An Interactive Lesson An Interactive Lesson (HUMAN BODY SYSTEM)(HUMAN BODY SYSTEM)

Gloria Ponciano, Ph.DGloria Ponciano, Ph.DProfessorProfessor

CONTENTS:CONTENTS:

A.A. Interactive Lesson

B.B. Glossary

C.C. Pre-Test

D.D. Post-Test

THE HUMAN BODY THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMSYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM IMMUNE SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM

THE SKELETAL SYSTEMTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Have you ever seen the frame Have you ever seen the frame of aof a

house when it's being built?house when it's being built?

A baby have over 300 bones. A baby have over 300 bones. By the time you are anBy the time you are anadult, you have 206 bones in your body.adult, you have 206 bones in your body.

The Skeletal System serves many The Skeletal System serves many important functions; important functions;

a.a. provides the shape provides the shape b.b. Supports our bodySupports our bodyc.c. Protects the internal organsProtects the internal organsd.d. Allows bodily movementAllows bodily movemente.e. Produces blood for the bodyProduces blood for the bodyf.f. Store mineralsStore minerals

Divisions of the Skeleton

The human skeleton is divided into two distinct parts:

1. AXIAL SKELETON- It consists of bones that form the axis of the body and support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.

The Skull The SternumThe RibsThe Vertebral Column

2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON – it is 2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON – it is composed of bones that anchor composed of bones that anchor the appendages to the axial the appendages to the axial skeleton.skeleton.

The Upper ExtremitiesThe Lower Extremities

The Shoulder GirdleThe Pelvic Girdle

--(the sacrum and coccyx are considered (the sacrum and coccyx are considered part of the vertebral column)part of the vertebral column)

TYPES OF BONESTYPES OF BONES

1.1. LONG BONES

2.2. SHORT BONES

3.3. FLAT BONES

4.4. IRREGULAR BONES

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LONG BONES are longer LONG BONES are longer than they are wide and than they are wide and work as levers.work as levers. EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:humerus, tibia, humerus, tibia, femur, ulna, femur, ulna, metacarpalsmetacarpals

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SHORT BONES SHORT BONES are short, cube-are short, cube-shaped, and shaped, and found in the found in the wrists and ankleswrists and ankles

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FLAT BONES have FLAT BONES have broad surfaces for broad surfaces for protection of organs and protection of organs and attachment of muscles attachment of muscles

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

ribs, cranial bones, ribs, cranial bones,

bones of shoulder girdlebones of shoulder girdle

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IRREGULAR BONES IRREGULAR BONES are all others that do are all others that do not fall into the previous not fall into the previous categories. They have categories. They have varied shapes, sizes, varied shapes, sizes, and surfaces featuresand surfaces features

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

Skull, VertebraeSkull, Vertebrae

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Bone CompositionBone Composition

1. COMPACT or DENSE BONE1. COMPACT or DENSE BONE

- dense, hard, and forms the - dense, hard, and forms the protective exterior portion of all protective exterior portion of all bonesbones..

2. SPONGY or CANCELLOUS BONE2. SPONGY or CANCELLOUS BONE

- It is inside the compact bone and - It is inside the compact bone and is very porous (full of tiny holes). is very porous (full of tiny holes). Spongy bone occurs in most bones. Spongy bone occurs in most bones.

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The skull is the bony The skull is the bony framework of the head.framework of the head. It is It is composed of eight cranial composed of eight cranial and fourteen facial bones.and fourteen facial bones.

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The The sternum is a sternum is a flat, dagger flat, dagger shaped bone shaped bone located in the located in the middle of the middle of the chest.chest.

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The ribs are The ribs are thin, flat, curved thin, flat, curved bones that form a bones that form a protective cage protective cage around the organs around the organs in the upper body.in the upper body. It is comprised of It is comprised of 24 bones arranged 24 bones arranged in 12 pairsin 12 pairs..

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The vertebral The vertebral column (also column (also called the called the backbone, spine, backbone, spine, or spinal or spinal column) consists column) consists of a series of 33 of a series of 33 irregularly irregularly shaped bones, shaped bones, called vertebrae. called vertebrae.

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The upper The upper extremity extremity consists of three consists of three parts: the arm, parts: the arm, the forearm, and the forearm, and the hand.the hand.

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The lower The lower extremity is extremity is composed of the composed of the bones of the thigh, bones of the thigh, leg, foot, and the leg, foot, and the patella (commonly patella (commonly known as the known as the kneecap).kneecap).

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The Shoulder Girdle, also The Shoulder Girdle, also called the Pectoral Girdle, is called the Pectoral Girdle, is composed of four bones: two composed of four bones: two clavicles and twoclavicles and two scapulae . scapulae .

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The Pelvic Girdle, also called The Pelvic Girdle, also called the hip girdle, is composed to the hip girdle, is composed to two coxal (hip) bones.two coxal (hip) bones.

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THE MUSCULAR THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMSYSTEM

What do muscles do?What do muscles do?

• Muscles pull on the joints and bones, Muscles pull on the joints and bones, allowing us to move. allowing us to move.

• They help us breathe by working with They help us breathe by working with the lungs. the lungs.

• They help our hearts beat. They help our hearts beat. • They also help the body perform They also help the body perform

other functions so we can grow and other functions so we can grow and remain strong remain strong

TYPES OF MUSCLETYPES OF MUSCLE

1.1. SKELETAL MUSCLE

2.2. SMOOTH MUSCLE

3.3. CARDIAC MUSCLE

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Skeletal MusclesSkeletal Muscles - move and support the skeletonmove and support the skeleton- they make up fifty percent of yourthey make up fifty percent of your

body weightbody weight- links two bones across its connecting- links two bones across its connecting- voluntary muscles, these are - voluntary muscles, these are

muscles that we can consciously muscles that we can consciously controlcontrol

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SMOOTH MUSCLESSMOOTH MUSCLES

- the muscle fibers look - the muscle fibers look smooth and not striatedsmooth and not striated- involuntary - involuntary movements of the inner movements of the inner organs, e.g. the organs, e.g. the (peristaltic) bowel (peristaltic) bowel movementmovement

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CARDIAC MUSCLECARDIAC MUSCLE

- These muscles are These muscles are attached to the attached to the heart.heart.

- They are responsible They are responsible for moving the blood for moving the blood through the heart's through the heart's chambers and chambers and pumping it to all pumping it to all parts of the body. parts of the body.

- These muscles are These muscles are involuntary.involuntary.

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* Voluntary muscles are * Voluntary muscles are muscles that you can move muscles that you can move whenever you want to.whenever you want to.

* Involuntary muscles * Involuntary muscles contract and relax contract and relax automatically inside your automatically inside your body. We can not control our body. We can not control our involuntary muscles.involuntary muscles.

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The Nervous The Nervous System System

NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)(CNS)

- - Its main job is to get the Its main job is to get the information from the body information from the body and send out instructions. and send out instructions.

BRAINSPINAL CORD

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BrainBrain •It is the control It is the control

center of the bodycenter of the body

•The brain also The brain also allows us to think, allows us to think, feel, remember feel, remember and imagine. and imagine.

•EEG recording of one EEG recording of one person's brain waves; EEG person's brain waves; EEG electrode attachmentelectrode attachment . .

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•Spinal CordSpinal Cord- - The cord is a thick The cord is a thick bundle of nerves, bundle of nerves, connecting your brain to connecting your brain to the rest of your body. the rest of your body.

- The spinal cord runs - The spinal cord runs down a tunnel of holes in down a tunnel of holes in your backbone or spine. your backbone or spine.

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The Peripheral The Peripheral Nervous SystemNervous System

- carries messages to and carries messages to and from the central from the central nervous system. nervous system.

- It comprises two parts: It comprises two parts: the the somatic and and the autonomic nervous systems.

•The Somatic Nervous SystemThe Somatic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system is The somatic nervous system is composed of the sensory composed of the sensory (afferent) neurons that carry (afferent) neurons that carry messages to the central nervous messages to the central nervous system and the motor (efferent) system and the motor (efferent) neurons that carry messages from neurons that carry messages from the central nervous system to the the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles of the body. skeletal muscles of the body.

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Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem

The autonomic nervous The autonomic nervous system carries messages system carries messages between the central between the central nervous system and the nervous system and the internal organs. internal organs.

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TWO PARTS TWO PARTS

1.1. sympathetic sympathetic

2.2. parasympathetic parasympathetic

The first acts primarily to The first acts primarily to arouse the body; arouse the body;

the second, to relax and restore the second, to relax and restore the body to normal levels of the body to normal levels of arousal. arousal.

NEURON or NERVE CELLNEURON or NERVE CELL

- The functioning unit of The functioning unit of the nervous system.the nervous system.

- It carry messages from It carry messages from all parts of the body to all parts of the body to the brain.the brain.

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THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSYSTEM

PARTS OF THE HUMAN PARTS OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1.1. NOSTRILS

2.2. TRACHEA

3.3. BRONCHI, BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLESBRONCHIOLES

4.4. ALVEOLI

5.5. LUNGS

• The upper air The upper air passages refer to the passages refer to the respiratory organs in the in the head of the human head of the human being. They include being. They include the nose and throat the nose and throat (pharynx). (pharynx).

• During breathing in, During breathing in, the air enters initially the air enters initially through the nose, through the nose, where it is pre-where it is pre-cleaned by a hair cleaned by a hair filter. filter.

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The The windpipe (windpipe (trachea) joins the ) joins the upper upper respiratory tract respiratory tract to the lungs. to the lungs.

•The bottom of the trachea The bottom of the trachea splits into two branches splits into two branches called called bronchi. One enters . One enters the right the right lung and one and one goes to the left lung. goes to the left lung.

•These divide into twigs These divide into twigs called bronchioles.called bronchioles.

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DigestionThe chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts.

Lipids to fatty acidsProteins to individual amino acidsCarbohydrates into simple sugars

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System Digestion

The chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts.

Lipids to fatty acidsProteins to individual amino acidsCarbohydrates into simple sugars

FoodFood

TypeType

• CarbohydrateCarbohydrate

• FatFat

• ProteinProtein

• SugarsSugars

UseUse

• Long term energyLong term energy

• Protecting organs and Protecting organs and long term energy long term energy storestore

• Making muscle, Making muscle, enzymes, skin, hairenzymes, skin, hair

• Fast energyFast energy

• Mechanical digestionMechanical digestion– Changes the physical Changes the physical

form of foodform of food

• ChewChew

• TearTear

• GrindGrind

• MashMash

• MixMix

• Chemical digestionChemical digestion

Changes the chemical Changes the chemical composition of food composition of food with the aid of digestive with the aid of digestive enzymesenzymes• CarbohydrateCarbohydrate

• ProteinProtein

• LipidLipid

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

• MouthMouth

• OesophagusOesophagus

• StomachStomach

• Small IntestineSmall Intestine

• LiverLiver

• Large IntestineLarge Intestine

• Gall BladderGall Bladder

• PancreasPancreas

• RectumRectum

• AnusAnus

Let’s find out what happened to your breakfast today!

(Breaking food down into smaller pieces)

• Major partsMajor parts– MouthMouth– PharynxPharynx– EsophagusEsophagus– StomachStomach– Small IntestineSmall Intestine– Large IntestineLarge Intestine

• AccessoryPartsOrganAccessoryPartsOrgans that are not in the s that are not in the digestive tract but digestive tract but helps in the digestionhelps in the digestion– TeethTeeth– TongueTongue– Salivary glandsSalivary glands– LiverLiver– Gall bladderGall bladder– PancreasPancreas

• Phases of DigestionIngestionPhases of DigestionIngestion

• MovementMovement

• DigestionDigestion

• AbsorptionAbsorption

• Further digestionFurther digestion

Mouth and TeethMouth and Teeth

The mouth and teeth are the The mouth and teeth are the first step in breaking food down. first step in breaking food down. During the process of chewing, During the process of chewing, food is shredded and ground. food is shredded and ground. Powerful muscles move the Powerful muscles move the mandible, or lower jaw, while the , or lower jaw, while the food is chewed. The front teeth cut food is chewed. The front teeth cut the food and the back teeth grind the food and the back teeth grind the food.the food.

Only eats meatE.g. Spider, lion

Its survival is dependent on finding and catching prey

Top predator – Nothing eats him!

• There are There are three main three main parts to the parts to the tooth: the tooth: the root, the neck and the crown.

•The root is the part inside The root is the part inside the jaw. the jaw.

•The neck is a narrow The neck is a narrow connection between the connection between the root and the crown. root and the crown.

•The crown of the tooth is The crown of the tooth is above the gum.above the gum.

FOUR TYPES OF TEETHFOUR TYPES OF TEETH

1.1. Incisors

2.2. Canines

3.3. Premolars

4.4. Molars

incisorsincisors - are the - are the sharp-edged teeth in sharp-edged teeth in the front of the mouth the front of the mouth that bite and cut food. that bite and cut food. We have 8 of these. We have 8 of these.

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caninescanines - are the - are the pointed teeth next to pointed teeth next to the incisors that grip the incisors that grip and tear food. We and tear food. We have 4 of these. have 4 of these.

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premolars - premolars - are the teeth are the teeth just behind the canines. just behind the canines. They help the canines with They help the canines with chopping and assist the chopping and assist the molars with grinding. molars with grinding. There are 8 of these in our There are 8 of these in our mouths. mouths.

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molarsmolars - are the teeth in - are the teeth in the back of the mouth the back of the mouth that pound, grind and that pound, grind and crush food into mush so crush food into mush so that it can be swallowed. that it can be swallowed. We have 12 molars. We have 12 molars.

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•When food is being chewed, When food is being chewed, saliva is squirted into the is squirted into the mouth.mouth.

•Saliva helps to soften the food. Saliva helps to soften the food.

•It contains an It contains an enzyme that that helps break down the helps break down the starch in in the food.the food.

•The tongue helps push the The tongue helps push the food to the back of the mouthfood to the back of the mouth

ESOPHAGUSESOPHAGUS

- it is about ten - it is about ten inches long. inches long.

– – the muscles in the the muscles in the esophagus move the esophagus move the food down the tube.food down the tube.

STOMACHSTOMACH- a sac shaped - a sac shaped muscular organ muscular organ

- it is about eight - it is about eight inches longinches long

- it functions as a - it functions as a reservoir holds the reservoir holds the food we eatfood we eat

SMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINE- it is- it is the major site for the the major site for the digestion (breakdown of nutrients digestion (breakdown of nutrients from food and liquid) and from food and liquid) and absorption (passage into the absorption (passage into the bloodstream) of nutrients. bloodstream) of nutrients. - it is about 10 feet long- it is about 10 feet long

3 parts3 parts1.1.DuodenumDuodenum2.2.JejunumJejunum3.3.IleumIleum

Duodenum – upper part; about 10 in; connected to the stomach.– where the digestive juices from the pancreas and the liver combine with chyme making it thin and watery.Jejunum – about 8 ftIleum – about 12 ft

Large Intestine/ Large Intestine/ COLONCOLON

- - Its function is to Its function is to absorb water and to absorb water and to solidify the stool into solidify the stool into a formed bolus which a formed bolus which can be easily passed. can be easily passed.

A meal may take A meal may take up to three up to three days to pass days to pass through your through your digestive digestive system. It system. It spends about spends about three hours in three hours in your stomach.your stomach.

APPENDIXAPPENDIX

- - It is an organ with no It is an organ with no known function. It known function. It projects from the projects from the rounded end of the rounded end of the large intestine. large intestine.

LIVERLIVER- It - It is the main warehouse for is the main warehouse for nutrients absorbed from the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. small intestine.

- The liver is a very large organ - The liver is a very large organ located in the upper right located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen quadrant of the abdomen protected by the rib cage. protected by the rib cage.

- It also produces bile which is - It also produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder. stored in the gallbladder.

GALL BLADDERGALL BLADDER

- - It is a sac which serves It is a sac which serves as a storage reservoir as a storage reservoir for bilefor bile. .

PANCREASPANCREAS    - - Its main function is to Its main function is to secrete digestive enzymes secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine in into the small intestine in order to help digest order to help digest carbohydrates, protein carbohydrates, protein and fat. and fat.

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system- - it delivers it delivers oxygen and and nutrients throughout nutrients throughout the body by a complex the body by a complex network of vesselsnetwork of vessels

Circulatory pathwaysCirculatory pathways

The blood vessels of the body The blood vessels of the body are functionally divided into two are functionally divided into two distinctive circuits: distinctive circuits:

1. Pulmonary circuit 1. Pulmonary circuit

2. Systemic circuit. 2. Systemic circuit.

PULMONARY PULMONARY CIRCULATIONCIRCULATION

•Pulmonary circuitPulmonary circuit

Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary circulation transports oxygen-poor blood transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the from the right ventricle to the lungs where blood picks up a lungs where blood picks up a new blood supply. Then it new blood supply. Then it returns the oxygen-rich blood returns the oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium. to the left atrium.

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATIONSYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

SYSTEMIC CIRCUITSYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

• It carries oxygen and nutrients to the It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products. waste products.

• Systemic circulation carries Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. capillaries in the tissues of the body.

• From the tissue capillaries, the From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart. of the heart.

HEARTHEART

Heart Heart – – is a muscular is a muscular organ that organ that pumps blood pumps blood throughout the throughout the body.body.

What is Blood?What is Blood?

• Red blood cells - carry oxygen Red blood cells - carry oxygen (O2) from your lungs to your body (O2) from your lungs to your body cells and carbon dioxide (CO2) cells and carbon dioxide (CO2) from your body cells back to your from your body cells back to your lungs to be exhaled lungs to be exhaled

• Platelets - help clot blood Platelets - help clot blood

•White blood cells - fight White blood cells - fight germs that infect the germs that infect the bodybody

•Plasma - a yellowish Plasma - a yellowish liquid that consists liquid that consists mostly of water mostly of water

A, B, AB and O blood A, B, AB and O blood types are determined types are determined by the presence or by the presence or absence of antigens absence of antigens (specific chemicals) (specific chemicals) on the red blood cells on the red blood cells

BLOOD VESSELSBLOOD VESSELS• Arteries are tubes that carry Arteries are tubes that carry

blood blood awayaway from the heartfrom the heart

• Veins are tubes that return Veins are tubes that return bloodblood to the heart to the heart

• Capillaries connect arteries and Capillaries connect arteries and veins. They are tiny tubes that veins. They are tiny tubes that exchange food, oxygen and exchange food, oxygen and wastes between blood and body wastes between blood and body cells. cells.

Role of the Role of the capillariescapillaries

- capillaries have - capillaries have a vital role in the a vital role in the exchange of exchange of gases, nutrients, gases, nutrients, and metabolic and metabolic waste products waste products between the between the blood and the blood and the tissue cells. tissue cells.

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The glands of the endocrine The glands of the endocrine systemsystem

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMTHE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

It produce hormones, It produce hormones, chemical substances chemical substances released into the released into the bloodstream to guide such bloodstream to guide such processes as metabolism, processes as metabolism, growth, and sexual growth, and sexual development. development.

Thyroid gland Thyroid gland

- - secretes thyroxin, a secretes thyroxin, a hormone that can reduce hormone that can reduce concentration and lead to concentration and lead to irritabilityirritability

Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands - - secretes parathormone secretes parathormone to control and balance to control and balance the levels of calcium the levels of calcium and phosphate in the and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluids. blood and tissue fluids.

PINEAL GLANDPINEAL GLAND

- - A pea-sized gland A pea-sized gland that apparently that apparently responds to exposure responds to exposure to light and regulates to light and regulates activity levelsactivity levels

PANCREASPANCREAS- controls the level of - controls the level of sugar in the blood by sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and secreting insulin and glucagon. glucagon.

PITUITARY GLANDPITUITARY GLAND

1.1. POSTERIOR PITUITARYPOSTERIOR PITUITARY

- It produces two hormones: - It produces two hormones: vasopressin, which causes blood vasopressin, which causes blood pressure to rise and regulates the pressure to rise and regulates the amount of water in the body's amount of water in the body's cells, and oxytocin, which causes cells, and oxytocin, which causes the uterus to contract during the uterus to contract during childbirth and lactation to begin. childbirth and lactation to begin.

22. . ANTERIOR PITUITARYANTERIOR PITUITARY- - often called the "master often called the "master gland," responds to chemical gland," responds to chemical messages from the messages from the bloodstream to produce bloodstream to produce numerous hormones that numerous hormones that trigger the action of other trigger the action of other endocrine glandsendocrine glands. .

GONADSGONADS- - These are These are reproductive glands—reproductive glands—the testes in males the testes in males and the ovaries in and the ovaries in females. females.

ADRENAL GLANDSADRENAL GLANDS- - Consists of two parts the Consists of two parts the adrenal cortex, and an adrenal cortex, and an inner core, the adrenal inner core, the adrenal medulla. medulla.

- Both influence the body's - Both influence the body's responses to stress. responses to stress.

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EXCRETORY EXCRETORY SYSTEMSYSTEM

•It removes wastes in the It removes wastes in the body.body.

•It includes the skin, large It includes the skin, large intestine, lungs, and intestine, lungs, and kidneys.kidneys.

SKINSKIN• to form a protective layer over to form a protective layer over

the body to help prevent injury the body to help prevent injury and diseaseand disease

• to keep moisture in the body to keep moisture in the body (water retention)(water retention)

• to make vitamin Dto make vitamin D

• to regulate body temperatureto regulate body temperature

• to excrete waste to excrete waste

Layers of the SkinLayers of the Skin

1.1. EpidermisEpidermis

2.2. DermisDermis

3.3. Subcutaneous Subcutaneous layerlayer

EPIDERMISEPIDERMIS-The thin outer layer The thin outer layer of the skin which of the skin which forms its epithelium.forms its epithelium.

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DERMISDERMIS- The thick layer of - The thick layer of connective tissue which connective tissue which contains hair follicles, contains hair follicles, hair, nerves (the body's hair, nerves (the body's sense of touch), sweat sense of touch), sweat and oil glands and blood and oil glands and blood vessels.vessels.

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SUBCUTANEOUS LAYERSUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

- The layer of - The layer of fatty tissue.fatty tissue.

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LUNGSLUNGS

- - It removes It removes carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and water from and water from the blood.the blood.

LARGE INTESTINELARGE INTESTINE

- It removes several salts It removes several salts from the body.from the body.

LIVERLIVER

- - It removes urea It removes urea produced by the produced by the cells of the liver.cells of the liver.

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THE HUMAN URINARY THE HUMAN URINARY SYSTEMSYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEMURINARY SYSTEM

- - It is a system of simple It is a system of simple organs, tubes, muscles, organs, tubes, muscles, and nerves that work and nerves that work together to create, store, together to create, store, and carry urine through and carry urine through the urinary system. the urinary system.

KIDNEYSKIDNEYS- bean shaped organbean shaped organ- the main organ for the main organ for

excretionexcretion

NEPHRONNEPHRON- - The filtering unit The filtering unit of kidney of kidney

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THE THE IMMUNE IMMUNE SYSTEMSYSTEM

IMMUNE SYSTEMIMMUNE SYSTEM- - it is designed to it is designed to defend you against defend you against millions of bacteria, millions of bacteria, microbes, viruses, microbes, viruses, toxins, and parasites. toxins, and parasites. stay there.stay there.

• This is a photo This is a photo of a killer T-cell of a killer T-cell killing a cancer killing a cancer cell.cell.

Photo taken from Photo taken from the following the following website:website:

http://http://www.cancer-www.cancer-info.com/info.com/circle.htm circle.htm

  

The immune system is one ofThe immune system is one of

the most important systems in thethe most important systems in the

human body. The immune system ishuman body. The immune system is

also a very easy system to explainalso a very easy system to explain

how it works. The immune systemhow it works. The immune system

to your body is like batteries to ato your body is like batteries to a

walkman. Without batteries, yourwalkman. Without batteries, your

walkman will shutdown. Thewalkman will shutdown. The

immune system will do the same immune system will do the same

thing to your body.thing to your body.

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REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSYSTEM

The male reproductive The male reproductive systemsystem

TESTESTESTES- Their main function is Their main function is to produce male to produce male gametes or sperm.gametes or sperm.

- They also produce the They also produce the male hormone male hormone testosteronetestosterone

THE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTSTHE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS1.1. EpididymisEpididymis

2.2. Ductus deferensDuctus deferens

3.3. Ejaculatory ductEjaculatory duct

4.4. UrethraUrethra

-- carry sperm from the carry sperm from the testes to the exterior testes to the exterior of the body.of the body.

ACCESORY GLANDSACCESORY GLANDS1.1. Seminal vesiclesSeminal vesicles

2.2. Prostate glandProstate gland

3.3. Bulbourethral glandsBulbourethral glands

—— produce secretions produce secretions that combine with that combine with sperm to create semensperm to create semen

EXTERNAL SEX EXTERNAL SEX ORGANORGAN

1.1.Scrotum Scrotum

2.2.PenisPenis

Human Human sperm sperm cells. cells. Each Each tadpolelitadpolelike sperm ke sperm cell cell consists consists of three of three regions: regions: the head, the head, middle middle piece, piece, and and flagellumflagellum. .

The female reproductive The female reproductive systemsystem

OVARIESOVARIES- - Small flattened, Small flattened, elongated organs elongated organs on both sides of on both sides of uterus.uterus.

FALLOPIAN TUBE/ FALLOPIAN TUBE/ OVIDUCTOVIDUCT

- A pair of duct leading - A pair of duct leading from the ovaries to the from the ovaries to the uterus.uterus.

Sperm meets an ovum in a fallopian Sperm meets an ovum in a fallopian tube. Fallopian tubes, also called tube. Fallopian tubes, also called uterine tubes, connect the ovaries to uterine tubes, connect the ovaries to the uterus the uterus

UTERUSUTERUS - Pear-shaped muscular - Pear-shaped muscular organ. organ.

- It receives and holds - It receives and holds the fertilized ovum.the fertilized ovum.

CERVIXCERVIX- - Neck of the Neck of the uterus that opens uterus that opens to the vagina.to the vagina.

VAGINA(Birth VAGINA(Birth Canal)Canal)

- - Passageway of Passageway of menstrual flow and menstrual flow and baby to the baby to the outside.outside.

A human ovum at the A human ovum at the moment of fertilizationmoment of fertilization

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GLOSSARYGLOSSARY

• AcrosomeAcrosome (AK-ro-sohm): (AK-ro-sohm):

Tip of the head of a sperm cell that Tip of the head of a sperm cell that contains enzymes to digest the contains enzymes to digest the membrane of an ovum. membrane of an ovum.

• AmnionAmnion (AM-nee-on): (AM-nee-on):

Fluid-filled sac that surrounds a Fluid-filled sac that surrounds a developing embryo/fetus. developing embryo/fetus.

• AreolaAreola (ah-REE-oh-lah): (ah-REE-oh-lah): - Circular, darkened area surrounding - Circular, darkened area surrounding the nipple of each breast. the nipple of each breast.

• Alveolar glandsAlveolar glands (al-VEE-o-lar GLANDZ): (al-VEE-o-lar GLANDZ): - Glands within the lobes of mammary - Glands within the lobes of mammary glands that produce milk. glands that produce milk.

• Bulbourethral glandsBulbourethral glands (bull-bo-yoo- (bull-bo-yoo-REE-thruhl GLANDZ): REE-thruhl GLANDZ):

- Glands located underneath on either - Glands located underneath on either side of the prostate gland in males that side of the prostate gland in males that secrete fluid that becomes part of secrete fluid that becomes part of semen. semen.

•CervixCervix (SIR-viks): (SIR-viks): - Lower necklike portion of the - Lower necklike portion of the uterus leading into the vagina. uterus leading into the vagina.

•ChromosomesChromosomes (kro-meh— (kro-meh—somes): somes): - Threadlike structures found in - Threadlike structures found in the nucleus of cells that carry the nucleus of cells that carry the genetic material or genes the genetic material or genes that determine heredity. that determine heredity.

•CircumcisionCircumcision (sirnkum-SIZH- (sirnkum-SIZH-un): un):

- Surgical removal of the prepuce - Surgical removal of the prepuce or foreskin of the penis. or foreskin of the penis.

•DigestionDigestion

- - Process of breaking down food Process of breaking down food particles inside the bodyparticles inside the body

•Ductus deferensDuctus deferens (DUK-tus DEF- (DUK-tus DEF-e-renz): e-renz): - Passageway that carries sperm - Passageway that carries sperm from the epididymis to the from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. ejaculatory duct.

•EjaculationEjaculation (ee-jack-you-LAY- (ee-jack-you-LAY-shun): shun): - Sudden ejection of semen from - Sudden ejection of semen from the penis. the penis.

•Ejaculatory ductEjaculatory duct (ee-JACK-yoo- (ee-JACK-yoo-la-tor-ee DUKT): la-tor-ee DUKT): - Duct formed by the union of the - Duct formed by the union of the ductus deferens and the duct of ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle.the seminal vesicle.

• EpididymisEpididymis (ep-i-DID-i-mis): (ep-i-DID-i-mis): - Portion of the male reproductive - Portion of the male reproductive duct system in which sperm mature duct system in which sperm mature or fully develop. or fully develop.

• EstrogensEstrogens (ES-tro-jenz): (ES-tro-jenz):

- Female steroid hormones secreted by the - Female steroid hormones secreted by the ovaries that bring about the secondary sex ovaries that bring about the secondary sex characteristics and regulate the female characteristics and regulate the female reproductive cycle. reproductive cycle.

• ExcretionExcretion

- - Process of removing waste in the bodyProcess of removing waste in the body

• Fallopian tubeFallopian tube (fah-LOH-pee-an TOOB): (fah-LOH-pee-an TOOB):

- Tube connecting an ovary to the uterus - Tube connecting an ovary to the uterus and through which an ovum is and through which an ovum is transported. transported.

•GameteGamete (GAM-eat): (GAM-eat):

- Female or male reproductive or - Female or male reproductive or sex cell (egg or sperm). sex cell (egg or sperm).

•GenitaliaGenitalia (jen-i-TAY-lee-ah): (jen-i-TAY-lee-ah):

- External organs of the - External organs of the reproductive system. reproductive system.

•GonadGonad (GO-nad): (GO-nad):

- Sex organ in which reproductive - Sex organ in which reproductive cells develop. cells develop.

• HormonesHormones

- Chemical substances released by - Chemical substances released by glands that are responsible for glands that are responsible for changes in the body.changes in the body.

• Mammary glandsMammary glands (MAM-uh-ree (MAM-uh-ree GLANDZ): GLANDZ):

- Milk-producing glands in female - Milk-producing glands in female breasts. breasts.

• MenarcheMenarche (meh-NAR-key): (meh-NAR-key):

- Beginning of menstruation or the - Beginning of menstruation or the first menstrual period. first menstrual period.

• MenopauseMenopause (MEN-ah-paws): (MEN-ah-paws):

- Period in a woman's life when - Period in a woman's life when menstrual activity ceases. menstrual activity ceases.

• MenstruationMenstruation (men-stroo-A-shun): (men-stroo-A-shun):

- Also known as menses, periodic - Also known as menses, periodic (monthly) discharge of blood, (monthly) discharge of blood, secretions, tissue, and mucus from secretions, tissue, and mucus from the female uterus in the absence of the female uterus in the absence of pregnancy. pregnancy.

• OocyteOocyte (OH-oh-site): (OH-oh-site): - Immature or developing egg cell. - Immature or developing egg cell.

• OvaOva (O-va): (O-va): - Female gametes or eggs (singular: - Female gametes or eggs (singular: ovum). ovum).

• Ovarian folliclesOvarian follicles (o-VAR-ee-an FOL- (o-VAR-ee-an FOL-i-kulz): i-kulz): - Structures within an ovary - Structures within an ovary consisting of a developing egg consisting of a developing egg surrounded by follicle cells. surrounded by follicle cells.

• Ovaries (O-var-eez): Ovaries (O-var-eez): - Female gonads in which ova (eggs) - Female gonads in which ova (eggs) are produced and that secrete are produced and that secrete estrogens and progesterone. estrogens and progesterone.

• Ovulation (ov-yoo-LAY-shun): Ovulation (ov-yoo-LAY-shun): - Release of a mature ovum from an - Release of a mature ovum from an ovary. ovary.

• Oxytocin (ahk-si-TOE-sin): Oxytocin (ahk-si-TOE-sin): - Hormone produced by the - Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary that stimulates posterior pituitary that stimulates contraction of the uterus during contraction of the uterus during childbirth and secretion of milk childbirth and secretion of milk during nursing. during nursing.

•Penis (PEE-nis): Penis (PEE-nis):

- Male organ of reproduction - Male organ of reproduction and urination. and urination.

•Placenta (plah-SEN-tah): Placenta (plah-SEN-tah):

- Temporary organ that - Temporary organ that provides nutrients and oxygen provides nutrients and oxygen to a developing fetus, carries to a developing fetus, carries away wastes, and produces away wastes, and produces hormones such as estrogens hormones such as estrogens and progesterone and progesterone

•PrepucePrepuce (PREE-pyus): (PREE-pyus): - Also called foreskin, the fold of - Also called foreskin, the fold of skin over the glans or tip of the skin over the glans or tip of the penis. penis.

•ProgesteroneProgesterone (pro-JESS-te- (pro-JESS-te-rone): rone): - Female steroid hormone - Female steroid hormone secreted by the ovaries that secreted by the ovaries that makes the uterus more ready to makes the uterus more ready to receive a fertilized ovum or egg. receive a fertilized ovum or egg.

• ProlactinProlactin (pro-LAK-tin): (pro-LAK-tin):

- Gonadotropic hormone secreted by - Gonadotropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the anterior pituitary that stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk. the mammary glands to produce milk.

• Prostate glandProstate gland (PRAHS-tate GLAND): (PRAHS-tate GLAND):

- Muscular gland in males that - Muscular gland in males that surrounds the first inch of the urethra surrounds the first inch of the urethra and secretes a fluid that becomes part and secretes a fluid that becomes part of semen. of semen.

• ScrotumScrotum (SKROW-tum): (SKROW-tum):

- External sac enclosing the testes- External sac enclosing the testes

• SemenSemen (SEE-men): (SEE-men): - Thick, whitish, somewhat sticky fluid - Thick, whitish, somewhat sticky fluid composed of sperm and glandular composed of sperm and glandular secretions that is propelled out of a male's secretions that is propelled out of a male's reproductive tract during ejaculation. reproductive tract during ejaculation.

• Seminal vesiclesSeminal vesicles (SEM-i-nuhl VESS-i- (SEM-i-nuhl VESS-i-kulls): kulls): - Glands in males located at the base of - Glands in males located at the base of the bladder that secrete fluid that the bladder that secrete fluid that becomes part of semen. becomes part of semen.

• Seminiferous tubulesSeminiferous tubules (sem-i-NIFF-er-us (sem-i-NIFF-er-us TOO-byoolz): TOO-byoolz): - Tightly coiled tubes within the testes that - Tightly coiled tubes within the testes that produce sperm. produce sperm.

• Sperm:Sperm:

- Mature male sex or reproductive cell. - Mature male sex or reproductive cell.

• TestesTestes (TESS-teez): (TESS-teez):

- Male gonads that produce sperm - Male gonads that produce sperm cells and secrete testosterone. cells and secrete testosterone.

• TestosteroneTestosterone (tess-TAHS-ter-ohn): (tess-TAHS-ter-ohn):

- Hormone secreted by the testes that - Hormone secreted by the testes that spurs the growth of the male spurs the growth of the male reproductive organs and secondary reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. sex characteristics.

•Umbilical cord (um-BILL-i-kull Umbilical cord (um-BILL-i-kull KORD): KORD): - Structure that connects the - Structure that connects the embryo/fetus to the embryo/fetus to the placenta. placenta.

•Uterus (YOU-ter-us): Uterus (YOU-ter-us): - Also known as the womb, - Also known as the womb, the hollow organ in females the hollow organ in females that receives, retains, and that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum nourishes a fertilized ovum or egg. or egg.

• VaginaVagina (vuh-JIGH-nah): (vuh-JIGH-nah):

- Muscular tube in women that - Muscular tube in women that extends from the cervix of the uterus extends from the cervix of the uterus to the vaginal opening. to the vaginal opening.

• VulvaVulva (VUL-vah): (VUL-vah):

- Female external genital organs. - Female external genital organs.

• ZygoteZygote (ZIE-goat): (ZIE-goat):

- Fertilized ovum- Fertilized ovum

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Thank you very Thank you very much!much!

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PRE – TESTPRE – TEST1.1. What sets up the acidic What sets up the acidic

condition in the stomach that is condition in the stomach that is necessary for digestion?necessary for digestion?

a. bilea. bile

b. hydrochloric acidb. hydrochloric acid

c. chymec. chyme

d. acetic acidd. acetic acid

2. What attaches a muscle to a bone?2. What attaches a muscle to a bone?

a. ligamenta. ligament c. cartilagec. cartilage

b. tendonb. tendon d. myoglobind. myoglobin

3. Which bone protect the lungs and 3. Which bone protect the lungs and the heart?the heart?

a. rib cagea. rib cage c. backbonec. backbone

b. skullb. skull d. pelvic boned. pelvic bone

4. Female sex cell4. Female sex cell

a. egga. egg c. spermc. sperm

b. testesb. testes d. ovaryd. ovary

5. It is where gas exchange occurs.5. It is where gas exchange occurs.

a. lungsa. lungs c. nostrilsc. nostrils

b. alveolib. alveoli d. trachead. trachea

6. Waste materials formed in the liver.6. Waste materials formed in the liver.

a. sweata. sweat c. fecesc. feces

b. ureab. urea d. liverd. liver

7. What makes the blood red?7. What makes the blood red?

a. plateletsa. platelets c. cholesterolc. cholesterol

b. bloodb. blood d. minerald. mineral

8. What is the largest artery in the 8. What is the largest artery in the circulatory system?circulatory system?

a. aortaa. aorta c. heartc. heart

b. vena cavab. vena cava d. pulmonary arteryd. pulmonary artery

9. Which part of the nervous system is 9. Which part of the nervous system is found in all parts of the body?found in all parts of the body?

a. spinal corda. spinal cord c. nervesc. nerves

b. cerebrumb. cerebrum d. cerebellumd. cerebellum

10. Which body structure links the brain with 10. Which body structure links the brain with the rest of the body?the rest of the body?

a. backbonea. backbone c. meningesc. meninges

b. blood vesselsb. blood vessels d. motor nervesd. motor nerves

11. What important work is carried by the 11. What important work is carried by the nerves?nerves?

a. to carry blooda. to carry blood

b. to protect the brainb. to protect the brain

c. to carry messagesc. to carry messages

d. to protect the spinal cordd. to protect the spinal cord

12. Which hormone affects the growth 12. Which hormone affects the growth and development of a female and development of a female adolescent?adolescent?a. egg cella. egg cell c. progesteronec. progesteroneb. sperm cellb. sperm cell d. estrogend. estrogen

13. What kind of development takes 13. What kind of development takes place in adolescents?place in adolescents?a. physicala. physical c. emotionalc. emotionalb. intellectualb. intellectual d. all of the aboved. all of the above

14. Which organ is responsible for the 14. Which organ is responsible for the exchange of gases?exchange of gases?

a. ovarya. ovary c. lungsc. lungs

b. arteryb. artery d. all of the aboved. all of the above

15. Which is the main cause of 15. Which is the main cause of emphysema or collapse of lungs?emphysema or collapse of lungs?

a. smokinga. smoking c. liquorc. liquor

b. air pollutionb. air pollution d. all of themd. all of them

16. Which is considered to be the 16. Which is considered to be the master gland?master gland?

a. a. Adrenal glandAdrenal gland c. Thyroid c. Thyroid glandgland

b. Pituitary glandb. Pituitary gland d. Sex glandsd. Sex glands

17. Which is controlled by the 17. Which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?autonomic nervous system?

a. chewinga. chewing c. heartbeatc. heartbeat

b. walkingb. walking d. noned. none

18. Which serves as the highways in 18. Which serves as the highways in the body?the body?

a. Arteriesa. Arteries c. Capillariesc. Capillaries

b. Veinsb. Veins d. All of thesed. All of these

19. What does the thoracic basket 19. What does the thoracic basket protect?protect?

a. lungsa. lungs c. liverc. liver

b. heartb. heart d. alld. all

20. Which is the skeletal muscle?20. Which is the skeletal muscle?

a. arm musclea. arm muscle

b. eye muscleb. eye muscle

c. heart musclec. heart muscle

d. all of thesed. all of these

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POST – TESTPOST – TEST

1.1. What nutrients are needed to make What nutrients are needed to make the bone healthy?the bone healthy?

a. Vitamins C and Da. Vitamins C and D

b. Phosphorusb. Phosphorus

c. Calciumc. Calcium

d. Alld. All

2. What is the main function of the muscle?2. What is the main function of the muscle?

a. protectiona. protection c. contractionc. contraction

b. attachmentb. attachment d. locomotiond. locomotion

3. Muscles that move automatically are __.3. Muscles that move automatically are __.

a. skeletal musclea. skeletal muscle c. cardiac c. cardiac musclemuscle

b. smooth muscleb. smooth muscled. b and cd. b and c

4. Which attaches the muscles to the 4. Which attaches the muscles to the bones?bones?

a. tendona. tendon c. cartilagec. cartilage

b. jointb. joint d. a and cd. a and c

5. What nutrients do we get from 5. What nutrients do we get from vegetables and fruits?vegetables and fruits?

a. mineralsa. minerals c. proteinc. protein

b. vitaminsb. vitamins d. alld. all

5. Which help make digestion faster?5. Which help make digestion faster?

a. enzymesa. enzymes c. hydrochloric c. hydrochloric acidacid

b. gastric juices b. gastric juices d. alld. all

6. What process breaks down food into 6. What process breaks down food into simple form?simple form?

a. digestiona. digestion c. absorptionc. absorption

b. small intestineb. small intestine d. defecationd. defecation

8. Which is affected when the heart 8. Which is affected when the heart pumps?pumps?

a. Blood pressurea. Blood pressure c. Pulsec. Pulse

b. Heartbeatb. Heartbeat d. Alld. All

9. Which does not flow in the blood 9. Which does not flow in the blood vessels?vessels?

a. Interstitial fluida. Interstitial fluid c. RBCc. RBC

b. Blood plasmab. Blood plasma d. WBCd. WBC

10. The biggest part of the brain__.10. The biggest part of the brain__.

a. cerebruma. cerebrum c. cerebellumc. cerebellum

b. brain stemb. brain stem d. none of d. none of thesethese

11. Which is considered to be the 11. Which is considered to be the master gland?master gland?

a. a. Adrenal glandAdrenal gland c. Thyroid c. Thyroid glandgland

b. Pituitary glandb. Pituitary gland d. Sex glandsd. Sex glands

12. Which process is responsible for 12. Which process is responsible for producing new life?producing new life?

a. respirationa. respiration c. reproductionc. reproduction

b. excretionb. excretion d. noned. none

13. A muscular organ which serves as 13. A muscular organ which serves as a cradle where the fetus develops.a cradle where the fetus develops.

a. uterusa. uterus c. cervixc. cervix

b. fallopian tubeb. fallopian tube d. ovariesd. ovaries

14. Where does fertilization of egg 14. Where does fertilization of egg occurs?occurs?

a. Uterusa. Uterus c. cervixc. cervix

b. fallopian tubeb. fallopian tube d. ovariesd. ovaries

15. What is contained in the urine?15. What is contained in the urine?

a. excess watera. excess water c. uric acidc. uric acid

b. saltb. salt d. all of thesed. all of these

16. Which monitors the quality of 16. Which monitors the quality of blood in the body?blood in the body?

a. hearta. heart c. lungsc. lungs

b. Kidneyb. Kidney d. blood d. blood vesselsvessels

17. Which serves as the highways in 17. Which serves as the highways in the body?the body?

a. Arteriesa. Arteries c. Capillariesc. Capillaries

b. Veinsb. Veins d. All of thesed. All of these

18. Which organ is responsible for the 18. Which organ is responsible for the exchange of gases?exchange of gases?

a. ovarya. ovary c. lungsc. lungs

b. arteryb. artery d. all of the aboved. all of the above

19. What nutrients do we get from 19. What nutrients do we get from vegetables and fruits?vegetables and fruits?

a. mineralsa. minerals c. proteinc. protein

b. vitaminsb. vitamins d. alld. all

20. Which is controlled by the 20. Which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?autonomic nervous system?

a. chewinga. chewing c. heartbeatc. heartbeat

b. walkingb. walking d. noned. none

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