a stop tothe problem. Attempts shall also be made at suggesting a way forward. It is the opinion of thispaper that, improvement on the standard of education will help to reduce level of world economiccrisis. The work shall adopt normative theoretical framework in its analysis. It shall also makeuse of primary and secondary sources as well as eyewitness account.

Keywords: Infrastructure, Development, Education, Global, Economy

INTRODUCTIONTo say that one of the major problems thatbedeviled the process of development in Nigeriais the state of poor infrastructural facilities, isneither an over statement nor a criticism. It is afact that is surrounded by evidences. It isreflected in almost all the sectors of the Nigeriaeconomy and it is directly and indirectlyaffecting Global economy. This is because poorinfrastructural facilities have systematically ledto the present day underdevelopment with theassociated high unemployment level andpoverty which has led to frustration anddesperation. It also led to different kinds ofcriminalities and migration from Nigeria toother countries especially to countries inSouthern Africa, Europe and America. In thewords of Eke Okechukwu(2011:39):

It is not a matter of rhetoric orpolemics that basic infrastructure inNigeria is in a semi-comatose state,and from colonial times up till thepresent day, issues of infrastructuraldevelopment have remained on thelips of successive administrations with

no visible indications ofaccomplishments.

Stressing the importance of infrastructure whichhas never appeared in the priority list of both thecolonial British administration in Nigeria, andthe post colonial administrations of Nigeria,HembeAondowase (2011:504) noted that“infrastructure as a critical form of developmentplays a crucial role in human society. Indeed itconstitutes the hub upon which the socio-economic aspects of society revolve”.Obviously improvement on infrastructure isexpected to play a vital role in nation building,hence the importance of education facilities,good roads, constant availability of powersupply, availability of good water and otherstructural development will improve livingstandard, create job opportunities, job securityand people’s happiness. It is sadly noted that inspite of all these imperatives, the NigeriaGovernment since independence has not madeany significant improvement in infrastructuraldevelopment.

The Impact of Poor Infrastructural Development on Nigeria Education and Global Economy, 1960-2014

The Impact of Poor Infrastructural Development on NigeriaEducation and Global Economy, 1960-2014Cynado C.N.O. Ezeogidi

Conceptualization of InfrastructureInfrastructure according to Online OxfordEnglish Dictionary, is defined as the basicphysical and organizational structures neededfor the operation of the society or an enterprise.This means that infrastructure is an essentialingredient for the smooth function of anyeconomy and development of any nation.According to the structuralist/functionalisttheorists, the progress or otherwise of a societydepends largely on the functional structures ofthat society. What this means is that structuresin the societies will largely determine theeconomic development. Ademola Ajayi (2003:91) noted that:

Development is the quantitativechange or a progressive series of suchchange in economic system orenvironment. Such quantitative aspectof living is made possible byinfrastructures such as roads, watersupply, basic education, health carefacilities, electricity housing schemedevelopment, recreational andtransport facilities.

Therefore, the term infrastructure refers to thetechnical structures that enhance livingcondition in any society which includes healthfacilities, agricultural facilities, good road net-work and telecommunications as well as energyand water supply. It is the focus of this paper toappraise how well the Nigeria nation haspropelled the engine of nation building throughinfrastructural development. The assertion ofEmmanuel Oladipo Ojo (2011:188) may give usgood hindsight. He noted that:

Unfortunately however, as vital asinfrastructures to the socio-economicwell-being of a nation, successive civiland military administrations inNigeria has paid little or no attentionto their development. The result hasbeen a comatose economy, cripplededucational system and fracturedhealth delivery. In other climes, thedevelopment of infrastructure is the

rule. But it is the exception inNigeria.

Overview of Infrastructural Development inNigeriaIt is necessary to overview some key aspects ofNigeria economy which has negativelyimpacted development process as a result ofpoor infrastructural facilities. The reason forthis is to give hindsight to the levels ofdecadence in the nation’s infrastructure. One ofthe most affected is the energy sector which hascontinue to receive undue castrated ovation andpropaganda in Nigeria as one government comeand go. According to Mahdi (2004:36):

The most spectacular failure ofsuccessive Nigeria Governmentsfrom 1966 to date, which actuallyboarders on criminality has beenin the field of energy and powersupply. The failure reached itspeak to date … if there was an areawhich needed concentration, whichin fact requires the declaration of astate of emergency in the country,should be in the area of provisionof power.

In line with Mahdi’s view, Olayemi Akinwumiand Patrick Ukase writing on the failure ofelectricity supply noted that “ the electricitydemand in Nigeria far outstrips the supply and“the supply is annoyingly epileptic in nature; adevelopment which is hindering the nation’sdevelopment notwithstanding the enormous vastnatural resources in the country”. The situationof power supply has degenerated so much inNigeria that one can hardly boast of availabilityof power for six hours uninterrupted supply in aday. This can be dangerous and expensive forindustries and domestic users. The effect isenormous. Mahdi (2004:36) also noted that “Itis obviously impossible and unthinkable thatinvestors would contemplate on investing inNigeria when the country has been for most ofthe time in total blackout”. There is no doubtthat many industries folded principally as a

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result of poor power supply and the high cost ofoperating with private generator and plant. Thereason is that operating with plant and generatorresulted in high overhead cost which knocks offthe product in the market as a result ofcompetition with foreign products. It is almostimpossible to talk of economic development asa reality in 21st century in a situation wheregreater percentage of operating cost of anindustry is on power generation andmaintenance. The opinion of the GuardianNewspaper in their Editorial captures the truthabout electricity supply in Nigeria very well. Itsaid:

It is clear that without electricity therecan be no industrial development andall these grand vision of becoming oneof the world’s leading economies by2020 cannot be realized. The harmcaused by lack of power in Nigeria isincalculable, the statistics aredaunting. In Kano, for instance it hasbeen estimated that more than half ofthe city’s 400 industrialestablishments have been forced toclose down due to lack of power. Withthis closure some half of a millionworkers have been retrenched. TheKano example is been replicated allover the country and has alreadycompounded the already tenuoussecurity situation.

The annoying thing about this epileptic power isthat the people are suffering in the mist ofplenty. There is no doubt that Nigeria is blessedwith natural resources which include energy.The nation had a proven reserve of 25 billionbarrels of crude oil in 1999. This increasedsubstantially to 34.5 billion barrels in 2004.Sambo (2008:34) projected that Nigeria’s oilreserve will reach 68 billion barrels by 2030.

Agricultural SectorThe state of agriculture in Nigeria sinceindependence has not only been reduced to asorry state but has also been neglected to a

decimated state with people engaging inagriculture as a major source of livelihood seenas local people. The truth is that agriculturalinfrastructure, especially those considered asBritish colonial legacies have been left todilapidation and decay. The famous groundnutpyramid of the North, cocoa farms of the Westand palm oil trade of the East are now issues ofhistory. Since the departure of the colonialgovernment, different successive governmentsin Nigeria has come up with one high soundingprogramme in agriculture or the other. Therewas the Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) thatwas famous during the military regime ofGeneral Olusegun Obasanjo which yielded noresult. There was the popular Directorate forFood, Road and Rural Infrastructure of theGeneral Ibrahim Badamosi Babangidagovernment which was very successful only inmounting of signpost all over the nooks andcrannies of Nigerian territory. Others includethe numerous none productive River BasinAuthorities, the failed People’s Banks ofNigeria, the never do well Nigeria AgriculturalBanks, Better Life for Rural Women which thewife of president Ibrahim Babangida used toproject her image. In spite of all these organs,the colonial agricultural legacies were left todecay and nothing was used to replace them.For instance, the famous marketing boardsacross the country which were used tocoordinate and regulate the prices of agriculturalproducts were closed down. The famous ShikaGovernment Stock Farm which served as aBritish Colonial Government Department ofAgriculture was turned to Archives. AsAbubarkar Zaria (2011:175) noted:

In 1928, three sub–stations (ofDepartment of Agriculture ofNorthern Province) were establishedand located at Kano, Mokwa andShika-Zaria. The Shika substationwas established as Government StockFarm with the facilities for researchon cattle breeding and management…however, the Nigeria political class



failed to sustain this and otheragricultural inclined legacies. Thus,since independence the agriculturalinfrastructure has been on the declineespecially after the oil boom of the1970s.

The objective of the establishment of ShikaGovernment Stock Farm according to Archivalreport was essentially for “the improvement ofthe cattle of Nigeria”. There is no doubt that ifthe objective was sustained after the departureof British Colonial Government, Nigerians willbe earning high dividend from cattle export.Today the state of Shika Stock Farm is betterimagined. National Archives Kaduna reportrevealed that after the establishment of Shikafarm in 1928, the farm started to produceworking bulls to other Europeans and Britishfarm centers in Northern Nigeria. It noted thatBritish farm centers located at Kano, Gusua,Maigana, Sokoto, Bauchi and Mokwa benefitedfrom the working bulls produced at ShikaGovernment Stock Farm.

State of Health Services in NigeriaThe assertion by Ibrahim Waziri Abubarkar(2011:75) will serve as a good beginning inover-viewing the state of health services inNigeria. He contends that:

Nigeria’s health sector has beenperforming below expectation for solong despite the billions of naira spentfor it. Policies have been produced,refined, panel beaten and changed:agencies have been created to focusspecific health matters: all sorts offoreign aids and assistance have beeninto the country for several decades,yet Nigerians still die of healthconditions and diseases that are easilypreventable.

The obvious truth is that cost of assessingmedical services is very high, and in most cases,they are not affordable to the majority of thepopulace. Only few percentages of Nigeria canafford to travel to overseas for a better treatment

especially for such ailment that may not betreated well in Nigeria or not treated at all.Problems like heart transplant, kidney and liverproblems and some other complicated ailmentsmay cost over two million naira to treat in India,Pakistan, United States. The cost is above thetotal earnings of an average Nigeria civil servantfor five years, assuming he decided not to spendone naira out of his entire earnings. The costdoes not include, transport fare, feeding andaccommodation of the sick and his attendant.The alternative to this high cost is that peopleresorted to the patronage of quack doctors andother alternative medical solutions. A victim ofheart problem Josephat Chukwukadibe, oninterview revealed that his condition worsenedwhen he was told what it would cost him totravel abroad for medical solution. He said thathis blood pressure rose to abnormal levelbecause, all through his twenty years as a civilservant, he had not been able to save suchamount of money that might be involved. Hewondered why the government should not takecare of people who are in such condition whenthe medical solution could not be affordable andin most cases not available in Nigeria. It is truethat the Federal Government has come up withthe National Health Insurance Service Scheme.This is beneficial and applicable mainly to thecivil servants who are still finding it difficultdue to the associated deductions from theirmeager salary after other deductions includingtaxes. Hardly could the National InsuranceScheme be assessed by the rural dwellers. T.Pearce (2001:1-20) noted that “from colonialperiod, the pattern of medical care delivery andinfrastructural provision favoured the urbanpopulation in particular at the expense anddetriment of the rural settlers”. It should benoted that, most of the medical centers locatedin the rural areas were built by the Christianmissionaries who were primarily forevangelism. According to Ademiluyi andAluko (1982:105), “this medical centers in thereal sense were merely mobile clinics and atmost communities’dispensaries or outposts totreat primary health problems such as snake biteand minor injuries”.

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State of Education in NigeriaThe state of education in Nigeria could be bestdescribed as unhealthy and below standard.This is so because education standard is fastdropping on daily basis. A situation where aWest African Certificate holder may not be ableto express himself well is not good enough andit is not encouraging especially when comparedwith a standard six certificate holder in the1960s and 1970s. According to BenjaminChuka Osisioma (2012:2), “way back in the1970s the quality of education was a thing ofpride for the black race and a standard for therest of African continent. We were then theenvy of many developed and developingnations”. That was when education was givenadequate attention by both the government , theparent and the students but this glory lost as aresult of neglect, corruption andmismanagement. Osisioma regrets that,“threedecades of diligent mismanagement and lessthan expert thinkering by military and non-military hands have reduced Nigerian educationto a shadow of its glorious past”. He noted thatthe issue of falling standard of education is notquestionable as such discussions should beregarded as a mere debate. In his words “publicfigures have often indulged themselves atdifferent times in the academic debate ofwhether or not the standard of education hasfallen in Nigeria today. We call it a mere debatebecause every teacher in Nigeria today knowsfully well that educational standards haveplummeted perhaps to their lowest since the1950s.

That both Federal and state governments havenot been paying adequate attention to educationis not in doubt. The manifestation is clearbecause the constant face-off between thegovernment and the Academic Staff Union ofthe Universities (ASUU) as well as theircounterparts in the polytechnics and colleges ofeducation. On 17th July, 2013, Sun NewsOnline reported that:

Academic Union of Polytechnics(ASUP) has suspended its nationwidestrike following the progress it hasmade in its negotiation with theGovernment and the intervention ofthe Joint Senates and House ofRepresentative Committee oneducation… the suspension of thestrike was to enable the jointcommittee liaise with relevantministries, agencies and parastatalwith a view to tackling the issuescontained in the Union’s demandwithin one month as against the twoweeks requested by the union.

This temporary agreement or suspension tookplace after four months of wasted time bylecturers and students. Four months of idlenessand wondering about by students, thesuspension came even as the university lecturers(ASUU) are on strike over non implementationof Federal Government and ASUU 2009agreement. Still on strike, Sun News Online on16th of July 2013 reported that the committee ofPro Chancellors of federal universities onMonday expressed concern over the ongoingstrike embarked upon by Academic Staff Unionof Universities and called for its immediateresolution… the strike by ASUU has lingeredbecause of the non implementation of 2009agreement between the Federal Government andASUU.

Causes of Poor Infrastructure DevelopmentThe honest truth remains that the major causesof poor infrastructure development thatpermeate Nigeria nation and indeed manyAfrican countries find their roots in thestructural, systemic and socio-political lapsesthat are inherent from the past historical realitiesof colonial administration. This is worsened inthe contemporary experience of the neo-colonialism, militarism and the current politicalmaneuvering of the present bourgeoisdemocrats. There has been no clear andimplemented political manifesto and ideologywith regards to good governance in Nigeria



especially since independence. HabuMohammed (2008:156) asserted that:

One of the challenges of developmentprocess in Nigeria as in other Africansocieties has been most pronounced inthe area of good governance… it lieswith the operators of the system ofgovernance in the country, the localand International elites and theirperception of what democracy entails,represents and meant for society.

Good governance remains a theory that has notfound relevance in the concept of empiricismand testability in Nigeria; it remains a utopiantheory, a million miles journey that is waitingfor a takeoff grant. Only God knows when thewind of good governance will begin to blow inNigeria. According to Chinua Achebe (1983:1)“the Nigeria problem is the unwillingness orinability of its leaders to rise to theresponsibility, to the challenges of personalexample which are the hallmark of a trueleader”.Associated to the good governance problem isthe cankerworm called corruption which haseaten deep into the fabric of Nigerian economy.According to Francis Oluleye and Kenneth Obi(2012:25), “corruption can be said to be largelyresponsible for the under development ofNigeria. Funds appropriated for developmentpurposes are either diverted or misappropriatedfor self-aggrandizement with the consequencethat those projects remain undone oruncompleted”. A visit to some of theuncompleted projects or abandoned projects thatare scattered all over Nigeria will give a hind-sight and information on how very sounddevelopmental projects which would haveboosted the infrastructural state of the economywere abandoned to the detriment of the Nigerianpoor masses. Some of these projects may havereceived certificate of completion from theappropriate authority even when they have notbeen completed. Writing on the effects ofcorruption on Economic development,Ihionkhan and Okpamen (2007:334) noted that:

Corruption reduces economicdevelopment by creating economicinefficiencies, increasing the cost ofdoing business, reducing competition,scaring potential investors, divertingpublic funds from services that benefitcitizens and reducing compliance withregulation.

The Impact of Poor Infrastructure onEducation and Global EconomyPoor infrastructure development has actuallyimpacted negatively on the state of Nigeriaeducation standard in particular and byextension on the global economy. There is nodoubt that quality education is a vital tool forcivilization and development. Whenever andwherever education is poorly impacted andimbibed the effect is tremendously volatilebecause it contaminates other spheres of life inany economy. The saying that one does notgive out what one does not have is applicable inthis discussion. When a teacher is poorlytrained, the reality is that he will poorly trainothers. Osisioma (2012:5) tried to X-ray thedecadence and danger in education in Nigeria ashe noted that:

Yet another obvious area of decline ineducation in Nigeria today can be inquality and quantity of the teachingstaff in our schools. Times there waswhen men and women attracted intoteaching profession were the cream ofthe crop. They were then the best bothin character and in learning. Today itis no longer so, the truth of the matteris that there is more cheating thanteaching going on in the schoolstoday. Men who entered teachingpractically as missionaries have beendisplace from the system leaving thearena for traders in academic gaplecturers.

The truth is that part of the effects on neglect ofeducation sector in Nigeria is that lecturersembark on different clandestine means ofmaking money to augment or better theircondition. The reasonable ones prepare quality

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and standard handout and textbooks, while thebad ones resorted to the production of poorhandouts and textbooks and sell them atexorbitant prices. In the words of Osisioma“lecturer” handouts are often commercial papersthat are aimed more at generating revenue thanat teaching. The textbooks are hurriedlyassembled, often without the simple courtesy ofacknowledging authors whose copywrite havebeen fragrantly violated”. He never the lessblames the government attitude and policy ascontributory factors for the lapses in educationstandard. He said:

Unfortunately government by itspolicy of neglects over the yearshelped to turn the learning arena intothe theater of absurd. For too long,teachers were made to be the scum ofsociety - the least paid, and the first togo without pay in a cash crunch. Fordecades teachers grumbled that theirtake home pay could no longer takethem home. Few could maintain theirdilapidated cars; some even beggedtheir students for ride. The militaryran the system down to the extent thatthe system became almostirredeemable.

It is worthy to note, that for the standard ofeducation to be improved so as to improve theliving standard of the people there is need toreview the condition of our infrastructures in theschools system which includes the humaninfrastructures. Osisioma recalled the statementof a well teacher of teachers (Ukeje) whoemphasized the importance of quality teacherand the effect of neglect to teaching profession.He said:

Where this is allowed to take placeconsciously or unconsciously, byomission or commission, the nationwill bear the wrath of Carelessnessbecause the ultimate consequence ispathetic doctors and hospitals that killmore than they cure, in cautious laws

and purchased justice, roads thatwash away after one season,telephones that are always out oforder, water pipes that are always dryand NEPA without power the patheticdoctor produce pathetic citizens.

The global effect of the poor infrastructure isthat as a result of hardship and frustrationoccasioned by bad governance and corruption,Nigerians began to migrate to other countrieswith no assurance of what to expect. Some ofthem met a worse condition while some werestranded and could not find their ways back.Hence some of them in the latter categoryresorted to different types of clandestine andillicit businesses thereby posing a social menaceto the host country. In the recent past, someNigerians were deported from various locationsin Europe and South Africa. It should be notedthat on 8th of October, 2010, it was reported byMr. Ukeje of Nigeria Immigration Services that“at least 5,273 Nigerians were deported in thelast twelve months (Sept., 2009 – August, 2010)by the authorities of Italy, Spain, South Africaand Saudi Arabia”. A similar report byVanguard Newspaper titled: Shame anddilemma of Nigerian Deportees” reported that33 Nigerians were deported from America forvarious offences while 46 Nigerians weredeported from Ireland. On June 8th, 2012, therewas another report that over 20 Nigerians weredeported from United Kingdom because theyhave overstayed their visa and refused to leavethe country. Similarly, another 65 Nigerianswere deported from United Kingdom, Spain andItaly. In September, 2012, Saudi Arabia wasreported to have deported 170 Nigerian womenwho entered the country without a male escortby Vanguard Newspaper. A similar report wasmade on January 26th, 2013. In September,2013, Many dailies and Newswatch reportedthat the Controller General of NigeriaImmigration Services (NIS), Mr. DavidParradang disclosed that 361 Nigerians havebeen deported through the Murtala MohammedInternational Airport, Lagos, in two months



from July to September, 2013. Similarly, 98Nigerians were reported to be deported fromTunisia. The truth remains that such reports arecountless and the reason remains that Nigeriansare frustrated in their homes and are searchingfor better leaving elsewhere.

CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARDIt is the humble conclusion of this paper thatalthough the standard of infrastructuraldevelopment in Nigeria is at a very sorry state,Nigeria can still progress if the system isoverhauled. Nigerians can still feel a sigh ofrelief and still march forward if adequatemeasures are taken. These can be done whenthe under listed recommendations areconsidered and put into use. They are that:

1) The government should sincerely declare astate of emergency in most sectors of theeconomy especially in energy sector,agriculture sector, education sector,transport sector and health sector. Honestand sincere people should be appointed tooverhaul these sectors.

2) The issue of corruption should not only bediscussed by relevant stakeholders andacademics but government should considerthe various communiqués released afterconferences, seminars and workshops oncorruption and allied topics.

3) The government should sensitize the peopleon the importance of good governancebefore any election is conducted. Theyshould also impose and implement hardpenalty on any politician who indulge inrigging of election. This measure will assistin producing quality and patriotic leaderswho can move the nation forward.

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