The Human Body

The Skeleton provides…Support/Shape MovementProduces [White blood cells] Protects

BonesUpper Body: Clavicle, Scapula, Sternum, Ribs, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, (Spine, Cranium, Metacarpals, Phalanges)Lower Body: Pelvis, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella

Bone Types/Shapes: Flat, Long, Short, Irregular

Skeleton & Bones

A joint is a point at which two, or more, bones meet.

Types of JointFixedSlightly MoveableSynovial Joints

The Human Body

Synovial JointsBall and SocketHingePivotSaddleGlidingJoints are cushioned by

cartilage. Cartilage also reduces friction, and acts as a shock absorber.

JointsThe Human Body

Match the following joints to the joint type…

Neck

Shoulder

Knee

Ankle

Thumb

Ball and Socket

Hinge

Gliding

Saddle

CondyloidWrist

Pivot

Joints

Neck-P

ivot; S

hou

lder-B

all &

Socke

t; K

nee-H

ing

e; A

nkle

-Glid

ing

; Th

um

b-

Sad

dle

; Wrist-C

on

dylo

id

The Human BodySkeleton & Bones

Q1: Name the three bones in action when throwing a cricket ballQ2: If someone was said to have broken the longest bone in their body, which bone would they have broken?Q3: Name two long bones, and two flat bonesQ4: In which area of a bone is bone marrow situated? a. Outside, b. Centre, c. Spread throughout the bone structure

A: Q1Ulna, Radius, Humerus Q2Femur Q3See front Q4b

Front Back

The Human Body

Muscles-Involuntary: Work without conscious control-Voluntary/Skeletal: All conscious movement-Cardiac: Found only in the walls of the heart

Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons. The point at which the muscle tendon attaches to a fixed bone is the ORIGIN.The point at which the muscle attaches to a moving bone is the INSERTION.

Soft Tissues

When a muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin.

The Human Body

Body Systems

Respiratory System: Lungs (Bronchus, Alveoli) Nose, Mouth, TracheaCirculatory System: Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries[The pulse rate can be taken at: wrist, neck, groin]Digestive System: Stomach, Intestines, Esophagus, LiverEndocrine System: Hormones, Hypothalamus, GlandsReproductive System: Testes, Ovaries, Male and Female genetaliaNervous System: Nerves, (Spinal Cord, Brain – Central Nervous System)

Q1: Name 10 musclesQ2: Give another example of antagonistic effectorsQ3: Give another example of where fast twitch fibres are usedQ4: If the hamstring concentrically contracts, what does the quadriceps do?Q5: Is the insertion for the gastronemius at the knee, or ankle?

Soft TissuesThe Human Body

A: Q2hamstrings and quadriceps Q3clean and jerk weightlifting Q4 eccentrically contracts Q5 ankle

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour are all exchanged in the alveoliTidal Volume = the volume of air you inhale/exhale witch each breathRespiratory Rate = how many breaths you take in a minuteMinute volume = the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a minute (min. vol. = tidal vol. x respiratory rate)Vital Capacity = the maximum amount of air which can be forced in exhalationVO2 Max =the maximum amount of oxygen your body can use in 1 minute. The fitter you are, the higher your VO2 Max

The Human Body

Gas Exchange

Front Back

Muscles: Isometric & Isotonic ContractionIsometric Muscle stays the same length.Isotonic Muscle changes length as it works, Concentric contraction = muscle shortensEccentric contraction = muscle lengthens

Tendons & LigamentsTendons attach muscle to boneLigaments attach bone to bone

eg. The cruciate ligament- behind the patella

The Human Body

Soft Tissues

Training

Principles of Training

S.P.O.R.T.Specificity- Make the training specific to your sport Progression- Ensure that each session, you further your abilityOverload- Concentrate on one aspect, and improve on itReversibility- Know that if you stop training, your muscles will go into atrophy, and your fitness levels will decreaseTedium- Ensure the training you are doing is mentally and physically stimulating

F.I.D.Frequency- How often do you train?Intensity- How hard do you train?Duration- How long do you train for?

The Human Body

Soft Tissues

Antagonistic EffectorsMuscles work in opposition, ie, one contracts, the other relaxes. -Contractor = Agonist -Relaxer = AntagonistEg. During a bicep curlThe bicep is the agonist, while the tricep is the antagonist

Fast Twitch fibres- Muscles work powerfully, in short ‘explosions’ anaerobically for short periods, they fatigue easily. Eg’s, Sprinting, fast bowlingSlow Twitch fibres- Produce less powerful, slower contractions, can work for long periods of time. Eg’s, marathon running, long distance cycling

TrainingPrinciples of Training

Q1: If I wanted to increase my bicep size, which principle would I use?

Q2: How is atrophy part of the reversibility principle?

Q3: Without turning over, name the five principles, and what they involve

Q4: If I ran 2km in one session, what could I change, to ensure I progress in the next session?

A: Q1Overload Q2atrophy is the decrease in muscle size, when training decreases Q3see overleaf Q4run further, ie 3km

Front Back

Training

Speed- The ability to perform quickly and efficiently -Timed 100m sprint

Stamina- The ability to perform aerobically for long periods of time

-Bleep testStrength- To be able to move an object of resistance

-Hand grip dynameter Suppleness- The range of mobility around all joints is good

-Sit and Reach test Somatotype- Body shape, ie, endomorph –d for dumpy, ectomorph –t for thin, mesomorph –m for muscles

-fat callipers

The 5S’s

(Tests in italics)

Training

Agility- the ability to change the body’s position fast and effectively [Compass Run]Balance- the ability to maintain the body’s centre of gravity, with minimal ‘postural sway’ [Stork Stand]Coordination- the ability to make different parts of the body work together, efficiently [Ball Bounce]Power- speed x strength [sergeant jump]Reaction Time- the time taken from the presentation of a stimulus, to the onset of a response [ruler drop]Timing- the ability to combine all of the above, to produce an effective response [hitting a cricket ball]

Skill Related Fitness

[test’s in brackets]

Training

State which man is: mesomorphic, ectomorphic, endomorphic

The 5S’s

Training

Skill Related Fitness

Q1: Name an event in which optimum balance is required

Q2: Which components of skill related fitness would a rugby player need, to be at the top of his game?

Q3: Which component(s) does a sprinter use, as she hears the starting gun?

A: Q1eg, the beam Q2all of them! Q3reaction time, power, balance

Front Back

Training

Interval- Involves alternating between fixed periods of exercise and fixed periods of rest. Eg, run 10m, walk 5m, run 10m etc.

Fartlek- The intensity and type of exercise is varied (ie, through changes in pace, terrain, style…) eg. Walk 10m, Jog 5m, Sprint 15m…

Continuous- Long, slow, distance exercises, at a constant rate, without rest

Weight- Each exercise focuses on a specific muscle group, using machine or free weights.

Circuit- Involves a series of exercises, each taking place at a different station, alternating the muscle groups worked

Training Methods

Training

Effects of Training Short TermSweating Redness (Blood rises to skin to cool)Dehydration Heavy/Faster BreathingFatigue Lactic acid build up/Cramp‘Stitch’ Tightness/Soreness in muscles

Long TermWeight loss ~ Muscle:Fat ratio increases ~ Aerobic/Anaerobic fitness improves ~ Speed, Stamina, Strength, Suppleness improve ~ Somatatype Changes

Training

Training Methods

Needs specialist, expensive equipment

Improves strength, tone, posture

Weight

Tedious

Non-specific

Improves aerobic fitness

Decreases body fat

Little specialist equipment needed

Continuous

Tedious

Non-specific

Improves aerobic & anaerobic fitness

Increases metabolic rate

Fartlek & Interval

DisadvantagesAdvantagesMethod

Training

Effects of Training

Q1: What effect(s) will lifting weights increase?

Q2: If a runner sweats a lot, what must he do in order for him to counteract the sweating?

Q3: To increase aerobic fitness, how much effort should you be expiring (in terms of the percentage of your maximum workrate)?

A: Q1Sweating, hotness, muscle size/strength Q2Drink lots of water/fluid Q3 60-80%

Front Back

Issues in Sport

Types of Sponsorship-Shirt Sponsors (Adidas, Nike, Fly Emirates)-Stadium Sponsors (Reebok, Emirates)-Event Sponsors (Bupa, Flora, McDonalds)-Sport Sponsor (Amateur Swimming)-Series Sponsor (RBS, Norwich Union)-An Individual (Adidas, Gillette, Police)

Sponsorship

Issues in Sport

Amateurs/Professionals

Professional players keep fit to take part

are paid to take part

compete for a career

Amateur players take part to keep fit

receive no financial rewards

compete for pleasure

Issues in Sport

Q1: Name three advantages of sponsorship for; a team/performerthe company

Q2: Name three disadvantages of sponsorship for:a team/performera company

Q3: Give 5 examples of sponsors in sport

Sponsorship

A: Q1equipment, travel, scholarships, money/publicity, advertising, reputation Q2over dependence on sponsor, exploitation, minority sports decline/risk (success isn’t guaranteed), media coverage may reduce, wrong image presented Q3see overleaf

Issues in Sport

Amateurs/Professionals

Add these labels to the diagram: Few fulltime professionals, some part time semi-pro’s, many amateurs performing at various levels

Front Back

Issues in SportMedia

TV

Radio

Books/Magazines

Newspapers

CD’s/DVD’s

Internet

Media

Issues in Sport

Etiquette A set of unwritten rules, concerning a participants ability to respect and honour their opponent and the game. Eg’s. Acknowledging opponents

good play, shaking hands after a game, replacing divots on the golf course

Gamesmanship‘Winding up’ an opponent. Through comments in the media (Eg. Ferguson vs. Wenger), diving, timewasting, employing other tactics, eg, war dances (the Haka)

Sporting Behaviour

Issues in Sport

Q1: How can the internet be helpful to a team wanting to know more about their opposition?Q2: How can media coverage be detrimental to a sport? Give an exampleQ3: How can the media influence more children to uptake a sport?

Media

A: Q1find out past results, players, statistics, videos Q2decline in coverage, eg, hockey, netball Q3more sport coverage, coverage more suitable for children, more websites, games

Issues in Sport

Q1: Give two further examples of good etiquette in the sporting worldQ2: Give an example of poor sporting behaviour in football, and explain how officials clamp down on itQ3: What was the ‘Turner report’, and what changes did it suggest?

Sporting Behaviour

A: Q1cheering the opponent after a rugby game, swapping shirts, throwing rice into the ring before a sumo game Q2goalkeeper taking time over goal kick, yellow card; diving, yellow card Q3after Hillsborough/ Heysel disasters, the government produced an enquiry, it suggested all top league stadiums were all seater, clubs installed CCTV, segregation of fans, removal of perimeter fences

Front Back

GCSE Physical Education

Flash Cards

Contents

The Human Body [ x5 Cards]

Training [ x5 Cards]

Issues in Sport [ x4 Cards]

Aspects of Sport [ x4 Cards]

GCSE Physical Education

Aspects of Sport

Various RolesPlayer Referee/OfficialAdministrator/Organiser CoachMedia ChairmanCaretaker Medical Care

Factors affecting participationFamily GenderAge Peer GroupPopularity Race/CultureEducation Disability Environment

Participation In Sport

Q1: How are children living in the Alps more likely to take up a snowsport, rather than beach volleyball?Q2: How has communist Russia dictated as to how the county’s population participate in sport?Q3: What have the government done in the UK, to try and improve sports provision for the whole population?

Aspects of Sport

Participation In Sport

Opening Cards

Front Back

Aspects of Sport

Warm Up & Cool Down

Warm Up is essential to…-Prepare the body psychologically-To improve blood flow to the working muscles-To, literally, warm up; to avoid injury – muscles that are warm can flex and stretch rather than snap or tear.

Cool Down is essential to…-To bring the body’s systems (heart & respiration rates) gradually back to a resting rate-To rid the body of lactic acid-Help prevent soreness, and aid recovery

Aspects of Sport

Factors Affecting Performance

Opponent

Skill Level

Personality

Drugs

DisabilityDiet

Injury

Gender

Age

Crowd

AltitudePressure

Q1: How should a warm-up be carried out (structure)Q2: What type of stretching is more effective (and safer) to carry out at the start of a session; static or or dynamic?Q3: Suggest a simple and effective way of cooling down

Aspects of Sport

A: Q1cardio-vascular/aerobic, dynamic stretching, sport specific Q2dyamic- still keeps blood flow to working muscles up, whilst gradually stretching the muscles Q3Run 10m, walk 5m, Run 10m, Stretch, etc

Warm Up & Cool Down

Q1: How can altitude affect performance?Q2: Which factors do not affect a closed skill?Q3: Give another two factors which may affect performance

Aspects of Sport

Factors Affecting Performance

A: Q1the amount of oxygen in the air decreases as altitude increases Q2opposition, surface, weather Q3surface, body composition

Front Back

Alcohol-loss of coordination, lack of responsibilityAnabolic Steroids-Accelerate growth of musclesBeta Blockers-Help performers to relaxBlood Doping-red blood cells are removed, and then reinjected prior to a competition- increases the amount of oxyhaemoglobin in the bloodDiuretics-make a competitor lose water by urinationPeptide Hormones-increase muscle growth (Human Growth Hormone)Narcotics-Painkillers (Heroin, morphine)Stimulants-increase activity of the nervous and cardiovascular systemsTobacco-can help people relax

Aspects of Sport

Substance Abuse

Q1: In which sport would beta blockers be beneficial to the competitor?Q2: Human Growth Hormones can only be detected up to 24hours after use, how does this drug have an advantage over others will similar affects?Q3: Name two effects on the body caused by smoking

Aspects of Sport

A: Q1darts, snooker Q2 if a competitor takes the HGH more than 24hours before a drug test, it will go undetected Q3increased chance of heart disease- due to cholesterol in the coronary arteries; ‘smokers cough’ due to the hot air burning the trachea and lungs

Substance Abuse

Front Back

GCSE Physical Education Flash Cards Drew Harding 2008

Other Tips

-Constantly recap on things you’ve learnt – just simple things like naming the muscles, etc.

-Have confidence in yourself!

+Aim to be the best

-Revision = Relaxed, the more you revise, the more relaxed you will be come the exams

-talk to people, gain knowledge, and wisdom

End Cards