The Human Skeleton The Skeletal System Slide 5.1 Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ...
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Transcript of The Human Skeleton The Skeletal System Slide 5.1 Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ...
The Human SkeletonThe Human Skeleton
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Slide 5.1
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Functions of the Skeletal Functions of the Skeletal SystemSystem
Provides shape and formProvides shape and form Supporting, protecting, and allowing Supporting, protecting, and allowing
bodily movementbodily movement Produces blood for blood cellsProduces blood for blood cells Storing mineralsStoring minerals
The Skeleton Is Divided Into The Skeleton Is Divided Into Two Distinct Parts:Two Distinct Parts:
THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSISTS THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSISTS OF BONES THAT FORM THE AXIS OF BONES THAT FORM THE AXIS OF THE BODY AND SUPPORT AND OF THE BODY AND SUPPORT AND PROTECT THE ORGANS OF THE PROTECT THE ORGANS OF THE HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK.HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK.
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON IS COMPOSED OF BONES THAT ANCHOR THE APPENDAGES TO THE AXIAL SKELETON.
B1. Human Endoskeleton B1. Human Endoskeleton made ofmade of
a.a. Axial:Axial: skull, skull, backbone, ribs, backbone, ribs, sternumsternum
b.b. Appendicular:Appendicular: arms, legs, arms, legs, shoulders, shoulders, hips,wrists, hips,wrists, anklesankles
Boo !
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Slide 5.20b
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Figure 5.6
The SkullThe Skull
Slide 5.21a
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Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Slide 5.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11
The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
Slide 5.27a
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The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
Figure 5.13
The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
Slide 5.27b
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Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
Allow the brain to grow
Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
The spine has a normal curvature
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
Slide 5.31a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Forms a cage to protect major organs
Figure 5.19a
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
Slide 5.31b
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Made-up of three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
Slide 5.32a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5.34a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35a
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The arm is formed by a single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
The PelvisThe Pelvis
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40a
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The thigh has one bone
Femur – thigh bone
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40b
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The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HIP BONES COMPOSED OF THREE PAIR OF FUSED BONES
ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIC BONE
THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE UPPER BODY RESTS ON THE PELVIS PROTECTS SEVERAL ORGANS
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS URINARY BLADDER PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
Endoskeletons also Endoskeletons also have…….have…….
1c.1c. Ligaments Ligaments that hold bone to that hold bone to bonebone
1d. 1d. TendonsTendons that hold muscle to that hold muscle to bone, “muscle tenders”bone, “muscle tenders”
1e.1e. Joints Joints where 2 bones come where 2 bones come togethertogether
Types of BonesTypes of BonesTHE BONES OF THE BODY FALL INTO FOUR
GENERAL CATEGORIES: LONG BONES, SHORT
BONES, FLAT BONES, AND IRREGULAR BONES.
LONG BONES ARE LONGER THAN THEY ARE
WIDE AND WORK AS LEVERS. THE BONES OF
THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES ARE OF
THIS TYPE. SHORT BONES ARE SHORT, CUBE-
SHAPED, AND FOUND IN THE WRISTS AND
ANKLES.
FLAT BONES HAVE BROAD SURFACES FOR FLAT BONES HAVE BROAD SURFACES FOR
PROTECTION OF ORGANS AND PROTECTION OF ORGANS AND
ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES IRREGULARATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES IRREGULAR
BONES ARE ALL OTHERS THAT DO NOT BONES ARE ALL OTHERS THAT DO NOT FALLFALL
INTO THE PREVIOUS CATEGORIES. THEYINTO THE PREVIOUS CATEGORIES. THEY
HAVE VARIED SHAPES, SIZES, AND HAVE VARIED SHAPES, SIZES, AND
SURFACES FEATURES AND INCLUDE THE SURFACES FEATURES AND INCLUDE THE
BONES OF THE VERTEBRAE AND A FEW IN BONES OF THE VERTEBRAE AND A FEW IN
THE SKULL.THE SKULL.
Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
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Bone CompositionBone Composition
Bones are composed of tissue that may take one of two forms. Compact, or dense bone, and spongy, or cancellous, bone. Most bones contain both types. Compact bone is dense, hard, and forms the protective exterior portion of all bones. Spongy bone is inside the compact bone and is very porous (full of tiny holes). Spongy bone occurs in most bones. The bone tissue is composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) to give the bone strength, and collagenous fibers and ground substance to give the bone flexibility.
Types of jointsTypes of joints
(joints are also called (joints are also called articulations)articulations)
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTSOF JOINTS
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SYNARTHROSES – IMMOVABLE JOINTS
AMPHIARTHROSES – SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS
DIARTHROSES – FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTSFIBROUS JOINTS
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BONES UNITED BY FIBROUS TISSUE – SYNARTHROSIS OR LARGELY IMMOVABLE.
SYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTS FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTSFREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS ENCAPSULATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUEENCAPSULATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE THE CONNCTIVE TISSUE SECRETES THE CONNCTIVE TISSUE SECRETES
SYNOVIAL FLUIDSYNOVIAL FLUID
THE EPIPHYSIS OF THE BONES IS THE EPIPHYSIS OF THE BONES IS COVERED WITH CARTILAGECOVERED WITH CARTILAGE
HAVE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS HAVE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS AROUND THEMAROUND THEM
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS – CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS – MOSTLY AMPHIARTHROSISMOSTLY AMPHIARTHROSIS
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Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral joints
Figure 5.27b, c
Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints Gliding joints, the articulating Gliding joints, the articulating
surfaces are typically flatsurfaces are typically flat
Hinge joints, found in the fingers and Hinge joints, found in the fingers and elbow; the spoon-like surface fits into elbow; the spoon-like surface fits into a concave surfacea concave surface
Ball and socket, shoulder joint; where Ball and socket, shoulder joint; where a ball fits into a cuplike depressiona ball fits into a cuplike depression
Pivot joints, found between the Pivot joints, found between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna; proximal ends of the radius and ulna; surface fits into a ring formed by surface fits into a ring formed by bone and ligamentbone and ligament
THE SYNOVIAL JOINTTHE SYNOVIAL JOINT
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Figure 5.28
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
CARTILAGE FILL THE SPACE CARTILAGE FILL THE SPACE BETWEEN THE JOINTS, ALLOWING BETWEEN THE JOINTS, ALLOWING ONLY A LITTLE MOTIONONLY A LITTLE MOTION
BETWEEN VERTEBRAEBETWEEN VERTEBRAE
BETWEEN STERNUM AND RIBSBETWEEN STERNUM AND RIBS
FIBROUS JOINTSFIBROUS JOINTS
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE JOINS THE BONES (FONTANELLES)JOINS THE BONES (FONTANELLES)
NO REAL SPACE BETWEEN BONESNO REAL SPACE BETWEEN BONES
ALLOWS BONES OF SKULL TO ALLOWS BONES OF SKULL TO CROSS DURING CHILDBIRTHCROSS DURING CHILDBIRTH
Types of JointsTypes of Joints
CHANGES IN THE HUMAN CHANGES IN THE HUMAN SKELETONSKELETON
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In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
BONE GROWTHBONE GROWTH
Slide 5.13a
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Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
Joint Damage: Joint Damage: ArthritisArthritis
Bone Deformation: Lack of Bone Deformation: Lack of Vitamin DVitamin D
“Bow-legged”
BONE FRACTURESBONE FRACTURES
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A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
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Thighbones are usually stronger, pound for Thighbones are usually stronger, pound for pound, than reinforced concrete.pound, than reinforced concrete.
Men's bones tend to be larger and heavier Men's bones tend to be larger and heavier than women's bones.than women's bones.
The hip bone is actually six bones joined to The hip bone is actually six bones joined to the sacrum to form the pelvisthe sacrum to form the pelvis
There are 230 joints in the bodyThere are 230 joints in the body The femur is the longest bone in the bodyThe femur is the longest bone in the body You shrink 1/2" during the day, due to You shrink 1/2" during the day, due to
compression of the spinal columncompression of the spinal column Bones are 1/5 of the total body weightBones are 1/5 of the total body weight There are 26 bones in the footThere are 26 bones in the foot The last bone to mature is the collar boneThe last bone to mature is the collar bone One in 20 people has an extra ribOne in 20 people has an extra rib The smallest bone in your body, located The smallest bone in your body, located
in your ear, is smaller than a grain of ricein your ear, is smaller than a grain of rice
Is The Funny Bone Really Funny?Is The Funny Bone Really Funny?Actually, the funny bone has nothing to do with Actually, the funny bone has nothing to do with laughter. In fact, it isn't even a bone at all. It is laughter. In fact, it isn't even a bone at all. It is really a nerve called the really a nerve called the ulnar nerveulnar nerve. But, it runs . But, it runs right next to the "humerus." Get it? "Humerus." right next to the "humerus." Get it? "Humerus." That's where "funny bone" comes from.That's where "funny bone" comes from.
When you bend your elbow, you have this ulnar When you bend your elbow, you have this ulnar nerver that is much easier to get to than most nerver that is much easier to get to than most nerves are. So, when you hit your elbow, the nerve nerves are. So, when you hit your elbow, the nerve also gets whacked and begins to send messages also gets whacked and begins to send messages that travel all the way up your arm, to your spinal that travel all the way up your arm, to your spinal cord and along your spinal cord to your brain. cord and along your spinal cord to your brain.
The result: a tingling sensation that shoots from The result: a tingling sensation that shoots from your elbow, where the impact occurred, to the tip of your elbow, where the impact occurred, to the tip of your little finger (which is where the nerve ends). your little finger (which is where the nerve ends).
That's why it hurts. Not so funny, is it?That's why it hurts. Not so funny, is it?
(Sources include: (Sources include: Science WebScience Web, , GuardianGuardian