The Human Body: An Orientation
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Transcript of The Human Body: An Orientation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,Florence-Darlington Technical College
C H A P T E R 1
The Human Body: An Orientation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
•Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
•Study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
•Gross anatomy
•Large structures
•Easily observable
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.1
Mouth (oral cavity)Tongue
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Small intestineDuodenumJejunumlleum
Anus
Parotid gland
Salivary glandsSublingual glandSubmandibulargland
Pharynx
StomachPancreas(Spleen)
Large intestine
Descendingcolon
CecumSigmoid colonRectumAppendixAnal canal
Transversecolon
Ascendingcolon
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
•Microscopic anatomy
•Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye
•Structures can only be viewed with a microscope
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4c
Pyloricsphincter
Gastric pits
Surfaceepithelium
Mucousneck cells
Parietal cells
Gastricglands
Chief cells
Ga
str
ic p
itG
as
tric
gla
nd
(c)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4d
Pepsinogen PepsinHCl
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrinecell
(d)
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Levels of Organization of a Complex Organism
1. ATOMS
2. MOLECULES
3. CELLS
4. TISSUES
5. ORGANS
6. ORGAN SYSTEMS
7. ORGANISM
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1
Organismal levelHuman organisms are made up of many organ systems.
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues.
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules.
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules.
Molecules
2
Atoms
1
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells.
3
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ)
4
5
Cardio–vascularsystem
6
Bloodvessels
Heart
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 1
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 2
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 3
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 4
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6
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Organ System Overview
• Integumentary
•Forms the external body covering
•Protects deeper tissue from injury
•Helps regulate body temperature
•Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
skin
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Organ System Overview
•Skeletal•Protects and supports body organs
•Provides muscle attachment for movement
•Site of blood cell formation
•Stores minerals
CARTILAGE
JOINT
BONES
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Organ System Overview
•Muscular•Produces movement
•Maintains posture
•Produces heat
SKELETALMUSCLES
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Organ System Overview
•Nervous•Fast-acting control system
•Responds to internal and external change
•Activates muscles and glands
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
NERVES
SENSORYRECEPTORS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2e
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland(parathyroid glandson posterior aspect)
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
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Organ System Overview
•Endocrine•Secretes regulatory hormones
•Growth
•Reproduction
•Metabolism
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Organ System Overview
•Cardiovascular•Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
•Oxygen
•Carbon dioxide
•Nutrients
•Wastes
HEART
BLOOD VESSELS
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Organ System Overview
•Lymphatic•Returns fluids to blood vessels
•Cleanses the blood
•Involved in immunity
LYMPH NODES
LYMPHATICVESSELS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2h
Pharynx
Nasalcavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Left lung
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2i
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Smallintestine
Anus
Rectum
Largeintestine
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Organ System Overview
•Digestive
•Breaks down food
•Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
•Eliminates indigestible material as feces
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2j
Kidney
Ureter
Urinarybladder
Urethra
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Organ System Overview
•Urinary
•Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
•Maintains acid-base balance
•Regulates water and electrolytes
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Prostategland
Penis
Seminalvesicles
Vasdeferens
Testis
Scrotum
Vagina
Ovary
Uterinetube
Mammaryglands(in breasts)
Uterus
Figure 1.2k–l
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•Reproductive
•Produces offspring
•Testes
produce sperm and male hormone
•Ovaries
produce eggs and female hormones
Organ System Overview
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NutrientsHeart
Interstitial fluid
Blood
Food
Digestive systemTakes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Cardiovascular systemVia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbondioxide to disposal organs
Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and excess ions
Feces Urine
Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid
O2
CO2
Integumentary systemProtects the body as a whole from the external environment
CO2O2
What does this slide
represent?
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Necessary Life Functions
•Maintain boundaries
•Movement
•Locomotion
•Movement of substances
•Responsiveness
•Ability to sense changes and react
•Digestion
•Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions
•Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
•Break down complex molecules into smaller ones
•Build larger molecules from smaller ones
•Produces energy
•Regulated by hormones
•Excretion
•Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
•Wastes may be removed in urine or feces
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Necessary Life Functions
•Reproduction
•Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
•Produces future generation
•Growth
•Increases cell size and number of cells
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Survival Needs
•Nutrients
•Chemicals for energy and cell building
•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
•Oxygen
•Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs
•Water
•60 to 80 percent of body weight
•Most abundant chemical in the human body
•Provides for metabolic reaction
•Stable body temperature
•37°C (98°F)
•Atmospheric pressure
•Must be appropriate for gas exchange
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Homeostasis
•Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment
•A dynamic state of equilibrium
•Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
•Homeostatic imbalance
•A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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How is homeostasis maintained?
•The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 1
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
1
IMBALANCE
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 2
Receptor Receptor detects change.
IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
1
IMBALANCE
2
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 3
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Receptor
ControlCenter
Receptor detects change.
Afferentpathway
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
1
3
IMBALANCE
2
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 4
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Receptor
ControlCenter
Effector Receptor detects change.
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.
1
3 4
IMBALANCE
2
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 5
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Receptor
ControlCenter
Effector Receptor detects change.
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.
Responseof effector feedsback to reducethe effect ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostatic level.
1
3 4
5
IMBALANCE
2
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Feedback Mechanisms
•Negative feedback
•Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
•Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
•Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms
•Positive feedback
•Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
•In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
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The Language of Anatomy
•Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
•Exact terms are used for
•Position
•Direction
•Regions
•Structures
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Regional Terms
•Anterior body landmarks
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Cervical
Umbilical
Pubic (genital)
PelvicInguinal(groin)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
KEY:
Deltoid
Digital
Lower limbCoxal (hip)
Patellar
Fibular
Pedal (foot)
Digital
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (ankle)
Femoral (thigh)
CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasal
BuccalOral Mental
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
ThoracicSternalAxillary
Abdominal
(forearm)
Figure 1.5a
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Regional Terms
•Posterior body landmarks
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Gluteal
Sacral
Lumbar
Vertebral
Back (dorsal) Scapular
Cervical
CephalicOccipital (back of head) Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
Manus (hand)Digital
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular
Pedal (foot)Calcaneal
Plantar
Upper limb
KEY:
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(forearm)
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Superior (cranial or cephalad):
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or toward the
lower part of a structure or the
body; below
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Ventral (anterior):
toward or at the front of the body; in front
ofDorsal
(posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on
the outer side of
Intermediate: between a more
medial and a more lateral structure
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Proximal: close to the origin of the
body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body
trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of
attachment of a limb to the body
trunk
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Superficial: toward or at
the body surface
Deep: away from the body surface;
more internal
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Body Planes and Sections• A sagittal section • divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts.• A median, or midsagittal,• section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts.
• A frontal, or coronal, • section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts.
• A transverse, or cross, • section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts.
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(a) Median (midsagittal)
Vertebralcolumn
(b) Frontal (coronal) plane
Rightlung Heart
Leftlung
(c) Transverse plane
Liver Aorta SpleenSpinalcord
Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneousfat layer
Stomach
Figure 1.6
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Body Cavities
•Dorsal body cavity (2)
•Cranial cavity houses the brain
•Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
•Ventral body cavity (2) Separated by?
•Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others
•Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
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Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoraciccavity
Diaphragm
Abdominalcavity
Pelviccavity
Ab
do
min
op
elvi
cca
vit
y
KEY:
Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavityFigure 1.7
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BODY QUADRANTS
ABDOMINAL CAVITY IS DIVIDED INTO 4 SECTIONS
URQULQLRQLLQ
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Right upperquadrant(RUQ)
Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)
Left upperquadrant(LUQ)
Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)
Figure 1.8
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b
Righthypo-
chondriacregion
Epigastricregion
Rightlumbarregion
Umbilicalregion
Right iliac(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric(pubic)region
Left iliac(inguinal)
region
Leftlumbarregion
Lefthypo-
chondriacregion
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascendingcolon of largeintestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Diaphragm
Stomach
Transversecolon of largeintestine
Descendingcolon of largeintestine
Initial part ofsigmoid colon
Urinarybladder
BODY REGIONS