The Human BodyMrs. Green

Bell Work

Which of the following helps the body to cool down?

a) Shivering

b) Sweating

c) Running a fever

d) Taking a deep breath

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

a) Carrying oxygen to the lugs

b) Sending signals from the brain to the spinal cord

c) Breaking down food into nutrients

d) Providing support for the body

The skin is an organ

Skin – is the largest organ of the body that covers and protects the body from

injury, infection and water loss.

There are 3 ways it protects the body:

Protecting the body- the skin forms a barrier to keep disease causing micro-

organisms and harmful substances out and keeps water in.

Maintaining temperature – the skin is composed of many blood vessels that

can expand to allow more blood flow. The skin also contains sweat glands

which produce perspiration to cool the skin.

Eliminating waste – the perspiration also contains dissolved wastes from the

breakdown of proteins

Two layers of skin tissue:

The Epidermis:

The thin outer layer of skin

which does NOT contain

nerves or blood vessels

The Dermis:

The inner layer of skin

between the epidermis and

the fat

Thicker than the epidermis

and contains sweat glands,

hairs, and oil glands.

The Skeletal System

Skeleton – made up of all the bones in your body; and has

five major functions:

1. Gives shape and support to your body

2. Bones protect your internal organs

3. Major muscles are attached to your bones and allow you to

move

4. Blood Cells are formed in red marrow at the center of bones

5. Calcium and phosphorus compounds are stored for use by

the body later on when it is needed

Movable &

Immovable Joints Joints – any place where two or

more bones come together; they are held in place by tough bands of tissue

Ligaments – are made of strong connective tissues

Two types of joints:

Immovable joints – they connect bones but allow little to no movement. Example: the bones holding the skull

Movable joints – they allow the body to make many different movements such as those shown in the picture.

Bones

Bones – are complex living structures

that grow, develop, and repair

themselves. They are also strong and

lightweight.

Layers of the bone structure:

Compact bone – hard, strong layer

under the membrane

Spongy bone –

Marrow – soft connective tissue,

found towards the ends of long bones

Cartilage – rubbery layer of tissue

found at the ends of bones where the

joint is

Bell work

1) What is the green pigment that allows plants to change the sun’s energy into food?

a) Glucose

b) Chlorophyll

c) Mitochondria

d) Photosynthesis

2) The central nervous system consists of two parts: the brain and the …?

a) Senses

b) Organs

c) Muscles

d) Spinal cord

3) Which system takes oxygen from the air to be moved by the circulatory system?

a) Respiratory system

b) Digestive system

c) Nervous system

d) Skeletal system

Group presentations:

Mrs. Green has a sign up

sheet for a group to

present a system or part of

the Human body.

Group size: 2-3 students

Presentation type: poster

board, pictures, written

notes, PowerPoint….

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA

Muscular system

Muscle = an organ that can relax and contract, providing the force to

move your body.

Three types of muscle tissue:

Skeletal muscle – attached to the bones of the skeleton. These

have tendons (strong connective tissue attaching the muscle to

bone, voluntary).

Smooth muscle – found in internal organs; these are involuntary

muscles that react more slowly and tire more slowly

Cardiac muscle – found only in the HEART; involuntary muscles

that do not get tired.

Voluntary muscles – muscles you are able to control

Involuntary muscles – muscles you CANNOT control

Muscle system

Because muscle cells can only

contract, not extend, skeletal

muscles must work in pairs.

While one muscle contracts, the

other muscle in the pair relaxes

to its original length.

Digestive System

Digestive system = its main function is to disassemble the food you eat into

molecules your body can use as energy and release waste.

Process:

Food enters through the mouth - and is chewed and swallowed. Enzymes in the

mouth break down the food and speed up the process.

Esophagus – the muscular tube that moves the food to the stomach

The stomach – food is digested and broken down by the pepsin and hydrochloric

acid in the stomach.

The small intestine – this is the next step after the stomach. Most of the chemical

digestion takes place here along with absorption of nutrients

Substance produced by the liver, pancreas, and lining of the small intestine help to

complete chemical digestion

The large intestine – absorbs water from undigested food and put it into the

bloodstream. The remaining material is ready for elimination from the body.

Nervous system The Nervous system has 2 divisions

that work together

1) Central Nervous System: consist of the brain and spinal cord and is the control center of the body

The brain is located in the skull and has 3 main regions:

1. Cerebrum – largest part; controls movement, senses, speech and abstract thought

2. Cerebellum – coordinates actions of muscles and helps maintain balance

3. Brain stem – controls involuntary actions such as breathing and heart rate

Nervous system

The spinal cord is the link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

2) Peripheral Nervous System: consist of a network of nerves that branch out from the central nervous system and connect it to the rest of the body.

Reflex – automatic response that occurs very rapidly and without conscious control; it helps protect the body

Your nervous system receives information about what is happening inside and outside your body. It directs how your body responds to this information.

Respiratory

System

Respiratory System = main function is to

supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon

dioxide and water.

REVIEW: Breathing VS. Respiration

Breathing – movement of the chest that brings air into the body through

the lungs

Respiration – a chemical reaction used by cells to release energy from the glucose and produce C02

& H20

Organs of the Respiratory system

Excretory System

Excretory system = eliminates urea, excess water and other waste from

your body

The structures of the excretory system include:

The Kidneys – major organs of this system that remove wastes but keep

materials your body need. Each Kidney contains about a million nephrons

(which are tiny filtering factories that remove waste from blood and produce

urine).

Ureters – urine flows from the kidney through these narrow tubes and vary

urine to the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder – saclike muscular organ that stores urine.

Urethra – small tube in which urine leaves the body.

Excretory System

Endocrine System

Endocrine system = produces chemicals that control many of the body’s

daily activities. Regulates long-term changes, such as growth and

development.

Endocrine glands – produce and release hormones and chemical

products that directly flow into the bloodstream.

Hormones only interact with target cells, or those that recognize the

hormone’s chemical structure.

This includes the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal

glands, thymus, and pancreas.

Endocrine System

Circulatory System

Circulatory System = also called the cardiovascular system, it is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It delivers needed substances to cells, carries wastes away from cells, and helps regulate body temperature.

The Heart is a hallow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. Each heartbeat pushes blood through the blood vessels.

It has 4 chambers – atriums are the upper two chambers and the ventricles are the lower two chambers

Circulatory System

The Circulatory system also includes:

Blood vessels – they carry blood to every part of your body

Arteries – blood vessels that move blood away from the heart.

Veins – carry blood back to the heart.

Capillaries – microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries to veins.

Pattern of blood flow:

Loop 1 – blood travels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart

Loop 2 – blood is pumped from the heart throughout the body and then returns again to the heart

What is in Blood?

Parts of blood include:

Plasma – liquid part of blood that is made mostly of water; nutrients,

minerals and oxygen are dissolved here.

Red blood cells – these contain hemoglobin which is a chemical that

carries oxygen and carbon dioxide and supplies the body with oxygen.

White blood cells – they fight bacteria and viruses by entering infected

tissue, destroying bacteria/virus and absorb dead cells.

Platelets – irregularly shaped cell fragments that help clot the blood.

Blood types – these are chemical identification tags in the blood. There are

4 blood types: A, B, AB, and O.

This is determined by the proteins known as marker molecules on red

blood cells; it also determines the blood you can receive in transfusion

(hospital).

Bell work

1) Which system works with the skeletal system by pulling on bones to

create movement?

a) Digestive

b) Circulatory

c) Muscular

d) Nervous

2) Which organ is part of the respiratory system?

a) Stomach

b) Lungs

c) Spinal cord

d) Large intestines

Presentation Day

Groups presenting today:

Muscle system

Endocrine system

Excretory system

Digestive system

Bell work

How are plant cells different from animal cells?

a) Only plant cells can grow

b) Only animal cells can reproduce

c) Only animal cells can store energy

d) Only plant cells can perform photosynthesis

Which cellular structure allows nutrients to pass into cells?

a) Mitochondria

b) Nucleus

c) Membrane

d) Chloroplast

Presentation day!

Groups presenting today:

Nervous system

Circulatory system

Respiratory system

Test day!

I will be handing out the post-test

My expectations are:

Once the test is handed out every one is absolutely quite and respect other

students who are still taking the test.

No writing on my class set of the test!

The purpose of a pre-test is to see what information you know and don’t know

about this unit.

Once you have completely the test raise your hand and I will come get the

test.

Please sit quietly while you wait! You may color or read a book if you have one.

Once everyone has finished we will start are new lesson

After Thanksgiving break***