The impact of distributed micro-CHP on energy efficiency David Peck Sustainable Energy 2005 27th...
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Transcript of The impact of distributed micro-CHP on energy efficiency David Peck Sustainable Energy 2005 27th...
The impact of distributed micro-CHP on energy efficiency
David Peck
Sustainable Energy 2005
27th April 2005
Introduction
•CFCL background
•Micro-CHP vision
•Distributed energy
•Efficiency
•Micro-CHP technology
•Why Utilities are interested
•CFCL product development
CFCL Background
•Based in Noble Park (Melbourne), Australia
•Established 1992 – ASX IPO July 2004
•9000m2 of R&D and prototyping facilities
•Pilot solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) production
•100 employees
•European subsidiary established Sept 2004
Micro-CHP vision
“In the future we can also expect to see far more ‘micro-CHP’ – efficient, small-scale heating and electricity generation systems in homes as well as businesses.”
UK Energy White Paper 2003
“MicroMap calculates different scenarios with up to 12 million micro-CHP systems delivered in Europe by 2020.”
WWF/Fuel Cell Europe 2003
Energy efficiency of CFCL micro-CHP
45% energy saving using CFCL’s CHP unit instead of a central power plant and gas fired domestic water heater
Wasted heat 2.15 kW, 66%
Switchyard
Transmission losses 0.1kW, 10%
Conventional power station
Electrical energy for use on site 1 kW, 30.8%
Electrical energy 1.1 kW, 33.8%
Plus
Energy used to power CHP system 0.5 kW, 20%
Heat recovered used for hot water 1 kW, 40%
Electricity generated for use on site 1 kW, 40%
CFCL’s micro-CHP unit – heat and power produced on site Transmission
losses 0 kW, 0%
Source: ABARE 2004
Domestic gas hot water unit
Heat energy 1 kW, 80%
Wasted heat energy 0.25 kW, 20%
Micro-CHP technologies
PEMFC
SOFC
Internal combustion External combustionStirling cycle
Steam - Rankine cycle
Fuel cells CFCL - SOFC
Micro-CHP performance
Micro-CHP technology
Electrical efficiency
Power to Heat ratio
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
40-50% 1:1
PEM Fuel Cell
30-40% 1:2
Internal Combustion
20-30% 1:3
Stirling Engine 10-20% 1:6
Commercial micro-CHP units
Make Country Type Price – A$
Senertec Germany5 kW IC
engine23,000
Ecopower Germany4.7 kW
IC engine21,500
Honda Ecowil Japan1 kw IC
engine12,500
Whispergen NZ/UK0.8 kW Stirling
7,500
Why Utilities are interested in micro-CHP
• Hedge against losing revenue from micro-CHP emergence
• Customer retention in competitive markets
• Synergies between electricity and gas businesses
• Increase gas sales and reduced seasonality
• Reduce peak demand
• Relieve network congestion
• Energy efficiency / CO2 benefit
• Provide customers with lower cost energy
• Provide additional services which may be unregulated
• Provide higher reliability service
• Services to off-grid customers
• Support green credentials
• Deferred capital investmentSource: Platts, Micropower Conference, UK 2004
Government support for micro-CHP
•Germany– €5.11c/kwh in-feed bonus– Exemption from mineral oil tax on NG for heating– Energy efficiency targets for new houses
•UK– VAT reduced from 17.5% to 5%– Recognition of micro-CHP in energy policy– Carbon Trust funding for field trials– Modification of network regulations for small DG
•Australia– Energy efficiency targets for new houses – 5 Star, BASIX
Fuel Cell Technology (SOFC)
Efficient Clean Silent
Electrolyte
(SOFC)
Anode
Cathode
Methane fuel input
Internal reforming of methane into hydrogen and carbon monoxide
Reaction with oxygen ions generateselectricity and forms water vapour
and carbon dioxide exhaust
Air input
Valuable high temperature exhaust heat
DC Electricity Output
800°C Operating
Temperature
O2- oxygen ions
Air exhaust
Load
•Wide fuel range – NG, LPG, bio-methane, ethanol
•High Efficiency – 40 to 50% electrical
•Reduced greenhouse gas – up to 60% vs coal
CFCL’s SOFC Stack Technology
Stack components – Layer SetMade up of only 4 components for ease of manufacture and
economies of scale
Cell: Zirconia electrolyte with printed electrodes and gas distribution structure
Interconnector: Zirconia plate with electric feed-throughs and printed contact layers
Fuel Seal: Glass-ceramic seal
Air Seal: Glass-ceramic seal
CFCL’s SOFC Stack Technology
Level 1 Sub-stackConsists of 28 Layer Sets
150 Watt DC electricity output
Versatile building block
Quality control step prior to assembly into larger stacks
28 Layer Setsin a Level 1
CFCL’s SOFC Stack Technology
Level 2 StackConsists of up to 14 Level 1’s (total 1~2 kW electrical output)
Multiple stacks can be manifolded together
Suitable for capacities up to 200 kW
Up to 14 Level 1’s in a Level 2
CFCL Product Development
Combined Heat & Power micro-CHP concept
Proof-of-concept prototype
Prototype with it’s covers fitted
Pre-commercial demonstrator
CFCL Product Development
Combined Heat & Power micro-CHP concept
Proof-of-concept prototype
Prototype with it’s covers fitted
Pre-commercial demonstrator
CFCL Product Development
Combined Heat & Power micro-CHP concept
Proof-of-concept prototype
Prototype with it’s covers fitted
Pre-commercial demonstrator
CFCL Product Development
Combined Heat & Power micro-CHP concept
Proof-of-concept prototype
Prototype with it’s covers fitted
Pre-commercial demonstrator
Micro-CHP prototype on test
Fuel cell stack
Steam generator & burner
Fuel processor & heat exchanger
Hot water tank
Waste heat recovery
Mains power converter