The Image Processing of Morphological Changes by Using RS … · 2019-10-07 · The Image...

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2019 10

ISSN 2250-3153

http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.10.2019.p9403 www.ijsrp.org

The Image Processing of Morphological Changes by

Using RS &GIS (Case Study on Bago River, Myanmar)

De. Khin Mar Yee1, Dr. Mu Mu Than2, Dr. Kyi Lint3, Dr. May Myat Thu 4,

Dr. Chan Mya Hmway5, Dr. Mar Lar Han6

1 Associate Professor, Geospatial Technology Center, Department of Geography, Dagon University 2 Associate Professor, Geospatial Technology Center, Department of Geography, Dagon University

3 Professor and Head, Department of Geography, Dagon University 4 Professor, Department of Geography, Dagon University

5 Assistant Lecturer, Department of Electronics, Technical University (Thanlyin) 6 Associate Professor, Geospatial Technology Center, Department of Geography, Dagon University

DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.10.2019.p9403

http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.10.2019.p9403

Abstract—This research relates to a relatively understudied

landform, the oxbow lake. The work utilizes oxbow lakes to

ascertain the extent and nature of change in a river’s form, and to

study on the man-made of the geomorphological change of Bago

River. It also looks at the incidence of oxbow lakes and alluvial

cutoffs across a watershed, and examines the spatial-temporal

distribution of these landforms for morphological changes. The

objectives of this study were to investigate the document of

changes in channel planform and cross-section of the Bago River

and to analayse whether the changes could have contributed to

the frequent flooding or vice versa. The main data applies six

satellite images (1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017) with

less than 10 percent cloud cover and download from the United

States of Geological Survey (USGS). The overlay of digitized

image processing goes to the destination of this research work.

The results show the morphological change of oxbow lakes with

the aid of the Remote Sensing and Geographic Information

System’ (RS & GIS) image processing. The field survey for

ground check is essential for not only oxbow changes but also

residents’ opinions for the accuracy of the result. Over 25 years

period, agriculture developed rapidly in the catchment and

flooding of the alluvial plain has become more frequent in recent

times.

Index Terms— oxbow lakes, morphological changes, Bago River,

Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System

I. INTRODUCTION

Various studies in this regard have been carried out for some

major rivers all over the world [1-6]. Several investigators have

used remotely sensed data for ascertaining channel changes and

banks to provide a base for estimating the response of the rivers

to flood events [7]. Large-scale flooding is a global phenomenon

that causes widespread devastation, economic damage, and loss

of human lives [8].

Schumm [9] noted that most studies of river metamorphosis

are inhibited by the channel change itself. Because the old

channel and any basis for comparison with current conditions are

destroyed in the process of change, it is necessary to look for

other means of comparison. Agriculture and deforestation are

generally associated with increased erosion in stream [10],

filling channels and valleys with sediment. Knox [11] noted the

historical increase in floodplain alluviation in southwestern

Wisconsin streams as valleys in agricultural areas filled in with

silt-loam sediments. Research on earlier river conditions has

utilized paleochannels in the sediment record [8], floodplain [9,

12], and point bar deposits [13] as proxies for former channel

conditions. These techniques have been employed to determine

the channel geometry, bed materials, and flow conditions of

streams in the past. Such techniques, augmented with historical

evidence in the form of maps and aerial photographs, can

provide a window into past channel conditions [14]. Allen [15]

describes the processes operating after a stream avulsion

prompts the abandonment of a section of channel. The former

channel is eventually separated from the new channel by the

deposition of bed load materials at the ends of the cutoff in

contact with the river. Once this occurs, the lake becomes a zone

of quiet water and begins to fill with sediments in suspension

delivered during overbank flows. The end result is the filling of

the cutoff with material that differs sedimentologically from the

material in the bed of the original river channel. This, in essence,

makes each oxbow lake a record of a river’s bed elevation and

form. Oxbow lake sedimentation has attracted some attention in

geomorphology [16] describes the sedimentological basis for

how these lakes form, while [17] and [18] describe how they fit

into the longer-term evolution of floodplains. The Bago River

Basin plays an important role for agricultural production in

Myanmar and paddy rice is the main stable crop cultivated in the

Bago Region. During recent years, frequent floods and droughts

have affected the socio-economic development of the Bago

Region. In 2011, Bago river basin, a flood-prone basin in

Myanmar where one of the two severe floods occurred [19-21].

This research work focus on the changing pattern of Bago


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channel. The oxbow lakes were changed to channel pattern by

human action to reduce flooding.

II. STUDY AREA

The Absolute Location of Bago River is located two

administrative regions, Bago and Yangon Region. The Bago

river is located between 17° 6'21.89"N, 96°28'48.74"E and

16°46'10.54"N, 96°12'19.78"E. It is drain through Bago City and

Townships of Yangon City. It is long 29.18 miles (46.96

kilometers). The location of study area can be shown by fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Location of Study Area

III. OBJECTIVES

- To Study on Morphological Changes of River within five-

year interval

- To retrieve the image processing by remote sensing and

geographic information system

- To analyse on the morphological changes of oxbow lake

areas (part of Bago River)

IV. DATA AND METHODOLOGY

Data

In this study, the main data was six Landsat images. For the

processing of Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM) dated

February 27, 1992 (6 % cloud cover) and February 24, 1997 (1

% cloud cover), February 14, 2002 (7 % cloud cover), February

20, 2007 (0 % cloud cover), and (Landsat 7TM) dated February

26, 2012(0 % cloud cover) Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager

(OLI) dated February 15, 2017 (1.08 % cloud cover) were used

(Table 1).

TABLE I: ACQUISITION OF LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGES

Methodology

The procedures of this topic consisted of three phases. The

first phase was a pre field work including collection of training

samples. The second phase was image processing for extraction

and the third phase was the data analysis of the morphological

changes.

B.1 Georeferencing and Survey and Interview

Landsat images have been georeferenced by the using

Survey of Myanmar toposheet, 1696-01. Survey of Myanmar

topographic maps was much helpful to prepare the base maps,

and geocoding the satellite imageries in the case of digital image

interpretation. Taking 4 survey samples for this paper, about 10

interviews were selected for ground checking points and local

information.

B.2 Image Processing

Image enhancement is a kind of image modification

that enables the capabilities omf human vision to identify and

select regions of interests (Billah and Rahman, 2004 ). Landsat 5

TM and Landsat 7 TM record 7 spectral bands and Landsat 8

records 11 bands. For visual purpose any 3 bands were

combined that were acting a False Colour Composite (FCC).

The next step is creation new shape file from the Arc Catalog to

extract and digitize the study area of six images.

B.3 Data analysis of the morphological changes

The six patterns of morphologies compare and overlay layers.

The morphological changes can be found most of the

meandering channel portions. The upstream of Bago river was

clearly the most changing of meandering patterns. The survey

department of water resource management cut off the closed

bank of meandering curve to maintain the channel patterns. The

four sample meandering curves were the example of man-made

morphological change patterns.


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V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 3, showed the spatio-temporal changes of Bago channel

within 25 years (5-year interval). The six figures represented

the pattern changes of 1992 to 2017. The detail view of black

circles was the most changeable morphological meandering

portion of river channel of five-year interval.

Fig.4 compared with the five-year interval changes of Bago

River’ morphological patterns. The high-light rectangle can

be found in detail the changes of the channel pattern within 25

years. The overlay result showed the channel changes of

upper course were higher complicated meandering patterns.

The channel of 1992 was longest and most meandering.

Moreover, the channel of 2017 was the shortest than the other

five channel patters because of human activities. Cut-offs as

river training works were to be carefully planned and

executed in meandering rivers. The cut-off is artificially

induced with a pilot channel to divert the river from a curved

flow which may be endangering valuable land or property or

to straighten its approach to a work or for any other purpose.

As the cut-off shortens the length of the river, it is likely to

cause disturbance of regime upstream and downstream till

readjustment is made. A pilot cut spreads out the period of

readjustment and makes the process gradual. This processing

was made by department of water resource.

Fig.3 morphological changes of Bago River (1992. 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and

2017)

The Bago river of 2017 was cut out the shortest path straight

line. The response of the interview, the local people made this

pattern was man-made feature to control for the flood damage.

The artificial man-made feature can be seen in Fig. 5. The

Bago River is often faced by flooding in the Bago River Basin

that natural hazard caused the irregular pattern when river flows.

Cut-off process is artificial process that is need for irregular

pattern of river flow and it can be protect to reduce causing

flooding and the cut-off process have advantages and

disadvantages.

Fig.4 Changing Channel of Bago River (1992 to 2017)


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Point 1 Point 2

17°04'57.6"N 96°25'30.4"E 17°04'58.5"N 96°25'24.5"E

Point 3 Point 4

17°04'58.0"N 96°25'20.9"E 17°04'57.5"N 96°25'19.8"E

Fig.5 Manmade Morphological Changes of Bago River

(four sample sites)

VI. CONCLUSION

Bago rivers in Bago Region have swelled to their highest

levels in more than five decades, according to the Department of

Meteorology and Hydrology. The Bago River Basin plays an

important role for agricultural production of paddy rice in

Myanmar and its socioeconomic development is impacted flood

and drought disasters. Recent flood events have caused major

economic losses to paddy rice agriculture in the Bago River

basin and flood inundation may intensify in the future climates.

Therefore, this study investigates changes of floods and droughts

between past and future climates in the Bago River basin using

numerical model and standardized indices.

From a disaster reduction viewpoint, we believe the

information derived from this study can contribute to

assessments of potential flood damage for the local region, as

well as other locations where data is limited, such as is generally

the case in Myanmar. Such an analysis would also be helpful in

formulating and directing post-event relief efforts.

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