The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 1

The Human

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• Human Major Senses:• The central senses:• 4 stages of human information

processing• Visual Perception(VP)• 2 approaches in explaining VP• The capabilities and limitation of

visual processing• Reading• Hearing• Others• Memory

– 3 types

• Thinking• Learning• Errors• Skill acquisition • Mental-models, knowledge

– importance

– structural and Functional models

• Metaphors – icons

• Conceptual Models• Cognitive Models• Social and Organizational

Aspects

Content

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Human Major Senses:

“human information processing”

• Vision• Hearing• Touch• Taste• Smell

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The central senses:

• Vision• Hearing• Touch

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4 stages of human information processing

Encoding Comparison Response selection Response execution

plus

The processes of attention and memory

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The perceptual system

• The mental apparatus that translates sensations of the physical world as detected by the body’s sensory system into internal representations in the mind.

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Visual Perception - use in design of visual interfaces

• Perceiving size and depth -visual angle, visual acuity• perceiving brightness - the amount of light emitted by

an object• Perceiving colour - hue, intensity and saturation

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2 approaches in explaining visual perception

The constructivist – perception involves the intervention of representation and memories

The ecological – perception is a direct process, information is simply detected rather than being constructed

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The capabilities and limitation of visual processing

• Visual processing involves the transformation and interpretation of image

• Our expectation is an important factor in what will be interprated

• Eg. Ambiguous shapes, Muller-Lyer, Ponzo, text• Perception - the process of becoming aware of

objects • representation - appearance of things

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How do you interpret figure a and b?

a

b

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Reading

• Steps of reading:

1) visual pattern perceived

2) decoded to an internal representation

3) syntactic and semantic analysis• Eye, jerky movements (saccades), fixation (during

which perception occurs)• Adults read 250 word/minute• Words are recognize as quickly as a single character• Capitalizing words will effect speed and accuracy

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RED

BLACK

YELLOW

BLUE

RED

GREEN

YELLOW

BLACK

BLUE

BLACK

RED

YELLOW

GREEN

BLUE

GREEN

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WOPR

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SUWRG

WOPR

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ZYP

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WOPR

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PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria.

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Hearing

• The human ear- outer ear (protect and amplify) processing sound

– middle ear (vibration occurs and transmit to inner ear)

– inner ear (send impulses to the auditory nerves)• We can determine what and where• 20 Hz<Frequency < 15 kHz

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Others

• Touch - hot, cold, feeling of action such as picking up a glass, pressing the keys on the keyboard– Important means of feedback

• Movement = reaction time + movement time– movement time depends on the physical abilities

( age, fitness)– reaction time (speed of senses)

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Memory

• Sensory - iconic, echoic and haptic memory• Short-term -scratch-pad for temporary recall

– 35*6– examples number sequence, chunking, meaning

• Long-term - episodic memory (events)– semantic memory (facts, concepts and skills)– remember, forgetting and retrieval

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3 types of memory

Sensory store – holds information for a very brief period of time (a few tenth of a second)

Short-term memory store - holds limited information for a short period of time (a few seconds)

Permanent long-term memory store - holds information indefinitely

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examples

• 2653976208

• 071 242 6378

• HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET

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347 901 331 7347 89

134 790 133 1734 789

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Thinking

• Reasoning - deductive, inductive and abductive• Problem-Solving

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examples

• If the light is on then the day is getting darker• The light is on• Therefore….

• Some people are criminals• Some criminals are murderers

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Statement: If a card has a vowel in one side it has an even number on the other.

Which card will you need to pick up to test the statement?

4 E 7 K

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examples

There are 8 glasses of water in the kitchen. You need to carry them to the dinner table in the dining room.

How would you go about doing the above task?

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Learning

• Learning by doing, like driving a car• Computer systems - manual, steps written in such a

way that make user feel overloaded• users use prior knowledge to use a new system• Errors • Skill acquisition

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Errors• 2 types:

– Mistakes:occur through conscious deliberation

– Slips:done unintentionally

• A captured error -frequent activity to intended action

• description error - action on wrong object

• data-driven error - external data interruption of action

• associative-activation error - internal thoughts interruption of action

• loss of activation error -forgetting something in the middle of action

• mode error -being in a state without knowing it

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Skill acquisition

• Declarative - facts about the world• Procedural - how we do things• inability to absorb and put into action declarative

instruction will lead to problems in learning how to use a system

• offer few options so declarative knowledge small• later on can use more complicated systems

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Mental-models, knowledge

• Knowledge - analogical, propositional, distributed • network of general knowledge - the schemata• Mental-models - the model people have of

themselves, others, the environment and the things with which they interact

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Why mental-models are important?To design interfaces that match user’s mental models

>> not easy since actual mental model experiments are difficult to find

What is the difference between images and mental models?

Analogy of a movie, the frame and the short snippets of a movie

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Structural and Functional models

• Structural - describes how devices and systems works

• Functional- describes how to use devices and systems

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Metaphors

• What are metaphors?

Descriptions of an abstract concept in a familiar form• Verbal, Interface metaphors

eg. Describing using the save and find files system in a word processor

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Icons

Resemblance- a Exemplar- b Symbolic- c Arbitrary- d

a b c d

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Conceptual model• A model of how human understand things around

them.

Cognitive model• A representation of some aspect of the mind,

involving the acquisition of knowledge (understanding, remembering, reasoning, learning)

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Traditional cognitive framework in HCI• Incomplete -individual user performing various tasks at

the interface in an inadequate conceptual framework.

More practical view of the cognitive framework

• The design of real systems for real people to carry out real work activities in real organizational settings.

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2 approaches in cognitive psychology describing the activity of the brain

• Computational approaches – conceptualize the cognitive system in terms of goals, planning and action involve in task performance

• Connectionist approaches – simulate behaviour through using programming models

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Distributed cognition• A theory whose goal is to provide an explanation that

goes beyond the individual.

In distributed cognition“functional systems”is

The collection of actors Computer systems and technology The environmental setting

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Social and OrganizationalAspects

• Group commnunications:– face-to-face, multi-party conversations– computer-mediated multi-party communication

• constraints such as the images and sound that can be transmitted across the communication line

• appearance of users• Organization- paperles, automated office, electronic

cottage, global village