THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION AND TRADE UNIONS Main Challenges for the Labour Movement.
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Transcript of THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION AND TRADE UNIONS Main Challenges for the Labour Movement.
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GLOBALISATION AND A LABOUR AGENDA• Major dimension of globalisation:defining
the concept
• Globalisation and polarisation
• Impact of globalisation on Workers’ Organisations
• The challenge:govern or fight globalisation
• The ILO agenda: Decent Work
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GLOBALISATION: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
• Continuity or radical changes in:
– Technology
– Evolution of means of transportation
– Political changes
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GLOBALISATION OF:
• Trade
• Production
• Finance
• Cultures
• Politics
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GLOBALISATION OF TRADE
• TNCs develop:– World market– Regional markets
• Production still based in few industrialised countries:– Fordism/Taylorism– Standardisation of products
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GLOBALISATION OF PRODUCTION (1)
• Transition to post-Fordism / Toyotism• Decentralisation of production units / outsourcing• Flexibility in production lines• Reduction of workers• New job profiles (skilled workers)• Diversification of products
– TNCs operating on a global scale
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GLOBALISATION OF PRODUCTION (2)
• More than 60,000 TNCs
• Fifty-one of the world's top 100 economies are corporations.
• TNCs control 2/3 of all world trade and 80 % of foreign investment
Source: Anfreff W., Le multinazionali globali - Trieste 2000Source: Anfreff W., Le multinazionali globali - Trieste 2000
Source: www.unctad.orgSource: www.unctad.org
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GLOBALISATION OF PRODUCTION (3)
• TNCs employ only 3% of the total world labour force (2.5 billion workers)
• The 200 largest TNCs employed slightly 1% of the total labour force and have a turnover equal to 28.3% of the world GNP
Source: www.oneworld.net/guides/TNCs/Source: www.oneworld.net/guides/TNCs/
Source:www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/tncs/top200.htm
Source:www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/tncs/top200.htm
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GLOBALISATION OF FINANCE (1)
• Political decisions to liberalise capital’s circulation
• Creation of a global financial network
• Daily transactions: more than 2000 billion US $ (1/4 of total world trade value)
Source: www.wto.org (Annual Report of the Director-General 2001)
Source: www.wto.org (Annual Report of the Director-General 2001)
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GLOBALISATION OF FINANCE (2)
• Where does this money come from?– Productivity (transition to post-Fordism)– Reduction of salaries and welfare– Pension funds– Financial resources allocated for speculation– Low investments (saturated traditional markets)
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GLOBALISATION OF CULTURES• Development of the media via satellites
• Global media concentration
• Advertising
• Less than 6000 world languages (95% of world population speak around 100 languages). One person in 5 speaks English
• One world language for business
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GLOBALISATION OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS• New geopolitical system
• Development of democratic principles
• Human rights and core labour standards as universal values
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OTHER FACTORS OF GLOBALISATION (1)
• Neo-liberal policies
• Structural Adjustment Programmes (S.A.P.’s) and the new policies of the IMF on Poverty Reduction (P.R.S.P.)
• Privatisation of public enterprises
• Privatisation of welfare/social protection
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OTHER FACTORS OF GLOBALISATION (2)
• Fiscal crises if national states
• Reduction of tariffs & trade barriers (GATT and WTO)
• Concentration of capital (mergers)
• Development of new products (New Economy): services and information
• Digital divide
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THE DIGITAL DIVIDE (3)
• 60 billion web pages
• Between 300-400 million of web-sites
• 200 million users
• 95% of users in the north hemisphere
• 60% of users visit 4 major web-sites: AOL-Time Warner, Yahoo, MSF, Napster
• 52% of web sites in English
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GLOBALISATION OR POLARISATION? (1)
• Foreign Direct Investments (FDI)– 49 LDC receive 0.5% of FDI
• Share in FDI inflows– Africa below 1%
Source: UNCTAD “World Investment Report 2001” - Chp. 1. See: www.unctad.org
Source: UNCTAD “World Investment Report 2001” - Chp. 1. See: www.unctad.org
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GLOBALISATION OR POLARISATION? (2)
• Income distribution
- 1/5 of world population controls 80% of world’s resources
- 20% of the world’s population consumes 86% of goods produced
- The richest 20% of the world’s population had at their disposal 86% of the world GDP while the poorest 20%had access to a mere 1%
Source: Gallino, Globalizzazione e diseguaglianza - Bari 2000
Source: Gallino, Globalizzazione e diseguaglianza - Bari 2000
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GLOBALISATION OR POLARISATION? (3)
• Percentage in World Trade– Africa 1%
While world trade has increased ten times since 1970 and more food is produced per person than ever before, the number of people going hungry in Africa has doubled
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GLOBALISATION OR POLARISATION? (4)• More than 250 million children at work
• 120 million working children have no access to school
• Number of “official” unemployed is of 160 million workers (500 million new jobs needed over the next decade)
• 500 million workers are unable to keep their families above the $1 poverty line (of the 1.3 billion people living in poverty worldwide, more than 70% of them are women and girls.)
Source: ILO World Employment Report 2001 (www.ilo.org) -
ICFTUConference of women trade union leaders, Rio di Janeiro, 18-21 May 1999
Source: ILO World Employment Report 2001 (www.ilo.org) -
ICFTUConference of women trade union leaders, Rio di Janeiro, 18-21 May 1999
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Impact of Globalisation on Workers’ Organisations (1)
• Decrease of trade union density• From national agreements/negotiations to
enterprise/individual agreements• Abolition of check off systems• Weak tripartite machinery• Increase of the informal sector (most of the
workers employed in the informal sector are women and children)
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Impact of Globalisation on Workers’ Organisations (2)
• Increase of atypical forms of labour (contract labour). These form are more common among women than among men (90% of homeworkers in EU are women)
• Increase of EPZs (33 countries involved)
• Global attack against workers’ rights
Source: www.icftu.org/surveySource: www.icftu.org/survey
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Impact of Globalisation on Workers’ Rights (1)
• over 300 strikes repressed by employers or the police, in nearly 90 countries
• about 8,500 arrested or detained• 209 trade unionists killed or “disappeared” • over 100,000 harassed • 20,000 dismissed because of their trade union
activitiesSource: ICFTU Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights 2001 (http://www.icftu.org/survey).
Source: ICFTU Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights 2001 (http://www.icftu.org/survey).
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Impact of Globalisation on Workers’ Rights (2)
• 20 million bounded labourers worldwide• 700.000 women and children victims of cross-
border human trafficking each year• worldwide women are paid anything between 10-
50% less than men for doing similar job or different job of equal value
Source:PSI Women - N.14- January 2002 (www.world-psi.org)
ICFTU:www.icftu.org/survey
Source:PSI Women - N.14- January 2002 (www.world-psi.org)
ICFTU:www.icftu.org/survey
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THE CHALLENGE:GOVERN OR FIGHT
GLOBALISATION?(1)
• Organising / Global unions
• Extension of the European Works Councils (Global representation of workers/global agreements)
• Framework Agreements (Codes of Conduct)
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THE CHALLENGE:GOVERN OR FIGHT
GLOBALISATION?(2)
• Trade union networking and global solidarity
• Globalisation of workers’ rights: ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work
• Social Clauses
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THE CHALLENGE:GOVERN OR FIGHT
GLOBALISATION?(3)
• Co-ordination of economic, trade, and social policies
• Social dimension of globalisation and the role of the ILO in the world agenda (G8 and relationships with IMF/WB/WTO
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THE ILO AGENDA:DECENT WORK
• Decent Work and the role of the ILO to enhance:– Workers’ rights– Employment– Social protection– Social Dialogue
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WORKERS’RIGHTS
• Ratification and implementation of core labour standards (eight core conventions)
• Ratification and implementation of international labour standards
• Participation to the ILS supervisory system and to the follow-up of the Declaration
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EMPLOYMENT
• Employment policies
- Equal opportunities and treatments
• Development of SME
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SOCIAL PROTECTION
• Development of social security systems
• Pension and retirement schemes
• Other welfare benefits
• Safety nets for the informal sector
• O.S.H. and the Environment
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SOCIAL DIALOGUE
• Development of tripartism
• Strengthening workers’ and employers’ organisations
• Strengthening tripartite machinery
• Strengthening negotiations between social partners at national/enterprise/national level
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PROGRAMME FOR WORKERS’ ACTIVITIES OF THE ILO TURIN CENTRE(ACTRAV)
THANK YOU!