THE IDEA OF POSTMODERNISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE · gratitude to all the lecturers of English Letters...
Transcript of THE IDEA OF POSTMODERNISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE · gratitude to all the lecturers of English Letters...
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THE IDEA OF POSTMODERNISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE
CHARACTERS’ ATTITUDES IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S THE
LOTTERY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
JELITO RAHADIAN DE DEUS SORIANO
Student number: 114214066
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2017
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THE IDEA OF POSTMODERNISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE
CHARACTERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD THE LOTTERY IN
SHIRLEY JACKSON’S “THE LOTTERY”
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
JELITO RAHADIAN DE DEUS SORIANO
Student number: 114214066
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2017
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, January 18, 2017
Jelito Rahadian De Deus Soriano
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yand bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Jelito Rahadian De Deus Soriano
Nomor Mahasiswa : 114214066
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE IDEA OF POSTMODERNISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE
CHARACTERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD THE LOTTERY IN
SHIRLEY JACKSON’S “THE LOTTERY”
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 18 Januari 2017
Yang menyatakan,
Jelito Rahadian De Deus Soriano
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This page is dedicated to those who helped me and supported me in the
process of writing this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank God for His
blessing and guidance. This Undergraduate Thesis would have never been done
without His help.
Second, I thank my thesis Advisor, Elisa Dwi Wardani S.S., M.Hum., for
her patience in guiding me writing this thesis and for suggestions that were really
valuable. I would also like to thank Elisabeth Arti Wulandari S.S., M.A., the co-
advisor, for her advice to help me finish my thesis. I would like to express my
gratitude to all the lecturers of English Letters and the staffs for their support and
guidance they give since the first time I entered English Letters Department.
In this opportunity, my sincere gratitude goes to my family, Bapa, Mama,
Arsa, Belinda, and the big families of Soriano, for their endless pray and support.
A special thank goes to my grandma and my uncle for telling me a lot of valuable
lessons. I also thank all my friends who had been supporting me to finish my
undergraduate thesis.
JelitoRahadian De Deus Soriano
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ............................. v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... vi
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... xi
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ............................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation .................................................................................. 3
C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................... 4
D. Definition of Terms ..................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................... 7
A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................... 7
B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 8
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 15
CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 17
A. Object of the Study ................................................................................... 17
B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................. 17
C. Method of the Study .................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 20
A. The Plot of the Lottery ............................................................................. 20
B. The Attitudes of the Characters toward the Lottery reflected .......................
from the Plot ............................................................................................. 25
C. The Idea of Postmodernism as seen through the Characters’ Attitudes.... 34
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 51
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ABSTRACT
JELITO RAHADIAN DE DEUS SORIANO. The Idea of Postmodernism as
seen through the Characters’ Attitudes toward the Lottery in Shirley
Jackson’s “The Lottery”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of
Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
Shirley Jackson’s short story “The Lottery” describes a small community
whose old-time tradition prescribes them to choose one among them for the sake
of sacrificial offering to guarantee big harvest. This tradition makes them do
violence and brutality toward the winner of the lottery ritual because they still
believe that it will bring happiness.
There are three problems formulated as the basis of the research. The first
problem is about how the plot is revealed in the story. The second problem is
about how the characters’ attitude toward the lottery drawing is reflected from the
plot. The third problem is about the idea of postmodernism as seen through the
characters’ attitude.
The writing of this undergraduate thesis uses library research to compile
data and analyze them. The data were collected through books, magazines, and
web-based articles. The approach which was used in the research is moral
philosophical approach. This approach was used to reveal the characters’ attitude
toward the tradition along with the idea of postmodernism which can be seen from
the characters’ attitude.
The analyses are as follows: the plot of “The Lottery” reveals the initial
situation or the exposition, conflict, climax, suspension, and conclusion. Plot
reveals the actions of the characters through what the characters think and feel;
therefore, the characters attitude can be drawn based on the plot. Faithful is shown
in the characters’ attitude. People in the village really enjoy doing the lottery as
the tradition even if they should kill the one who gets the lot. They believe that the
lottery will bring a big harvest. Old Man Warner shows his anger because some
people talk about giving up the lottery. Old Man Warner believes that tradition is
the only way to gain happiness. Mrs. Hutchinson is also one of the characters who
show the excitement toward the perpetuation of the tradition. Ironically, she ends
up as a winner in the lottery. As a winner she should be stoned by everyone in that
village including her family. The characters’ attitude toward the lottery believes
that the lottery is the only way to gain happiness. Therefore, it can be concluded
that the characters’ attitudes which manifest in their practice, reflects the ideas of
postmodernism.
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ABSTRAK
JELITO RAHADIAN DE DEUS SORIANO. The Idea of Postmodernism as
seen through the Characters’ Attitudes toward the Lottery in Shirley
Jackson’s “The Lottery”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of
Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
Cerita pendek karangan Shirley Jackson berjudul “The Lottery”
mendeskripsikan komunitas kecil di mana sebuah tradisi lama menentukan
mereka untuk memilih salah satu dari masyarakat demi tumbal pengorbanan untuk
memastikan panen melimpah. Tradisi ini membuat mereka melakukan kekerasan
dan tindakan kejam terhadap pemenang ritual karena mereka percaya bahwa
tradisi tersebut dapat memberikan kebahagiaan.
Ada tiga rumusan masalah yang disusun sebagai landasan penelitian.
Pertama tentang bagaimana jalan cerita diungkap dalam cerita. Kedua tentang
bagaimana sikap tokoh-tokoh terhadap penarikan undian yang terungkap di jalan
cerita. Ketiga tentang gagasan postmodernisme dilihat melalui sikap tokoh-tokoh.
Penulisan skripsi ini menggunakan studi pustaka untuk mengumpulkan
data dan menganalisanya. Sumber data tersebut adalah buku-buku, majalah, dan
artikel-artikel internet. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah
moral-filosofi. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sikap tokoh-
tokoh terhadap tradisi bersamaan dengan gagasan postmodernisme yang mana
dapat dilihat dari sikap tokoh-tokoh cerita.
Temuan pembahasannya adalah: jalan cerita dari “The Lottery” adalah
eksposisi, konflik, puncak permasalahan, suspansi, dan kesimpulan. Terungkap
aksi dari tokoh-tokoh melalui cara berpikir dan berperasaan, oleh karena itu, sikap
dari tokoh-tokoh dapat direalisasikan berdasarkan jalan cerita. Keramah-tamahan
dan kegirangan ditunjukan oleh sikap dari tokoh-tokoh. Orang-orang di desa itu
sangat menikmati undian sebagai tradisi walaupun mereka harus membunuh
sesama. Mereka percaya bahwa undian ini dapat menghasilkan panen besar. Old
Man Warner menunjukan kemarahanya karena beberapa orang mengatakan untuk
berhenti melakukan undian. Old Man Warner percaya hanya tradisilah cara untuk
memperoleh kebahagiaan. Mrs. Hutchinson juga adalah satu dari tokoh-tokoh
yang juga menunjukan rasa kegirangan terhadap terselenggaranya tradisi.
Ironisnya, dia menjadi pemenang dalam undian. Sebagai pemenang ia harus
dilempari batu oleh semua orang di desa termasuk keluarganya. Tokoh-tokoh
terhadap masih mempercayai bahwa undian adalah salah-satunya cara untuk
memperoleh kebahagiaan. Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sikap tokoh-tokoh,
yang terwujud dalam praktiknya, merefleksikan gagasan-gagasan posmodernisme.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
As a human being, we believe in certain values in this world. Modern people
might not believe in that kind of superstition anymore. They only believe in
progress or reason to prove their judgment. This idea comes from modernist
people who introduced us to their Enlightenment. It is believed that Enlightenment
has “opened the prospect of progress toward a life in this world of universal peace
and happiness” (Abrams, 1985:52). Modernists try to gain their happiness through
reason to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life. It
makes the tradition and superstitions fall apart.
In 1960s a new concept questioning modernism emerged, as pointed out by
Sarup that “it has probably emerged as a specific reaction against the established
forms of high modernism” (Sarup, 1993:131). This situation led philosophers like
Lyotard, Lacan, and Foucault to propose what they called postmodernism. “The
era of postmodernity comes after modernity, and it refers to the incipient or actual
dissolution of those social forms associated with modernity” (Sarup, 1993:30). It
means that postmodernism comes after modernism. The idea of postmodernism
spread out through the world. It is now adapted into a lot of fields and studies, like
literature.
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“The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson becomes a famous short story after it is
published in 1948. The lottery tells about the tradition which is being held by the
people on that village to gain happiness. The people of the story still believe that
human sacrifice will bring a big harvest at that time. Sacrificing a human’s life
becomes the ritual tradition which is held every summer. Summer is supposed to
be a beautiful season when flowers are blossoming and the green grass is totally
colorful. However, in the lottery, summer becomes a time for death and killing
neighbors.
The lottery talks about how tradition becomes the main concern of the most
people in that village. The lottery as a tradition is so cruel because every summer
someone’s life should be sacrificed and the murderers are his/her own neighbors.
The writer wants to show that some tradition like the lottery is a kind of ritual
which is still believed by human beings. This belief is based on people’s belief
that is made by the society. The villagers in the story only can think that big
harvest may happen if they could sacrifice someone in the lottery. They create the
lottery because people in that village want to bring a big harvest to the village.
They also find that they cannot use their knowledge to achieve their goal, so that
they perpetuate the tradition.
Considering the nature of postmodernism and characters’ attitudes in the
story, it is assumed that the idea of postmodernism fit on the way the character’s
attitudes from the characters as the object of the study. The plot of the story will
show how the people react to the lottery. The tradition which is held by people in
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that village sees that the lottery is the only way to solve the problems. That is why
the term of postmodernism is used by the writer of the thesis.
Jackson’s “The Lottery” is chosen because the characters’ attitudes from the
story show the idea of postmodernism itself which is really interesting to analyze.
The way people think about the lottery is extremely far from being humane. The
characters’ attitudes in the lottery are the main concern of the writer. Besides of
thesis, the writer also focused on the idea of postmodernism as seen through the
characters’ attitudes toward the lottery.
B. Problem Formulation
In relation with the explanations above there are three problems to discuss.
1. How is the plot revealed in the story?
2. How are the characters’ attitudes toward the lottery drawing reflected
from the plot?
3. What are the ideas of postmodernism as seen through the characters’
attitudes?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulations that have been mentioned, the objectives
of study are represented as follows.
The undergraduate thesis has a purpose to show that the characters’ attitudes
can reflect the idea of posmodernism. That is why it is important to make problem
formulation for answering the questions.
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The plot from the story is the first point to know. The plot must be understood
to know the basic concept in order to find out each attitude from the characters
that might be the concept of postmodernism.
The point of view from all the characters in the story has different ideas that
make the idea of postmodernism comes up. The attitudes from the characters can
be seen from before, during, and after the lottery drawing after analyzing the plots
from the story. Based on those, the characters show their attitudes toward the
tradition. It becomes the concept that creates the idea of Postmodernism.
After mapping all those things, the writer has some ideas from the characters’
attitudes that become the concept of Postmodernism’s idea. This is where the idea
of Postmodernism rises. That is how the writer of this thesis answers the
questions.
D. Definition of Terms
As stated in the tittle and explored in the above explanation, the writer wants
to clarify some terms used in this undergraduate thesis. The term that is used by
the writer is postmodernism.
1. Postmodernism
The term of postmodernism is defined by Kevin Hart in his book where he
explains what Lyotard said about posmodernism
‘So let us return to Lyotard. The postmodern, he argued, was an attitude of
suspicion towards the modern. Why? Because the modern always appeals
to a “meta-narrative” of some kind, something that overarches all human
activities and serves to guide them: the natural primacy of human
consciousness, the fair distribution of wealth in society, and the steady
march of moral progress. To be postmodern is to distrust the claim that we
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can attain enlightenment or peace by judicious use of reason, that we can
become happy or prosperous, that any of our higher goals can be achieved
if only we wait and work, work and wait.’ He clears his throat. ‘If the
modern designates the era of emancipation and knowledge, consensus and
totalities, then postmodern marks an attitude of disbelief towards the
modern (Hart, 2004: 2).
It is clearly stated that Postmodernism is different from Modernism. Derrida also
says that postmodernism attacked, “the ideals of reason, clarity, truth, and
progress” (Barry, 2002:86) that was provided by modernism. As a basic concept,
it means that they share different idea in it.
To understand this idea, the term modernism should be understood.
According to Powell “Modernism is a blanket term for an explosion of new styles
and trends in the arts in the half of 20th century” (Powell, 1998:20). Modernism is
term that is related to “the Age of Enlightenment, also known as the Age of
Reason. Probably the main value of the age, besides reason was the idea of
progress” (Powell, 1998:20). The writer wants to say that modernism is a new
idea for humanity based on reason and logic. At the 18th century people are
optimistic that by using the universal values of science, reason, and logic,
they could get rid of all the myths and holy ideas that kept humanity from
progressing. They felt this would be eventually free humanity from
misery, religion, superstition, all irrational behavior, and unfounded belief.
Humanity would use thus progress to state freedom, happiness, and
progress (Powell, 1998:20-21)
Postmodernism, as Lyotard puts it, believes “that the nature of knowledge cannot
survive unchanged within this context of general transformation. The status of
knowledge is altered as societies enter what is known as the postmodern age”
(Sarup, 1993:118).
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2. Attitude
An Attitude is generally defined as the way a person responds to his or her
environment, either positively or negatively. (http://www.boundless.com/
management/text/books/boundless-management-textbook/organizational-
behavior-5/drivers-of-behavior-44/defining-attitude-227-7241/.html, Ocktober 16,
2016). The attitude also means a behavior a person adopts toward other people,
things, incidents or happenings (http://literarydevices.net/attitude/.html, October
16, 2016).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
Since this study is going to find out the idea of postmodernism through the
characters’ attitudes from The Lottery, the writer wants to see another study from
undergraduate researcher. Linda Valentina Budiman in her study about The
Lottery states
The result of this study showed that characters attitudes before and during the
lottery drawing are very anxious although there are some characters who do
not show their worried such as Tessie Hutchinson and Old Man Warner. The
Lottery that has been done so many years also brings some effects toward the
characters’ life. There are two kinds of effect: general and specific effect.
Generally, the lottery makes people accept it blindly without questioning
what it is actually for, and it makes them become narrow-minded in such a
way that they are willing to kill one of them every year for sake of a good
harvest (Budiman, 2000:6).
What can be inferred from the statement above is that the lottery can bring a great
impact to the characters in the story. It also makes people in that village just
accept the lottery that has been carried out for so many years without any
questions in their mind. The questions here are about human values and right, as
mentioned above, are severely neglected by killing anybody who wins the lottery.
Another study reviewed for the research is taken from Gisela Swara Gita
Andika’s study. She clarified that Pi as a main character in Life of Pi shows the
ideas of postmodernism from his attitudes. She states that
His postmodernism is also shown in the way he practices three religions in
the same time that can be considered religious pluralism. Religious pluralism,
a part of postmodernism that concerns with religiosity, allows
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people to go beyond and admit that all religions are true. Pi believes in this
notion, and he practices three religions to find comfort and peace in his life
(Andika, 2012:86).
This statement means that the aspect of postmodernism can be seen in the way
how the character learns the three religions which are Hinduism, Christianity, and
Islam. Religious pluralism can be a guidance to get the understanding that all
religions are true. Pluralism in that statement shows that it belongs to the idea of
postmodernism.
Based on two studies above, the writer here wants to show that one of the
ways to find out ideas from the story or novel is from the characters. All
characters have their own point of view in the way to see something that might
happen in their life. The writer of the thesis develops something different from the
previous studies. The characters’ attitudes from the plot as the main focus here
can also show the idea of postmodernism. It shows that plot can be an important
aspect to reveal either the general or specific idea of the story. The main analysis
is about the characters’ attitudes which are revealed from the plot and how it
reflects the idea of postmodernism.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Plot
According to Abrams, “plot in a dramatic or narrative work is constituted by
its events and actions, as these are rendered and ordered toward achieving
particular emotional and artistic effects” (1993:159). In other words, plot is a
concept which is related to events and actions in the story. Abrams also mentions
that plot and character has strong relation because “the actions (including verbal
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discourse as well as physical actions) are performed by particular characters in a
work, and are the means by which they exhibit moral and dispositional qualities”
(1993: 159). It also means that the actions and attitudes of the characters can be
seen through plot.
Gustav Freytag as guided by Guerin mentions that plot is divided into five
sections; “exposition, rising action, climax (or turning point), falling action, and
denouement (comedy) or catastrophe (tragedy)” (Guerin, 1979:8). The exposition
is “the background information needed to properly understand a story” (Guerin,
1979:8). It means that to find the exposition, the reader has to know about the
basic information of the story, such as the basic conflict or the setting. After that,
the writer can find the rising action from the story. The rising action is “the
inciting moment sets the remainder of the story in motion” (Guerin, 1979:8). But
before finding out the rising action, the writer has to know the basic conflict
which is complicated by “the introduction of other conflicts, such as setbacks”
(Guerin, 1979:8).
Then the writer can decide the climax from the story. The climax “marks a
major change for the protagonist” (Guerin, 1979:8). It means that the character
will face his ultimate test that happens in the story. The falling action comes after
the climax. It contains “a moment of final suspense, during which the final
outcome of the conflict is in doubt” (Guerin, 1979:8). Conclusion is the final part
of the plot. Freytag mentions that in some genres of the story, they can reveal
different conclusion. “Comedy ends with denouement (conclusion, or wrapping
up) in which protagonist is better off than at the story’s outset. Tragedy ends with
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a catastrophe in which the protagonist is destroyed in some way” (Guerin,
1979:8).
2. Theory of the Relation between Plot and Character
According to Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs in Fiction: An
Introduction to Reading and Writing, a character can be disclosed by considering
these factors: “what the character say (and think), what the character do, what
other characters say about him/her, and what the author says about him/her”
(1989: 147-148). Therefore, what the character do can show the characters’
attitude and some ideas beyond it.
Another study is taken from Abrams. He states that “characters are persons
presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as
being endowed with moral, dispositional, emotional qualities that expressed in
what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the action” (1993:23). There is a
strong relation between the plot and the character. Abrams also states it clearly in
his book that “as a plot progresses it arouses expectations in the audience or
reader about the future course of events and actions and how the characters will
respond to them” (1993:160). So, it is possible to find out the attitude from the
characters that is revealed from the plot.
In presenting the characters, the technique adopted can be either showing or
telling. In his book, Abrams gives two methods of characterization. He explains
that
In showing (sometimes called the dramatic method), the author presents
the characters talking and acting, and leave the reader to infer what
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motives and dispositions lie behind what they say and do. Here a reader
has to be accurate in reading the characters’ dialogue and action in order
to guess is the reason behind all they say and do. Therefore a reader has to
be critical in seeing and judging the characters’ dialogue and action
(Abrams, 1993:24)
Another way that can be used to clarify the characters is by indirect presentation.
Scott in his book explains that “the author shows us the character in action; we
infer what he is like from what he thinks or says or does” (1968:5). Those two
methods will be very useful to analyze the characters in the story because Abrams
clearly states all theory of character in there. In the lottery the characters attitude
can be revealed from the plot. Plot has connection to the progress from the
characters. It contains the actions of the characters which can be seen through
what the characters think and feel. It means that the actions from the characters
also conclude to their attitude.
3. Theories on Postmodernism
According to Abrams “the term postmodernism is sometimes applied to the
literature after World War II (1939-45), when the effects on Western morale of
the first war were greatly exacerbated by the experience of Nazi totalitarianism
and mass extermination, the threat of total destruction by atomic bomb, the
progressive devastation of the natural environment, and ominous fact of
overpopulation” (1993:120). Lyotard also states that “since World War II, people
no longer believe in the grand narratives. After all, applying science and reason to
the construction of gas chambers and efficient railroad schedules, the Nazis
exterminated millions of human beings” (Powell, 1998:40).
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Abrams also states that “an undertaking in some postmodernist writings is to
subvert the foundations of our accepted modes of thought and experience so as to
reveal the “meaningless”, of existence and the underlying “abyss”, or ”void”, or
“nothingness” on which any supposed security is conceived to be precariously
suspended” (Abrams, 1993:120).
In other words, many of postmodernism terms are applied to some work of
literature after World War II. Besides, the effect of World War II has great impact
to the literature work. It is also said that the foundations of postmodernism
thought accepted the meaningless, abyss, void, and nothingness for the study.
According to Waugh and Rite in their book, they clarified the meaning of
postmodernism as
a “mood” expressed theoretically across a diverse range of theoretical
discourses and involving: a focus on the collapse of grand narratives into
local incommensurable language games or “little narratives; a
Foucauldian emphasis on discontinuity an plurality of history as
discursively produced and formulated, and a tendency to view the
discourses of Enlightenment reason as complicit with the instrumental
rationalization of modern life (1996:289).
From the quotation above, it is clear that postmodernism tries to focus on the
rejection of the grand narratives. Postmodernism believes that the grand narratives
should be changed into little narratives.
Another concept of Postmodernism is also being described by Jim Powell on
his book. He described that Postmodernism was a term which was after the
Modernism. He writes
Postmodernism as the “post” preface implies, is something that follows
modernism. However, people who think about such things as
Postmodernism don’t agree whether Postmodernism is a break from
modernism or a continuation of modernism-or both. In fact, they don’t
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even agree as to what modernism is, much less Postmodernism (Powell,
1998:19).
It means that the project of enlightenment as a value had lost its credibility. The
project is about “fostering of this belief that a break with tradition, blind habit, and
slavish obedience to religious precepts and prohibitions, coupled with the
application of reason and logic by disinterested individual, can bring about a
solution to the problems of society” (Barry, 2002:85). Some of the philosopher
such us Derrida believe that the enlightenment is uncompleted project. They try to
get rid the value of the enlightenment. In his view “the ideals of reason, clarity,
truth, and progress, and as they were thereby detached from the quest for justice,
he identified them as ‘young conservatives’” (Barry, 2002:86).
For Lyotard, the project of enlightenment tries to totalize explanations of
things like Christianity or the myth of scientific progress. As explained in Peter
Barry’s book, for Lyotard postmodernism is simply
Incredulity towards metanarratives” (2002:86). He believes that
metanarratives of “progress and human perfectability, then, are no longer
tenable, and the best we can hope for is a series of ‘mininarratives’, which
are provisional, contingent, temporary, and relative and which provide a
basis for actions of specific group in particular local circumstances (Barry,
2002:87).
A series of mini narratives such as myths, legends and tales “legitimize
themselves-make themselves believable-just in telling. And at the same time they
legitimize the society in which they are told” (Powell, 1998:34). It means that
the myth, the chanter, the audience, all form a kind of social bond-asocial
group that legitimizes itself through the chanting of the myth. The myth
requires no authorization or legitimization other than itself. The myth
defines what has the right to be said and done in the culture (Powel,
1998:35).
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That is why postmodernism reject the grand narratives and change it into
mininarratives.
To understand this idea, the term modernism should be understood.
According to Powell “Modernism is a blanket term for an explosion of new styles
and trends in the arts in the half of 20th century” (Powell, 1998:20). Modernism is
term that is related to “the Age of Enlightenment, also known as the Age of
Reason. Probably the main value of the age, besides reason was the idea of
progress” (Powell, 1998:20). It means that modernism is a new idea for humanity
based on reason and logic. At the 18th century, people become
optimistic that by using the universal values of science, reason, and logic,
they could get rid of all the myths and holy ideas that kept humanity from
progressing. They felt this would be eventually free humanity from
misery, religion, superstition, all irrational behavior, and unfounded belief.
Humanity would use thus progress to state freedom, happiness, and
progress (Powell, 1998:20-21)
Postmodernism as a new term after modernism has another idea, proposing that
“the nature of knowledge cannot survive unchanged within this context of general
transformation. The status of knowledge is altered as societies enter what is
known as the postmodern age” (Sarup, 1993:118).
Fredric Jameson in his essay states that “postmodernism emerged as the
reaction against the established forms of high modernism. The key point to the
spirit of postmodernism is the reaction against anything modernly organized”
(Jameson in Kaplan 1988:18).
According to Lyotard in Jim Powell’s book, he states that postmodernism
“has to do with skepticism about Grand narratives; and it is about heterogeneity”
(Powell, 1998:149). That is one of the most characteristic of postmodernism. In
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Glenn Ward’s book, he mentions that postmodernism is about Knowingness.
Knowingness in postmodernism “insists on ‘self-conscious, self-contradictory,
self-undermining statement’. Since few people trust their convictions or believe
the world can change for better, irony is the only option” (Ward, 2010: 9). It
means that the only way to find out better change is only from the irony. Irony in
the postmodernism is “therefore not just cynical, not just a way of making fun of
the world. It demonstrates a knowingness about how reality is ideologically
constructed” (Nicol, 2002:13).
C. Theoretical Framework
The theories stated above in this chapter will be used to analyze the lottery.
The three theories, the theory of plot will describe the plot in the lottery to find
out the way of how the story goes on. Theory on character will provide some
information to identify the act of the characters in the short story. The theory on
characters is also used to find out how the characters’ attitude the lottery based on
the plot.
The theory on plot from Guerin and Abrams are applied in studying the plot
in the Lottery. Those two theories will help the writer to reveal the plot of the
story. The theory on plot also has relation to the characters action. It means that
theory on characters will be used to analyze the characters for further information.
That is through the characters themselves say, what the characters do, and what
the characters respond, this theory helps in studying the attitudes of the characters
in the story.
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This thesis uses the idea of postmodernism from many sources as the basic.
The analysis will be mainly based on concept of postmodernism. Making an
intensive review on the theory and studying it from many points of view such as
historically and its development as one of the philosophical school the writer
would try to find the idea of postmodernism as seen through the characters’
attitudes in Jackson’s the Lottery.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” was a short story which is published in June
1948, an issue of The New Yorker magazine. “The Lottery” was successful for
the first time when it was published and has become one of the most famous short
stories in the history of American literature. The world of Shirley Jackson is
horrified and unforgettable. She is the writer who writes something which is not
predictable because especially in “The Lottery” she makes a beautiful summer-
day with nothing seems going to happen into something that is really horrible. The
story is taken from The Lottery and Other Stories by Macmillan in his book on
1988. The story is in page 149 until 154.
The lottery is a short story that takes place in small a village somewhere in
America. A small village where all the residents must participate in the tradition
which is held every summer and then becomes a nightmare for some folks there.
It goes with a normal condition when people gather around to the square for the
lottery. However, at the end of the story the winner is executed to by the people in
that village. As the result, the winner of the lottery should be dead.
B. Approach of the Study
This thesis deals with the idea of postmodernism as seen through the
characters’ attitudes in Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery”. As a literary work “The
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Lottery” can be said to have a value that is from the tragedy that has been done in
such traditions which is supposed to kill somebody to get happiness. The great
World War II can be the one of the effects that make such tradition like that exists.
Therefore the Moral-philosophical approach is applied in the analysis since there
is an indication of the presence of a philosophical value in the lottery. According
to Guerin, Moral-philosophical “is an approach of which is basic to examine the
literary work that teach morality and to probe philosophical issue” (Guerin,
1979:29). Since this undergraduate thesis assumes that the lottery teaches a unique
way on doing the tradition, it is possible to do a research using this approach.
With this approach, the analysis to find the idea of postmodernism through the
characters’ attitudes in the lottery will be possible to be done.
C. Method of the Study
In order to support this research, several resources and data are used. They are
books and some references related to the lottery and idea of postmodernism. The
library research method was used as the main method in order to find out the short
story and supportive readings to the study topic. The writer also used internet to
collect some useful data related to the research. From the relevant website, the
writer got some information about the author, the short story, and related articles.
Several steps in the following were done to gain result of the study.
Firstly, the writer read the story in order to understand what the story is about.
Close reading were used to get the information. A list of worth-studying elements
were made, such us plot and characters’ attitude. A deeper reading led the writer
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to specify the relation between plot and the characters’ attitude. Afterwards, the
other sources about the idea of postmodernism were read. Then, the writer made a
list shortening in order to narrowing the study could be done. It was decided that
this undergraduate thesis would find more about the characters’ attitude and relate
it with postmodernism.
The second step was analyzing the data and starting to make research in more
systematically form. The writer tried to make the problem formulation as the
guidance for the analysis and began to analyze the problem. The first problem
formulation is related to the plots that can be found in the story. The second
problem formulation is how was the characters’ attitudes based on the plots
toward the lottery drawing was possible to answer after having and understanding
of the concept from postmodernism. Then, relate the attitudes from the characters
to the idea of postmodernism.
Finally, the third step was drawing a conclusion. In this step the writer made
summary of all the process of analyzing and the result of the research.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” is a short story that tells about a small
group of people who that still believe in the tradition which is called lottery. This
tradition is an event in the story which makes people in that village killing their
neighbor in exchange to get a big harvest. The story goes by showing a contact,
and a communication within all the characters toward the lottery. Most of the
activity that the characters do in the short story is the routine of the lottery event.
In this chapter the writer is going to analyze three items. First, the writer is
going to analyze the plot of the story which is mentioned in the problem
formulations. The second part is about the characters’ attitudes toward the lottery
drawing that is reflected from the plot of the story. This part will be divided into
three sections; before, during, and after the lottery drawing. On the final part, the
writer will answer the last question from problem formulations which are about
the ideas of postmodernism as seen through the characters’ attitudes.
A. The Plot of the Lottery
In this chapter the writer will analyze the plot from the story by using
theories on the previous chapter. Theory from M.H. Abrams and Guerin are used
by the writer as a source of data. By reading and understanding the theory, the
plot of the story can be drawn. The lottery begins with initial situation. Initial
situation here means that the story begins with something that lead the reader to
guess what is going to happen in the lottery and it is the sense of liberation as seen
in this quotation
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THE MORNING of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth
of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass
was richly green. The people of the village began to gather in the square,
between the post office and the bank, around ten o’clock (Jackson,
1988:149).
The quotation above tells that the lottery is a ritual that happens in such a
beautiful season. It is unclear to see the price of the lottery. The people also seem
really want to be a winner.
The mystery of the lottery begins when the children also gather around to
join the lottery.
The children assembled first, of course. School was recently over for the
summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they
tended to gather together quietly for a while before they broke into
boisterous play, and their talk was still of the classroom and the teacher, of
books and reprimands. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full
of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the
smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie
Delacroix-the villagers pronounced this name “Dellacroy”-eventually
made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it
against the raids of the other boys. The girls stood aside, talking among
themselves, looking over their shoulders at the boys, and the very small
children rolled in the dust or clung to the hands of older brothers or sisters.
(Jackson, 1988:149)
As stated in the quotation above it is clear that the lottery is the ritual which
makes the children interested in it. They are doing their activity without
understanding or questioning about the concept of the ritual. They really enjoy
their holiday because at that time the school is recently over for the summer. The
writer of the thesis also might say that the children are really excited about it.
The initial situation can be seen in the conversation between Mrs.
Hutchinson and Mrs. Delacroix. The conversation between them shows that there
is nothing to worry about the lottery.
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Just as Mr. Summers finally left off talking and turned to the assembled
villagers, Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her
sweater thrown over her shoulders, and slid into the place in the back of
the crowd. “Clean forgot what day it was, “she said to Mrs. Delacroix who
stood next to her, and they both laughed softly. “Thought my old man was
out back stacking wood,” Mrs. Hutchinson went on, “and then I looked out
the window and the kids was gone, and then I remembered it was the
twenty-seventh and came a-running.” She dried her hands on her apron
and Mrs. Delacroix said, “You’re in time, though. They’re still talking
away up there.”(Jackson, 1988:150).
They are really happy to join the lottery although Mrs. Hutchinson comes late to
the square because she forgets the day of the lottery. Mrs. Hutchinson still can
joke around with Mrs. Delacroix and talk about many things.
As the lottery begins, the conflict in the story rises. There are some
people who say that the other village already quit the lottery. It makes the oldest
man in the village angry when he hears that. It is Old Man Warner who gets angry
on that.
Old Man Warner snorted. “Pack of crazy fools,” he said. “Listening to the
young folks, nothing’s good enough for them. Next thing you know,
they’ll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work anymore,
live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about ‘Lottery in June, corn
be heavy soon.’ First thing you know, we’d all be eating stewed
chickweed an acorns. There’s always been lottery,” he added petulantly.
“Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody”
(Jackson, 1988:152)
It is clear that the conflict between the characters in the story starts to come up.
There is a conflict between those who disagree with the lottery and the one who
agree with the lottery. Based on the Old Man Warner’s statement, the writer sees
nothing wrong in the lottery. But, the fact about the lottery as a ritual also reveals
something different because some of the people there talk about giving up the
lottery.
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Another conflict from the story also happens when Mr. Hutchinson is the
one who wins the lot but his wife, Mrs. Hutchinson disagrees with the decision
People began to look around to see the Hutchinsons. Bill Hutchinson was
standing quiet, staring down at the paper in his hand. Suddenly, Tessie
Hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers, “You didn’t give him time enough
to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair!”(Jackson,
1988:152).
It is really weird to see Mrs. Hutchinson protests the decision of the lottery. She
knows that her husband is the winner and she does not like it. The writer of the
thesis sees that there is something wrong with the lottery. It means that the winner
in the lottery will not get something good. There is also something weird when
Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs. Graves think that the lottery is fair for everyone. “Be a
good sport, Tessie,” Mrs. Delacroix called, and Mrs. Graves said, “All of us took
the same chance” (Jackson, 1988:152-153). That statement means that they do not
like to win the lottery. They also refuse to give another chance to Hutchinson
family.
As the story goes, the writer finds that there is something strange to see
why Mrs. Hutchinson really wants to restart the lottery by involving her children
to make everything fair for her family.
There’s Don and Eva,” Mrs. Hutchinson yelled. “Make them take their
chance!”
“Daughters draw with their husbands’ families, Tessie,” Mr. Summers said
genly. “You know that as well as anyone else.”
“It wasn’t fair,” Tessie said.
“I guess not, Joe,” Bill Hutchinson said regretfully. “There’s Bill, Jr., and
Nancy, and little Dave. And Tessie and me.”
“All right, then,” Mr. Summers said. “Harry, you got their tickets back?”
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Mr. Graves nodded and held up the slips of paper. “Put them in the box,
then,” Mr. Summers directed. “Take Bill’s and put it in.”
“I think we ought to start over,” Mrs. Hutchinson said, as quietly as she
could. “I tell you it wasn’t fair. You didn’t give him time enough to
choose. Everybody saw that” (Jackson, 1988:153).
Those conversations lead the writer to another confusion of the lottery as the ritual
in that village. Mrs. Hutchinson is supposed to be happy when she knows that her
husband is the winner. But in the story, she refuses the decision and wants to start
all over again.
After the lottery starts over again for Hutchinson family, the climax from
the story rises. It happens when Mrs. Hutchinson becomes a winner of the lottery.
But the writer does not see what the price is from the lottery. It feels strange also
to see the happiness of Nancy and Bill as you can see in this quotation. “Nancy
and Bill, Jr., opened theirs at the same time, and both beamed and laughed,
turning around to the crowd and holding their slips of paper above their heads”
(Jackson, 1988:154). This also approves that everyone on that village do not want
to be a winner in the lottery.
Mrs. Hutchinson also keeps saying that it is not fair. She protests the
second result of the drawing. This suspension makes the writer wants to know
what is going to happen next. At the first time, the writer sees that Mrs.
Hutchinson is really excited about the lottery. She tries to give her husband
support when she knows that her husband will get the draw. “Get up there, Bill,”
Mrs. Hutchinson said, and the people near laughed” (Jackson, 1988:152). But
after she wins the lottery, she does not like it.
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The people in that village do not care anymore to what Mrs. Hutchinson
says as mentioned in quotation below
All right, folks,” Mr. Summers said. “Let’s finish quickly.”
Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black
box, they still remembered to use stones. The pile of stones the boys had
made earlier was ready; there were stones on the ground with the blowing
scraps of paper that had come out the box. Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone
so large she had to pick it up with both hands and turned to Mrs. Dunbar.
“Come on,” she said. “Hurry up (Jackson, 1988:154).
They begin to pick up the stones for the ritual. As mentioned in the quotation, the
writer also knows the prize of the lottery. It makes a clear explanation why the
children stuff up full of stones in their pocket. The conclusion of the story tells us
upon the death of Mrs. Hutchinson. Mrs. Hutchinson also keeps saying “it isn’t
fair, it isn’t right” (Jackson, 1988:154). But no one listens to her and stoned her to
fulfill the ritual.
B. The Attitudes of the Characters toward the Lottery reflected from the
Plot
The second part of this chapter will analyze the attitudes of the Characters
toward the lottery as reflected in the plot of the story. The writer will use theory
from Abrams, V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. The theory on characters from
those experts will help the writer finds the attitudes from the characters.
The lottery is the story about a tradition which is being held by the people
in that village. People are gathering around with their family in the square to
participate the lottery without any anxiety in their minds. This is shown through
their faithful which still believe in such tradition will bring a big harvest to that
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village. The lottery happens in the beautiful summer day of June 27th. It is also
stated in the story that the lottery has been done for so many years in that village.
In that beautiful day, there is a tragic thing that leads to the human attitudes in that
village.
There is a black box in the square with slips of paper in there which has
been prepared before. Each member of the family must take this paper randomly.
After all the people in there get one slip of paper in their hands, they are allowed
to open it. The paper that has a sign in there will be the chosen one. Then people
begin to throw the stone at the person that get the sign on his or her paper until
die. They don’t care about killing their neighbor as the fulfillment of the tradition
itself. They only believe that after doing that thing, the big harvest will come into
their village.
They never think clearly of what might happen after killing their own
neighbor. They only care about the big harvest whether they should sacrifice the
people in there including their own family. But there are some people in the story
who also think that the lottery is useless. The other village already quit doing the
lottery. These sorts of attitudes lead the following analysis into several sections;
the attitudes in the initial situation, the attitudes in the conflict, and the attitudes in
the climax, and attitudes in the conclusion.
1. The Attitudes of the Characters in the Exposition
In the morning of the lottery day which is held in summer, the children
begin to gather around. They also seem really happy and excited. They gather
around to collect some smoothest and rounded stones. The girls stand aside
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27
and talk among themselves. There are small talk about classroom and the
teacher among them.
The children assembled first, of course. School was recently over for the
summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they
tended to gather together quietly for a while before they broke into
boisterous play, and their talk was still of the classroom and the teacher,
of books and reprimands. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets
full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting
the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie
Delacroix-the villagers pronounced this name “Dellacroy”-eventually
made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it
against the raids of the other boys. The girls stood aside, talking among
themselves, looking over their shoulders at the boys, and the very small
children rolled in the dust or clung to the hands of older brothers or
sisters. (Jackson, 1988:149)
The quotation above shows the attitude of the children toward the lottery.
They show curiosity. They feel curious because it is the lottery day in which
one person should be chosen as the winner to end this very important day.
They know that one of them would be chosen as a winner in the lottery but
they don’t seem to care about it and just follow what they have to do. Bobby
Martin is one example of the boy who doesn’t care about what would happen
to him at the lottery. He stuffs himself with stones in his pocket. This shows
that the children are being faithful in the story as their attitude.
Not only the children but also the men feel the same way. They feel
curious about who will be chosen in the lottery. They come to the square
because of the lottery day. They seem to be really friendly among themselves
by talking to each other and joking around.
Soon the men began to gather, surveying their own children, speaking of
planting and rain, tractors and taxes. They stood together, away from the
pile of stones in the corner, and their jokes were quiet and they smiled
rather than laughed. (Jackson, 1988:149)
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The quotation above shows their faith towards the lottery. However, unlike
the children, they show anxiety instead of curiosity. They feel anxious
because their jokes are quiet and they only smile rather than laughing. It feels
that they really want to know who will be the chosen one in the lottery. They
know they will fight with each other for their luck in the lottery. Even though
they know they will fight with each other, they still come to the square. It
means that they have faith in the lottery.
Friendliness is created among the women. They say hello to each other
when they gather around in the square. They greet one another and talk a bit
of gossip. It is stated in this quotation, “The women, wearing faded house
dresses and sweaters, came shortly after their menfolk. They greeted one
another and exchanged bits of gossip as they went to join their husbands”
(Jackson, 1988:149). It also shows that the women’s attitude is friendly.
Friendly atmosphere is also shown through by the conversation between
Mrs. Hutchinson and Mrs. Delacroix. It happens when the lottery drawing is
about to start.
Just as Mr. Summers finally left off talking and turned to the assembled
villagers, Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square,
her sweater thrown over her shoulders, and slid into the place in the back
of the crowd. “Clean forgot what day it was, “she said to Mrs. Delacroix
who stood next to her, and they both laughed softly. “Thought my old
man was out back stacking wood,” Mrs. Hutchinson went on, “and then I
looked out the window and the kids was gone, and then I remembered it
was the twenty-seventh and came a-running.” She dried her hands on her
apron and Mrs. Delacroix said, “You’re in time, though. They’re still
talking away up there. (Jackson, 1988:150).
It is clear that Mrs. Hutchinson and Mrs. Delacroix have a good relationship.
They greet each other and joke around. This is also obvious that the people of
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29
the village are friendly enough. They seem to know each other well. It is
shown by the response from the people in that village to Mrs. Hutchinson’s
joke.
Mrs. Hutchinson reached her husband, and Mr. Summers, who had been
waiting, said cheerfully, “Thought we were going to have to get on
without you, Tessie.” Mrs. Hutchinson said, grinning, “Wouldn’t have
me leave m’dishes in the sink now, would you, Joe?,” and soft laughter
ran through the crowd as the people stirred back into the position after
Mrs. Hutchinson’s arrival. (Jackson, 1988:151)
They do not show that they worry enough about the lottery because they are
still doing that although they know that they must kill whoever is chosen.
Mrs. Hutchinson shows that she really enjoys being a part of the lottery.
A small talk and joke with Mrs. Delacroix reveals the attitude of Mrs.
Hutchinson. She seems to be not worried about the lottery even though she
comes late to the square. It means that Mrs. Hutchinson feels no problem
toward the lottery.
2. The Attitudes of the Characters in the Conflict
When the lottery begins, people who gather around in the square do not
show something different in their attitudes. They still enjoy the lottery as
usual. But, there is a small talk about giving up the lottery which happens in
the north village. It makes Old Man Warner shows his anger. He does not
want to give up the lottery. He refuses to follow what the north village does.
Old Man Warner snorted. “Pack of crazy fools,” he said. “Listening to
the young folks, nothing’s good enough for them. Next thing you know,
they’ll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work anymore,
live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about ‘Lottery in June, corn
be heavy soon.’ First thing you know, we’d all be eating stewed
chickweed an acorns. There’s always been lottery,” he added petulantly.
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30
“Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody”
(Jackson, 1988:152)
He believes that the lottery must be followed by everybody in the village. He
does not feel nervous when getting his lot. He encouraged the other people by
saying “Seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery,” Old Man Warner said as
he went through the crowd. “Seventy-seventh time” (Jackson, 1988:152). His
faith toward the lottery makes him believe that the lottery should not be
abandoned because he believes that the lottery will bring happiness.
On the other hand, Mrs. Hutchinson also never shows that she is
worried or scared. She supports her husband, Bill Hutchinson, when he is
doing his lot. “Get up there, Bill,” Mrs. Hutchinson said, and the people near
her laughed” (Jackson, 1988:152). From Mrs. Hutchinson’s statement above,
it seems that Mrs. Hutchinson doesn’t worry at all. Her attitude does not show
that she is nervous or scared. Instead, she gives support to her husband as if
something would not happen to her. This is really different since other people
feel nervous about their lot. She likes watching her husband doing the lot
instead.
There has been a long pause after they get their lot. Suddenly their
attitudes change. It begins when Mrs. Hutchinson knows that her husband is
the chosen one or the winner. She feels that the lot is not fair for their family.
She seems really angry after knowing the decision from the lots. “You didn’t
give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair!”
(Jackson, 1988:152). She also thinks that their children should have their
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31
chance to draw the lot. “There’s Don and Eva,” Mrs. Hutchinson yelled.
“Make them take their chance!” (Jackson, 1988:153). It also makes Mrs.
Hutchinson shows that she is scared to accept the decision. It shows different
attitude from her due to the fact that at the beginning she seems very excited
about the lottery as mentioned in this quotation “Get up there, Bill,” Mrs.
Hutchinson said, and the people near laughed” (Jackson, 1988:152). She tries
to give a support when her husband has his turn to take the lot. On the other
hand, Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs. Graves really hate the fact that Mrs.
Hutchinson thinks that the lot for their family is not fair. “Be a good sport,
Tessie,” Mrs. Delacroix called, and Mrs. Graves said, “All of us took the
same chance” (Jackson, 1988:152-153).
It seems that the attitudes from the characters toward the lottery do not
change. They still show their faith toward the lottery. It seems like the lottery
is ritual that should be obeyed. It is shown by the attitudes of Old Man
Warner when he gets angry after listening to some folk wanting to give up the
lottery. On the other hand, Mrs. Hutchinson does not like it when she knows
that her husband is the winner. She thinks that her family does not get enough
time to pick the lot. The faithful towards the lottery reveals that Mrs.
Hutchinson does not worry about the lottery. She only refuses the way of the
lot to her families and thinks that the lottery should be restarted for her
families. Even though, she should make all her children to be counted in the
lottery.
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3. The Attitudes of the Characters in the Climax
After knowing the fact that Bill Hutchinson is the winner of the lot,
Mrs. Hutchinson thinks that the lottery should be restarted. Nancy and Bill
who get their chance feel really happy when they know that they are not the
winner of the lottery. “Nancy and Bill, Jr., opened theirs at the same time, and
both beamed and laughed, turning around to the crowd and holding their slips
of paper above their heads” (Jackson, 1988:154). Those show that they do not
regret for missing the chance to win the lottery.
As the lottery restarts, Mrs. Hutchinson has become the winner of the
lottery.
“It’s Tessie,” Mr. Summers said, and his voice was hushed. “Show us
her paper, Bill.”
Bill Hutchinson went over to his wife and forced the slip of paper out of
her hand. It had a black spot on it, the black spot Mr. Summers had
made the night before with the heavy pencil in the coal-company office
(Jackson, 1988:154).
The statements above also show their faith toward the lottery because they
seem to not worry about Mrs. Hutchinson anymore, even Bill Hutchinson as
her husband. They only want to finish the lottery so they can get a big harvest
in that day.
4. The Attitudes of the Characters in the Conclusion
After people know that Mrs. Hutchinson is the person that gets the lot,
their attitude is totally changing. There is no more friendliness in there. They
seem to be really excited to kill somebody to fulfill the lottery. It is shown by
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Mrs. Delacroix who has a good relationship with Mrs. Hutchinson before the
lottery start. Instead of helping her friend, she begins to select a large stone to
be used. It is stated that “Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to
pick it up with both hands and turned to Mrs. Dunbar. “Come on,” she said.
“Hurry up” (Jackson, 1988:154).
A good relationship between people in that village has gone after the
lottery drawing. Mrs. Hutchinson also keeps saying that everything happens
here is not fair. “It isn’t fair, it isn’t right,” Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and
they were upon her” (Jackson, 1988:154). All people including her family
begin to throw some stones into her without any doubt.
It seems that Old Man Warner is really excited when the lottery finds
the winner. He asks everybody to stone the winner. Old Man Warner is
saying “Come on, come on, everyone” (Jackson, 1988:154). It makes a clear
attitude of Old Man Warner that he believes in the lottery because it can make
his village get a big harvest. However, their faith toward the lottery still do
not change at all. They still believe in the lottery because they kill Mrs.
Hutchinson anyway to gain their purpose.
After the analysis on the attitude of characters toward the lottery which
is revealed from the plot has been done, the result of the analysis shows that
the characters’ attitude has several points that can be stated as reflection of
the idea of postmodernism. The first attitude toward the lottery can be said
that the characters believe in truth and rationality is socially and discursively
constructed. The second attitude from the characters toward the lottery is
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34
validity and applicability of the lottery is confined to the particular context or
situations. The last attitude toward the lottery which can be pointed is the
characters believe in the lottery can bring happiness to their village even if
they have to kill the winner in the lottery as a denial to any rational thinking
in the human situation.
C. The Idea of Postmodernism as seen through the Characters’ Attitudes
In Jackson’s “The Lottery”, there are different kinds of attitude which
were shown by all the characters in the story. The characters show that the lottery
should be followed by all people in there. They never think what would happen to
them. They only think that they will get a big harvest after doing the lottery even
if they should sacrifice one of their people. This undergraduate thesis aims to
know the idea of postmodernism based on the attitudes’ of the characters toward
the lottery.
Postmodernism is used widely in many fields: arts, politics, philosophy,
literature, music, pop culture, etc (Featherstone, 2001: 3-4). Postmodern literature
is characterized by many things such as reliance on narrative techniques like
paradox or fragmentation; the following are seen specifically in the Lottery. The
characters in the story have their own attitudes toward the lottery. They follow the
tradition which is far away from human logic. These attitudes lead us to what
postmodernist’s think. “Postmodernism emerged as the reaction against the
established forms of high modernism. The key point to the spirit of
postmodernism is the reaction against anything modernly organized” (Jameson in
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35
Kaplan 1988:18). It is obvious that the attitudes’ from the characters is one of the
ideas of postmodernism. They do not think logical or use any reason to do the
lottery. They seem to not care anymore about the reason behind the lottery.
Their faith toward the lottery as the attitude of the characters in the story
also leads to the irony. Their attitudes show that they even do not know what
would happen to them by doing the lottery. They still joke around and do their
activity without any doubt. In fact, they also know that they will lose one of their
neighbors even their family. In this case, there is a possibility that the attitudes
from the characters show the idea of postmodernism. Postmodernism “insists on
‘self-conscious, self-contradictory, self-undermining statement’. Since few people
trust their convictions or believe the world can change for better, irony is the only
option” (Ward, 2010:9). In the following part of analysis, the writer will give an
explanation on each of the ideas, and the discussion of choosing it as the point of
postmodernism. Moreover there will be an explanation about how the characters’
attitudes reflect the idea of postmodernism.
1. The Rejection of Absolute Truth
The Characters’ attitude in the lottery believes that the lottery can bring a
big harvest to their village. The lottery as the tradition is the truth which is
something that should be followed by all the villagers as can be seen in this
quotation
The children assembled first, of course. School was recently over for the
summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they
tended to gather together quietly for a while before they broke into
boisterous play, and their talk was still of the classroom and the teacher,
of books and reprimands. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets
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36
full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting
the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie
Delacroix-the villagers pronounced this name “Dellacroy”-eventually
made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it
against the raids of the other boys. The girls stood aside, talking among
themselves, looking over their shoulders at the boys, and the very small
children rolled in the dust or clung to the hands of older brothers or
sisters. (Jackson, 1988:149)
As stated in that quotation, the children show that they believe in the lottery
as the truth. They also see that the lottery should be done because they believe
that it will bring a big harvest to the village even though they know that the
lottery ends up with killing each other.
Like the children, all the parents also come to square to join the lottery.
There are small talk about planting and rain, tractors and taxes.
Soon the men began to gather, surveying their own children, speaking of
planting and rain, tractors and taxes. They stood together, away from the
pile of stones in the corner, and their jokes were quiet and they smiled
rather than laughed. (Jackson, 1988:149)
They still can joke around with other even though their jokes are quiet and
only smile rather than laugh. In the other hand, Mrs. Hutchinson who comes
late to the lottery seems really excited to do the lottery. As stated in the
previous subject, her faithful toward the lottery makes her come to the square
even though she comes late. Her faithful toward the lottery is based on the
other people who gather around to the square to join the lottery. As
mentioned before, all the villagers know that the lottery will end up with
killing each other because the lottery will bring a big harvest. The lottery is
the truth which is believed by all the characters in that story.
The lottery as the truth in that village can be seen also in the attitude of
Old Man Warner which shows his faithful toward the lottery. It is mentioned
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37
that he shows his anger when some of the characters talk about giving up the
lottery which happens in the other village. His faithful toward the lottery
means that the lottery is the truth for all the people in that village. He is angry
because there is a conversation about giving up the lottery. As a person who
joins the lottery for seventy-seventh time, he does not believe in other
tradition as the truth to solve the problem in that village.
The lottery is believed by all the characters in the story as a truth that can
bring a big harvest. They agree to the fact that they should kill each other to
fulfill the tradition. It can be seen in the quotation below
People began to look around to see the Hutchinsons. Bill Hutchinson was
standing quiet, staring down at the paper in his hand. Suddenly, Tessie
Hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers, “You didn’t give him time enough
to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair!’’
“Be a good sport, Tessie,” Mrs. Delacroix called, and Mrs. Graves said,
“All of us took the same chance.”
“Shut up, Tessie,” Bill Hutchinson said (Jackson, 1988:152-153)
It is clear to say that the lottery is the truth to solve the problem in that village
because all the characters believe it will bring a big harvest to the village.
Even Bill Hutchinson as the winner of the lottery does not try to refuse or
fight it. What he does is warn her wife to stop and accept the fact. But it does
not mean that Mrs. Hutchinson does not believe in the lottery, she only wants
to restart the lottery for her families by taking her children to get their chance.
“There’s Don and Eva,” Mrs. Hutchinson yelled. “Make them take their
chance!” (Jackson, 1988:153).
After the lottery restarted, the winner of the lottery has been decided. It is
Mrs. Hutchinson who wins the lottery. As mentioned before people in that
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38
village believe that the lottery will bring a big harvest therefore they should
kill Mrs. Hutchinson that is being far for humane. They seem really excited
about it because finally they can fulfill the lottery.
“All right, folks,” Mr. Summers said. “Let’s finish quickly.”
Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black
box, they still remembered to use stones. The pile of stones the boys had
made earlier was ready; there were stones on the ground with the
blowing scraps of paper that had come out of the box. Mrs. Delacroix
selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands and turned
to Mrs. Dunbar. “Come on,” she said. “Hurry up.”
Mrs. Dunbar had small stones in both hands, and she said, gasping for
breath, “I can’t run at all. You’ll have to go ahead and I’ll catch up with
you.”
The children had stones already, and someone gave little Davy
Hutchinson a few pebbles. Tessie Hutchinson was in the center of a
cleared space by now, and she held her hands out desperately as the
villagers moved in on her (Jackson, 1988:154).
The characters’ attitude toward the lottery fits the idea of postmodernism
about universal truth. Since postmodernism does not believe in universal
truth, it tends to believe that truth and rationality are socially and discursively
constructed as stated in the quotation bellow
What is specially postmodernist, however, is not the critique of tradition
itself-as well- but rather the more far-reaching claim and truth their
validity and applicability are necessarily limited to their particular
contexts or situations (Mohanty, 1997:xi)
It is clear to say that the lottery is the truth which is believed by all the
villagers in the story. The lottery as the tradition is socially and discursively
constructed by all the villagers in that village. They follow the tradition which
makes them should kill each other for a sake of big harvest. They do not try
to refuse or disagree because they think that something logic in that situation
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39
is big harvest can come if they fulfill the lottery. Validity and applicability of
the lottery are confined to particular contexts (Villagers in the story) or the
situations (the belief of big harvest. Because of that they believe in the lottery
that is far from universal value about being humane. They reject that
universal value because the lottery is the truth for that village because it is
socially and discursively constructed by the villagers in that village. As we
know from the Lottery that there is no body who tries to protest or run away
from the lottery. They all come to the square and do the lottery. As the winner
is decided they have no worries to kill him/her because the belief that the
lottery will bring a big harvest that far for universal value about humane.
2. Irony
Postmodernism insists on “self-conscious, self-contradictory, self-
undermining statement. Since few people trust their convictions or believe the
world can change for better, irony is the only option” (Ward, 2010: 9). It is
the one of the idea that postmodernism simply believe in irony to achieve
their goal. In the lottery, the characters show the irony behind their attitude.
The friendliness between Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs. Hutchinson change when
the winner of the lottery is determined.
Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater
thrown over her shoulders, and slid into place in the back of crowd.
“Clean forgot what day it was,” she said to Mrs. Delacroix, who stood
next to her, and they both laughed softly. “Thought my old man was out
back stacking wood,” Mrs. Hutchinson went on, “and then looked out the
window and the kids was gone, and then I remembered it was the twenty-
seventh and came a-running.” She dried her hands on her apron, and Mrs.
Delacroix said, “You’re in time, though. They’re still talking away up
there (Jackson, 1988:150).
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In that quotation the writer may say that Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs.
Hutchinson has a good relationship. They joke around and give some small
talk. But behind their talk, they still believe in the lottery. They think that the
lottery will bring a big harvest to their village; therefore, they join up the
lottery. But this good relationship change after Mrs. Delacroix knows the
“winner”. “Be a good sport, Tessie,” Mrs. Delacroix called, and Mr. Graves
said, “All of us took the same chance” (Jackson, 1988:152-153). It’s not the
only prove that Mrs. Delacroix attitude changes as you can see in this
quotation, “Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with
both hands and turned to Mrs. Dunbar. “Come on,” she said. “Hurry up”
(Jackson, 1988:154). Brand Nicol in his book stated that Irony in the
postmodernism is “therefore not just cynical, not just a way of making fun of
the world. It demonstrates a knowingness about how reality is ideologically
constructed” (Nicol, 2002:13). It is clear that her knowingness about the
lottery makes Mrs. Delacroix kill Mrs. Hutchinson because as mentioned
before the lottery is ideologically constructed by all the people in that village
to gain happiness.
The person that shows his belief in the lottery can be seen in Old Man
Warner.
Old Man Warner snorted. “Pack of crazy fools,” he said. “Listening to
the young folks, nothing’s good enough for them. Next thing you know,
they’ll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work anymore,
live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about ‘Lottery in June, corn
be heavy soon.’ First thing you know, we’d all be eating stewed
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41
chickweed an acorns. There’s always been lottery,” he added petulantly.
“Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody”
(Jackson, 1988:152)
He believes that the lottery is a must to everybody. The same as the other
characters, Old Man Warner also believes that the lottery will bring a big
harvest to his village. He already joined up the lottery for “Seventy-seventh
year” (Jackson, 1988:152) even if he should kill the one who gets the lot. This
means that the irony as the idea of postmodernism shows up because it says
that “since few people trust their convictions or believe the world can change
for better, irony is the only option” (Ward, 2010: 9). The Goal is to achieve a
big harvest and the irony here is he has to follow the lottery even if he should
kill his neighbor.
Another irony can be seen also in the children’s attitude. Before the
lottery drawing
The children assembled first, of course. School was recently over for the
summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they
tended to gather together quietly for a while before they broke into
boisterous play, and their talk was still of the classroom and the teacher,
of books and reprimands. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets
full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting
the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie
Delacroix-the villagers pronounced this name “Dellacroy”-eventually
made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it
against the raids of the other boys. The girls stood aside, talking among
themselves, looking over their shoulders at the boys, and the very small
children rolled in the dust or clung to the hands of older brothers or
sisters. (Jackson, 1988:149)
It seems there is nothing going to happen in that situation. The children are
just doing their activity as usual because at that time was a full-summer day.
They only follow their parents to the lottery day. Friendliness between others
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42
seems normal. But everything has change when they know that Mrs.
Hutchinson is the “winner”. “Nancy and Bill, Jr., openend theirs at the same
time, and both beamed and laughed, turning around to the crowd and holding
their slips of paper above their heads” (Jackson, 1988:154). They are the
children from Mrs. Hutchinson. From that statements also, the writer sees that
they are really happy because they don’t get any lot. But it is such an irony to
see the fact that they have to kill their mom only to fulfill the ritual. The goal
here is the same to get a big harvest; they must kill the “winner” in the
lottery.
It can be said that the lottery is the only way to gain happiness in that
village even though it is far from rationale in the human situation. As far from
rationale, killing anybody who wins the lottery is the only option. It seems
that there is no other option that can be used in the story. The faithful attitude
toward the lottery shows that there is no rational thinking to solve the
problem rather than believe in the lottery as the only option to get happiness.
It is suit to the idea of postmodernism that irony is the only way to make
something better. They are aware that the lottery will end up killing each
other but they still accept it because they believe the lottery as the truth. As
stated before that Irony in the postmodernism is “therefore not just cynical,
not just a way of making fun of the world. It demonstrates a knowingness
about how reality is ideologically constructed”.
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3. The Rejections of the Metanarratives
The Rejections of the metanarratives is obviously seen in the characters’
attitude. They do the lottery to gain a big harvest to their village even if they
should sacrifice one of them to dead. They do not care about the ritual that
has been held so many years in that village. This belief is shown by the
attitude from the Old Man Warner. His faithful toward the lottery fit to the
idea of postmodernism because Old Man Warner believes in the lottery. He
believes that the lottery as an ethical systems to gain happiness even though
they should kill each other. Since postmodernism has skepticism toward
metanarratives it cannot trust particular ethical metanarrative.
Postmodernism holds that morality is not necessarily rational, that there
is no foundation discoverable by reason which is available to justify any
particular ethical systems, moral values and beliefs are subjective rather
than objective, there is no “true” human nature that, with the help of
reason, will be expressed with adoption of any particular ethical system,
and that autonomy and rationality cannot be identified as the ideal and
defining characteristics of the person qua moral subject (Taylor,
2001:253).
From the quotation above fit to the attitude of Old Man Warner. The
faithful toward the lottery makes him does not think rational. His rational
thinking is not based on some certain of moral value or particular ethical
systems. He agrees with the way of the lottery by showing his anger. He only
knows that the lottery will work. This attitude also leads to the rejection of
modernism idea in the enlightenment as metanarrative.
a “mood” expressed theoretically across a diverse range of theoretical
discourses and involving: a focus on the collapse of grand narratives into
local incommensurable language games or “little narratives; a
Foucauldian emphasis on discontinuity an plurality of history as
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discursively produced and formulated, and a tendency to view the
discourses of Enlightenment reason as complicit with the instrumental
rationalization of modern life (Waugh, 1996:289).
Old Man Warner shows that he does not believe in any science, reason, and
logic to do the ritual. The project enlightenment tells that
Reject religious authority! Down with old things like metaphysics,
ignorance, superstition, intolerance and parochialism! Let the rational
faculties of the mind wedded to science, advance knowledge to ever
expanding vistas! Let reason unlock the laws of nature and usher in
optimistic age! Let the practical discoveries of science allow men and
women to get on with the proper business of seeking happiness! (Powell,
1998:28-29).
This means that his faithful toward the lottery shows the rejection in the
enlightenment project.
Evidence also can be found when in the Mr. Summer’s attitude. His
faithful toward the lottery can be seen in is the way he leads everything in the
lottery including the preparation.
The night before the lottery, Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves made up the
slips of paper and put them in the box, and it was then taken to the safe of
Mr. Summers’ coal company and locked up until Mr. Summers was
ready to take it to square next morning. (Jackson, 1988:150)
This Attitude shows that he really does not care about what is going to
happen in the lottery. Mr. Summers is the same as everyone in that village.
He believes that the lottery will bring a big harvest to everybody in that
village that is why he makes a good preparation before the ritual.
The other character attitude toward the lottery also makes the rejection of
metanarrative seems clear. The friendliness between each character shows us
that the lottery is the only way to gain happiness. During the lottery the
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children shows their enthusiast toward the lottery. They do not worry at all
about the ritual. They seem really enjoy to be a part of the ritual. Their
faithful make them believe in the same way as the other do. They want to
fulfill the ritual to gain happiness.
Mrs. Hutchinson also shows the rejection of the metanarrative in her
attitude. At the beginning of the story, Mrs. Hutchinson is the one who come
late into the ritual.
Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater
thrown over her shoulders, and slid into the place in the back of the crowd.
“Clean forgot what day it was, “she said to Mrs. Delacroix who stood next
to her, and they both laughed softly. “Thought my old man was out back
stacking wood,” Mrs. Hutchinson went on, “and then I looked out the
window and the kids was gone, and then I remembered it was the twenty-
seventh and came a-running.” She dried her hands on her apron and Mrs.
Delacroix said, “You’re in time, though. They’re still talking away up
there. (Jackson, 1988:150).
By seeing the quotation above, Mrs. Hutchinson is really excited about the
lottery even though she comes late to the square. She is also blindly by
following the tradition because she thinks that she should follow the ritual.
She does not care about something that might happen to her or her family.
She only thinks that the lottery can bring a good harvest in that village. It
means as her faithful toward the lottery.
At the end of the story the writer find that Mrs. Hutchinson is the winner
of the lottery and she must be stoned by all the people. Without any doubt at
all, they kill Mrs. Hutchinson to gain happiness because they are faithful
toward the lottery. This fits to the idea of postmodernism about rejecting the
metanarrative. It reveals to the rejection of the enlightenment. The
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enlightenment is about “fostering of this belief that a break with tradition,
blind habit, and slavish obedience to religious precepts and prohibitions,
coupled with the application of reason and logic by disinterested individual,
can bring about a solution to the problems of society” (Barry, 2002:85).
The attitudes from the characters show that they believe in the
mininarratives. A series of mininarratives such as myths, legends and tales
“legitimize themselves-make themselves believable-just in telling. And at the
same time they legitimize the society in which they are told” (Powell,
1998:34). It means that
the myth, the chanter, the audience, all form a kind of social bond-asocial
group that legitimizes itself through the chanting of the myth. The myth
requires no authorization or legitimization other than itself. The myth
defines what has the right to be said and done in the culture (Powel,
1998:35).
As a belief in that village, the lottery is part of the mininarratives which
becomes the concern of the idea of postmodernism. The idea of
postmodernism rejects grand narratives as a whole system through the world.
The characters’ attitude toward the lottery shows that they do not use any
logic or reason to get a big harvest in that village. They do not need to
legitimate the lottery because they follow what has the right to be said and
done in that village. The lottery as the tradition is a kind of social bond that
asocial by a group that legitimizes itself. A group in that story is all the
characters who believe the lottery as a tradition and a system that should be
done.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
After analyzing the short story, a conclusion can be drawn from this thesis.
Firstly, the plot revealed the characters’ attitude in the story. Plot is needed
because it contains the action and the respond of the character which makes plot
has a relation with the characters’ attitude. The excitement and friendliness among
the people are shown in the exposition. The men are talking about planting and
rain, tractors and taxes. The women are gossiping. And children are playing
around and enjoying their holiday. They are not worry at all about the lottery
which has become the tradition in that village. As the stories goes there is a
conflict between Old Man Warner and the other villager. It is mentioned that Old
Man Warner is angry when he heard that the other village already giving up the
lottery. He thinks that the lottery should be done due to the fact that it will bring a
big harvest in that village. He never thinks logically about the lottery which can
make that village gain happiness. One of the characters from the story named Mrs.
Hutchinson also shows her believe toward the lottery. Even though she comes late
to the square, she still wants to join the lottery. After she knows that her husband
named Bill Hutchinson becomes a winner, she asks to restart the lottery and give
their children the same chance. She is never doubt give her children the same
chance that means she is not worry at all. She still believes that the lottery can
bring a big harvest. As the result, Mrs. Hutchinson wins the lot and the villagers
including Hutchinson’s families begin to stone her until dies.
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Secondly, the lottery as a tradition creates so many ironies which are
reflected from the characters’ attitude. The irony comes at the beginning of the
story. The characters in that village are not worry at all to join the lottery even if
they end up killing the winner. They do not think logically of doing the tradition.
The excitement and friendliness at the beginning turn into sacrificing someone to
death whoever they are. They do not even think rationale in the human situation.
This denial of rational thinking makes them believe in such a cruel tradition. They
only want to fulfill the tradition to gain a big harvest. This irony comes from the
start until the end of the story. They know that they will kill a winner of the lottery
and they know that they will be chosen also in that tradition but they still do the
lottery.
Thirdly, the characters’ attitude towards the lottery does not show any
logical or rational thinking in human condition. The villagers of the story still
believe in the lottery without legitimates it as the tradition. The only thing they
believe is that the lottery will bring happiness to the village even if they should
kill each other. They do not even use any reason to gain their happiness. It is like
Old Man Warner who gets angry when someone tells about giving up the lottery.
His anger shows that the lottery as a tradition is the only way to make people
happy.
Fourth, there is a relation between the characters’ attitude to the universal
truth. The lottery in the story is the tradition which is believed by all the villagers
as a truth. The truth in that story believes that by killing anybody in the lottery
they will get a big harvest to the village. They do not try to reject or run away
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from the lottery because of their belief. It tells us the truth in the Lottery is
socially and discursively constructed which can be seen through the characters’
attitude. They do not have a problem to kill anybody in that village even though
they know that it will end up really bad for all the characters in the story. To gain
what they want they have to kill anybody who wins the lottery. They do not use
their logical thinking because the only think that the lottery is confined to all
villagers who can bring a big harvest therefore they have to do the lottery by
ignoring the universal truth about human.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Taylor, Victor E. and Charles E. Winquist. Encyclopedia of Postmodernism.
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Online resources:
http://www.boundless.com/management/text/books/boundless-
management/textbook/organizational-behavior-5/drivers-of-behavior-44/defining-
attitude-227-7241/.html (26 May 2016)
http://literarydevices.net/attitude/.html
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