the hope of renaissance

8/8/2019 the hope of renaissance

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Tbk ujdkrstojdnje ia Jkojdkrtbol goj's hnjsbnp ti Bigi sopnkjs ns aujdogkjtol ti tbk cigprkbkjsnij ia bugoj kvilutnij os o wbilk.

Tbk Pklotnijsbnps `ktwkkj Jkojdkrtbol Goj ojd Bigi sopnkjs . M. K. UKCHLKP .

. ojd tbk spnrnt tbot dorkd oll bknebts ojd dkptbs gust, os Syjksnus soys, suaakr tbk dnvnjk pujnsbgkjt,

kjcbonjgkjt ij tbk richs ia tbk Coucosus.". Tbk orcbktypks ojd tbk cillkctnvk ujcijscnius. Corl Eustov Muje.

Ubi wiuld `k rosb kjiueb ti pripbksy ouebt

ia o rock wbisk kjtnrk post ns o rnddlk, wbisk

lntkroturk ns o qukstnij-gorh9

Eustov Horpklks

wbntks & skgntks8

njdnekjius kuripkojs

& tbk bipk ia

rkjonssojck

Jncidkgus sontb ujti bng,

Biw coj o goj `k ìrj wbkj bk ns ild9 coj bk kjtkr

tbk skcijd tngk njti bns gitbkr's wig`, ojd `k ìrj9

Mibj 3=4 HMQ

Ia iur lkekjds.

Ia iur lkekjds ns nt jit kvkj sond9 Nt ns sond.

Air ns nt jit hjiwj tbot Lkvojt ns tbk `nrtbplock ia Kuripo9

Kvkj [ripo. [ripo, olsi Lkvojt, ojd Tyrk9

N skk tbns jit os o vnck ùt os o vnrtuk. [jlkss wk ork prkporkd ti gohk sigk

ìld pripisols, tbk Jkojdkrtbol dkòtk wnll sngply ei ij nj kvkr-dkcrkosnje

cnrclks, lkodnje ti tbk njkvnto`lk cijclusnij.Jkw Gidkls ojd Gktopbirs air tbk Jkojdkrtbol Dkòtk

Voul Erovks

Ijk rkosij air tbk kvkjtuol "ojtn-Skgntnc" aicus ij Mkws

wos tbot gidkrj, ngpkrnol Kuripk wos ot lkost os i`sksskd wntb

nts iwj irnenjs os wntb dnsciursk ij tbk cilijnzkd Itbkr.

Tbk Gnssnje Hkywird= Pkodnje Ilkjdkr's Pkjoj

Mijotboj @iyornj


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Biw eildkj wos tbk oek ia tbk rkjonssojck

nj Mkwnsb bnstirnieropby9

Pi`krt @IJANL

Nj ojy cosk, tbk twi porollkl "Pkjonssojck" priductnijs wiuld `k studnkd cigporotnvkly nj tbk sogk tkrgs. Ij tbk

itbkr bojd, ijk gnebt oreuk tbot wbnlk o prkgidkrj Cbrnstnoj bnstirnieropby kxnstkd, nt dnd jit bovk nts ciujtkrport

ogije tbk Mkws. Nj tbns cosk, wbnlk tbk Cbrnstnoj "Pkjonssojck" priductnij sbiuld `k njtkrprktkd nj tkrgs ia cbojek,

tbk Mkwnsb priductnij sbiuld `k tbiuebt ia nj tkrgs ia kgkrekjck.

-

Dnd Bugojs ojd Jkojdkrtols @ottlk air Cijtril ia tbk Gnddlk Kost9

@kj Bordkr, Jotnijol Ekieropbnc Jkws, Gorcb 2, 0660

Tbk Jkojdkrtols, stichy ojd njtkllnekjt bugojinds, lnvkd nj Kuripk ojd Ukstkrj Osno air tbiusojds ia ykors `kairk

tbk anrst bugojs skttlkd nj tbk orko. Tbkj truk bugojs givkd njti tbk rkenij arig Oarnco.

Tbk jkw orrnvols skttlkd tbk lojd, ojd tbk rksndkjt Jkojdkrtols kvkjtuolly dnkd iut ir givkd ij os tbk bugojs

cijtnjukd ti sprkod iutword. @y 36,666 ykors oei, bugojs bod iccupnkd gist ia tbk Ild Uirld, ojd Jkojdkrtols

bod dnsoppkorkd arig tbk eli`k.

Kxoctly biw iwjkrsbnp ia tbk Gnddlk Kost wos rksilvkd `ktwkkj Jkojdkrtols ojd gidkrj bugojs - ojd wbktbkr nt

wos `liidy nj joturk - rkgonjs o gystkry. Ijk tbnje tbot's `kyijd diu`t, biwkvkr, ns tbot tbk Jkojdkrtols eovk tbknr

succkssirs o ruj air tbk lojd ia gnlh ojd bijky, occirdnje ti Iakr @or-îska, oj orcbokilienst ot Borvord

[jnvkrsnty.

wnhnpkdno

Tbk ?>>6 [S Ckjsus Vu`lnc [sk Gncridoto Sogplklnsts "Coucosnoj" ir "Oryoj" ojckstry rkspijsks os suèriups

ia "Ubntk"X1Wùt tbk 066; V[GS cidks di jit.X5WNj [.S. ckjsus dicugkjts, tbk dksnejotnij wbntkirCoucosnojgoy

ivkrlop wntb tbk tkrgBnspojnc,wbncb wos njtriduckd nj tbk ?>26 ckjsus os o cotkeiry ia ktbjncnty, skporotk ojd

njdkpkjdkjt iarock.X2WNj cosks wbkrk njdnvnduols di jit skla-ndkjtnay, tbk[.S. ckjsus porogktkrs air rockenvk kocb

jotnijol irnenj o rocnol voluk.

Tbk [.S. Dkportgkjt ia Mustnck Akdkrol @urkou ia Njvkstneotnij olsi cotkeirnzks "wbntk pkiplk" os "pkiplk bovnjeirnenjs nj ojy ia tbk irnenjol pkiplks iaKuripk,tbkGnddlk Kost,irJirtb Oarnco,tbriueb rocnol cotkeirnks uskd nj

tbk [CP Vrierog odiptkd arig tbk Stotnstncol Vilncy Bojdìih (?>52) ojd pu`lnsbkd `y tbk Iaanck ia Akdkrol

Stotnstncol Vilncy ojd Stojdords, [.S. Dkportgkjt ia Ciggkrck.X>W

Uby Ubntk Vkiplk Ork Collkd 'Coucosnoj9'

Jkll Nrvnj Vonjtkr

Ij anrst tbiuebt, tbk tbkgk ia cillkctnvk dkerodotnij wiuld skkg ti kxcludk wbntk pkiplk, jit ijly `kcousk wbntk

pkiplk ork jit jiw cijsndkrkd portnculorly dkerodkd - ot lkost, jit os o rock - ojd tbk tbkgks ia "slovkry, rksnstojck,

ojd oìlntnij" opply girk njtuntnvkly ti pkiplk ia Oarncoj rotbkr tboj Kuripkoj dksckjt. Kvkj ijk ia tbk clossnc

tkxts nj tbk bnstiry ia wbntkjkss, Tbk Njvkjtnij ia tbk Ubntk Pock, `y Tbkidirk U. Ollkj, ossicnotks slovkry ojdrock wntb `loch pkiplk. @ut os Ollkj rkolnzks, tbk aujctnij ia tbk ekjkrol cijckpt ia rock ns ti ksto`lnsb ojd gonjtonj

bnkrorcbncol ìujdornks nj bugoj toxijigy, kvkj wbkj tbk cotkeirnks ork jit "`loch" ojd "wbntk"8 Ollkj, tbkrkairk,

`kenjs tbk anrst vilugk ia bns study wntb tbk cosk ia tbk Nrnsb.

Siujd os nt ns, Ollkj's Nrnsb ipkjnje ns rklotnvkly rork nj rock studnks, wbncb usuolly anjekr `lochjkss cigpulsnvkly.

@lochjkss, biwkvkr, ns jit gy su`mkct bkrk8 wbntkjkss ns. N oddrkss tbk nssuk ia wbntk pkiplk os "Coucosnoj" os o

bkurnstnc= usuolly tbk qukstnij ns jit oshkd, `kcousk wbntkjkss bos jit `kkj pri`lkgotnzkd os tbiriuebly os

`lochjkss. Gy qukstnij ia wby wbntk pkiplk ork collkd "Coucosnoj" ojd nts ojswkr `klije ti tbk rklotnvkly jkw ankld
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-censushispanic-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-censushispanic-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-censushispanic-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-FBIpop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-FBIpop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-FBIpop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-FBIpop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-censushispanic-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6


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ia wbntkjkss studnks, o ankld jiwbkrk os dkvklipkd os Oarncoj-Ogkrncoj studnks, wntb nts sipbnstncotkd lntkroturk ij

rock, kjrncbkd `y tbk scbilors akoturkd nj tbns cijakrkjck.

Njcludnje tbk njvkjtnij ia "Coucosnoj" os tbk jogk ia wbntk pkiplk gohks eiid skjsk nj o cijakrkjck dkdncotkd ti

cillkctnvk dkerodotnij, air tbk stnll currkjt tkrg "Coucosnoj" cijjkcts dnrkctly ti cillkctnvk dkerodotnij, nj tbk airg

ia tbk ekjdkrkd, kostkrj slovk trodk, vno tbk jktwirh ia lkorjkd sicnktnks tbot si dkkply njalukjckd tbk bnstiry ia

scnkjck nj tbk knebtkkjtb ojd korly jnjktkkjtb ckjturnks. @kairk tbns kssoy turjs ti Ettnjekj nj ?5>; ojd Mibojj

Arnkdrncb @lugkjòcb (?510-?246), wbi ns hjiwj air bovnje njvkjtkd tbk ossicnotnij, lkt gk licotk tbk Coucosus

ojd nts pkiplks.

I`vniusly tbk jogk "Coucosnoj" cijjkcts ti tbk Coucosus, tbk 446,666 squork hnligktkrs ia lojd skporotnje tbk

@loch Sko ojd tbk Cospnoj Sko. Tbk twi rojeks ia tbk Coucosus Giujtonjs criss tbk rkenij rujjnje riuebly kost ti

wkst. Tbk jirtbkrj, Coucosus rojek airgs tbk joturol ìrdkr wntb Pussno8 tbk siutbkrj, lksskr Coucosus airgs tbk

joturol ìrdkr wntb Turhky ojd Nroj. Ojtbripiliensts clossnay tbk anaty Coucosnoj ktbjnc eriups njti tbrkk gonj

cotkeirnks= Coucosnoj, Njdi-Kuripkoj, ojd Oltonc. Ogije tbk Oltonc pkiplks ork tbk Holguch, wbig @lugkjòcb

ojd bns cillkoeuks cijsndkrkd oj kgìdngkjt ia uelnjkss. Cnrcossnoj pkiplks ojd Ekirenojs, aogkd air tbknr `kouty,

olsi aoll njti tbk cotkeiry ia Coucosnoj pkiplk. Hjiwj ti Ukstkrjkrs snjck prkbnstirnc tngks, tbns ekieropbncolly

ojd ktbjncolly cigplkx orko bos `kkj su`mkct ti jugkrius ivkrlirds ojd cijsndkro`lk cijausnij. Tbky bovk skjt

slovks njti Ukstkrj Kuripk ojd Osno Gnjir snjck `kairk tbk tngk ia Bkriditus.

Tbk Coucosus Tidoy "Coucosnoj" aujctnijs os o syjijyg air "wbntk," os nj tbns quitk arig o rkckjt

psycbiliencol popkr=Gidkrotnij ojolysns njdncotkd tbot oltbiueb tbkrk wos ji dnaakrkjck nj tbk strkss-cipnje-

dkprkssnij rklotnijsbnp `ktwkkj Lotnjis ojd Coucosnojs, tbk rklotnijsbnp ogije pkrcknvkd strkss, ojekr cipnje, ojd

dkprkssnij wos strijekr air akgolk tboj air golk odilksckjts.

Nj tbns rkprkskjtotnvk quitk, sicnol scnkjck kxprkssks tbk cijskqukjck rotbkr tboj tbk cousk ia tbk ossicnotnij ia

Coucosnoj wntb wbntk pkiplk. @ut wbot, kxoctly, ns tbk rklotnijsbnp `ktwkkj tbk Coucosus ojd "Coucosnojs"9 Tbk

pilntncol jkws ia iur doy iaakrs girk eundojck.

Tbk Coucosus oppkors tidoy os Cbkcbjyo. Nj tbk Pkpu`lnc ia Cbkcbjyo suppirtkrs ia njdkpkjdkjck arig Pussno ork

dronjnje tbk airck iut ia tbk Pussnoj Orgy nj tbk Coucosus ojd ìg`nje tbkotrks ojd oportgkjt ùnldnjes nj

Gisciw. Ohbgkd ]ohoykv, cbnka jkeitnotir air Cbkcbjyo's rk`kl eivkrjgkjt ns tbk Cbkcbkj gist rkckjtly nj tbk

jkws.


Jkll Nrvnj Vonjtkr

Ti mudek arig bns pbiti, ]ohoykv diks liih lnhk o "wbntk pkrsij" nj tbk currkjt gkojnje ia tbk tkrg. Lnhk gojy

Cbkcbkjs, bk goy `k Guslng. Na si, bns rklnenij (lnhk tbot ia tbk Turhs) wiuld cigplncotk bns wbntk ndkjtnty. @ut

rklnenij ns o tojekjtnol qukstnij, ngpirtojt ijly `kcousk Ekirenojs, wbi lnvk siutb ia Cbkcbjyo ojd ork sigktngks

olsi cijsndkrkd Coucosnojs, ork lorekly (ùt `y ji gkojs kjtnrkly) Cbrnstnoj. Os sygìlnc Cbrnstnojs, Ekirenojs

bovk `kkj girk rkodnly occkptkd os bijirory Kuripkojs tboj bovk Guslng Cbkcbkjs.

Tbk bnstiry ia tbk tkrg "Coucosnoj" pulls us iut ia iur iwj korly twkjty-anrst-ckjtury kpnstkgk, iut ia tbnjhnje

oìut rock nj tkrgs ia pkiplk ia Oarncoj dksckjt. Tbns twi-ckjturnks' ild bnstiry dkgojds twi rkirnkjtotnijs ia

Ogkrncoj tbiuebt= Ijk rkirnkjtotnij gust `k ekieropbncol, tbk skcijd, bnstirncol. Uk turj owoy arig tbk [jntkd

Stotks, wntb nts rocnol bnstiry riitkd nj tbk Otlojtnc slovk trodk ojd Oarncoj slovkry, ojd turj tiword ckjtrol Kuripk,

wntb nts prkiccupotnij wntb Pussno ojd slovkry nj ojd arig Pussno ojd nts kgpnrk. Nj tbk ossicnotnij ia wbntkjkss

wntb "Coucosnoj," Pussno ojd tbk Pussnoj ìrdkrlojds tohk tbk plock ia tbk tripncol rkenijs ia Oarnco, tbk Corn``koj

nslojds, ojd tbk [jntkd Stotks Siutb. Must os ijk sirt ia Irnkjtolnsg ottocbks ti Oarnco ojd tbk Ogkrncoj plojtotnij

lojds, si ojitbkr, Pussnoj, Irnkjtolnsg ottocbks ti tbk lojds arig wbkjck cogk wbntk slovks.

Ti ujdkrstojd "Coucosnoj," wk gust olsi ei òch ti tbk knebtkkjtb ojd korly jnjktkkjtb ckjturnks, `kairk tbk Uirld

Uors tbot ngpivkrnsbkd Kuripk tbriueb `liidsbkd ojd gnlntory spkjdnje ojd dnscrkdntkd ojtn-Skgntnsg tbriueb


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otricnty. Uk gust ei òch `kairk tbk kloìrotnij ia scnkjtnanc rocnsg ti tbk Kjlnebtkjgkjt's roek air clossnancotnij

ojd korly Pigojtncnsg's prkiccupotnij wntb girpbiliencol okstbktncs. Tbk knebtkkjtb ckjtury'sjktwirh ia lkorjkd

sicnktnks lnjhnje aor-aluje sovojts gust cigk òch njti vnkw, os gust viyoeks ia dnscivkry tbot rkvkolkd tbk

kxnstkjck ia pkiplks Kuripkojs bod jit hjiwj `kairk. Os "Coucosnoj" `kcogk tbk wird air wbntk pkiplk, scnkjtnanc

kloìrotnij dkpkjdkd upij gojy ia tbk sogk cijtnjekjcnks tbot njalukjck tbk trojsgnssnij ia hjiwlkdek tidoy=

njstntutnijol prkstnek, cijjkctnijs ogije sovojts ojd, nj turj, rncb ojd wkll-kducotkd pkiplk.

Bnstirncol kvkjts sbopkd tbk kloìrotnij ia hjiwlkdek oìut bugoj toxijigy ojd nts ottkjdojt bnkrorcbnks. Tbk

ujnvkrsol, keolntornoj ndkols ia tbk Arkjcb ojd Ogkrncoj Pkvilutnijs givkd scbilors ti sntuotk tbkgsklvks air ir

oeonjst rkvilutnijory pilntncol ndkols. Nj Ekrgojy scbilors pijdkrkd tbk gkojnje ia rock nj o wirld nj wbncb tbk

cijtrivkrsy ivkr tbk oìlntnij ia tbk Otlojtnc slovk trodk roekd. Tbk Otlojtnc slovk trodk ojd Oarncoj slovkry

rkgonjkd tbkirktncol nj Ekrgojy, rklkeotnje tbkg ti tbk òcheriujd ia tbns portnculor bnstiry. Jijktbklkss, tbk

pbkjigkjij ia slovkry ojd tbk vuljkro`nlnty ti wbncb nt kxpiskd wigkj wknebkd bkovnly nj tbns wbntk rocnol

jognje, must os slovkry stnll ciujts nj stkrkitypks ia `lochjkss.

O slovk trodk lnks ot tbk ckjtkr ia tbk bnstiry ia wbntk pkiplk os Coucosnojs= tbk oek-ild, kostkrj, wbntk slovk trodk

arig tbk Pussnoj ìrdkrlojds ti tbk kostkrj Gkdntkrrojkoj ojd tbk Gnddlk Kost. @kcousk tbk ncijieropby ia tbk

kostkrj slovk trodk akoturks wigkj, wigkj iccupy o girk ckjtrol plock nj tbk bnstiry ia "Coucosnoj" tboj nj tbk

ncijieropby ia tbk wkstkrj, Otlojtnc slovk trodk.

Tbk cijjkctnij `ktwkkj "Coucosnoj" ojd wbntk pkiplk lnks nj tbns vkry bnstiry. Tbk jogk "Coucosnoj" air wbntkpkiplk njcludks oj ipkj ekjkoliey, ijk irnenjotnje nj tbk wirh ia o pnijkkrnje sicnol scnkjtnst, Mibojj Arnkdrncb

@lugkjòcb. @kjkotb tbns bnstiry ia clossnancotnij ojd gkosurkgkjt, biwkvkr, lnks ojitbkr, bnddkj bnstiry ia `kouty

ojd bnkrorcby. @lugkjòcb's kg`rock ia `kouty lnjhs bns clossnancotnij, wbncb skrvks lorek ekieropbncol rocks ojd

Ogkrncoj rocnol `njornks, wntb tbk jnjktkkjtb-ckjtury dnvnsnij ia wbntk pkiplk njti `kttkr ojd lksskr `rkkds.

@lugkjòcb ìrriwkd tbk jogk "Coucosnoj" arig o rkoctnijory cillkoeuk wbi wos njtkrkstkd nj skttnje Ekrgojs

ojd Oryojs ot tbk tip ia tbk wbntk bkop.


Jkll Nrvnj Vonjtkr

Ubntk pkiplk ork collkd "Coucosnoj" `kcousk Mibojj Arnkdrncb @lugkjòcb (?5;0-?246), oj njalukjtnol Ekrgoj

scbilor nj oj up-ojd-cignje Ekrgoj ujnvkrsnty, cbisk tbk jogk ij ?? Oprnl ?5>; nj Ettnjekj, Liwkr Soxijy, nj

wbot wiuld `kcigk Ekrgojy. @lugkjòcb's ojd Ettnjekj's scbilorly prkstnek godk Coucosnoj o scnkjtnanc

clossnancotnij.?? Tbk tkrg Coucosnoj qunchly kjtkrkd scnkjtnanc dnsciursk, oppkornje anrst nj Kjelnsbnj oj ?265trojslotnij ia @lugkjòcb's Bojdùcb dkr vkrelkncbkjdkj Ojotignk (O Sbirt Systkg ia Cigporotnvk Ojotigy) `y

tbk njalukjtnol Kjelnsb surekij Unllnog Lowrkjck (?523-?215).

Nj tbk ?5>; tbnrd kdntnij ia Ij tbk Joturol Qornkty ia Gojhnjd, @lugkjòcb pkrakctkd tbk dkscrnptnijs ia bns anvk

vornktnks ia bugojhnjd ojd dkscrn`kd ijk ia bns rocks os Coucosnoj, tbk dksnejotnij air wbncb bk ns rkgkg`krkd.Jiw os gucb o Pigojtnc os oj Kjlnebtkjgkjt toxijignst, bk strksskd o rocnol bnkrorcby ia pbysncol `kouty.

Jijktbklkss, bk rkntkrotkd bns cijvnctnij tbot oll pkiplk `klijekd ti tbk sogk spkcnks, @ngojus, wntb ijly ijkvornkty, Bigi. Loynje iut tbk òsns air bns cijclusnijs, bk prkskjtkd anvk pkrakct kxogplks ia tbksk vornktnks.04

@lugkjòcb rkolnzkd tbot tbk nssuk ia tbk kxoct jug`kr ia bugoj rocks (ir vornktnks, os bk collkd tbkg) rkgonjkd

ipkj, ojd bk njvntkd bns rkodkr ti cijsndkr twklvk cigpktnje scbkgks ia bugoj toxijigy ojd cbiisk wbncb ia

tbkg bk lnhks `kst.

@lugkjòcb jkvkr kxplonjkd wby bk dnd jit coll wbntk pkiplk Ekirenoj. Ckrtonjly tbk lije-stojdnje Kuripkojaoscnjotnij wntb tbk voeukly hjiwj plock collkd os tbk Coucosus wos ildkr tboj @lugkjòcb.32 Nts vkry voeukjkss

priò`ly godk nt girk ottroctnvk tboj tbk girk prkcnskly licotkd Ekireno, wbisk jogk lochkd tbns Coucosus

gytbiliencol ojd sygìlnc cborg.

Ijck @lugkjòcb bod ksto`lnsbkd tbk supkrnirnty ia Coucosnojs, tbk tkrg aliotkd owoy arig nts ekieropbncol irnenj.

Octuol Coucosnojs--tbk pkiplk ia tbk Coucosus, lnvnje cbkkh ti miwl wntb tbk Turhs ojd tbk Skgntks ia tbk kostkrj

Gkdntkrrojkoj ojd tbk suppiskdly bndkius Holguchs--list tbknr skgnitnc stojdnje os ur-Kuripkojs. Oltbiueb rkol

Coucosnojs akll iaa tbk opkx ia tbk rocnol pyrognd, tbk ndko ia tbk Coucosnojs lnvkd ij, os dnd ntsclongs ia rocnol

supkrnirnty ojd `kouty.


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Jkll Nrvnj Vonjtkr

Ia iur lkekjds.

Ia iur lkekjds ns nt jit kvkj sond9 Nt ns sond.Air ns nt jit hjiwj tbot Lkvojt ns tbk `nrtbplock ia Kuripo9

Kvkj [ripo. [ripo, olsi Lkvojt, ojd Tyrk9



cnrclks, lkodnje ti tbk njkvnto`lk cijclusnij.

Jkw Gidkls ojd Gktopbirs air tbk Jkojdkrtbol Dkòtk

Voul Erovks



nts iwj irnenjs os wntb dnsciursk ij tbk cilijnzkd Itbkr.Tbk Gnssnje Hkywird= Pkodnje Ilkjdkr's Pkjoj

Mijotboj @iyornj

Unhnpkdno Mkwnsb Dnospiro.

Occirdnje ti Cisto kt ol., tbk aiur gomir Osbhkjozn gotkrjol lnjkoeks ojd gist ia tbk gnjir gotkrjol lnjkoeks bod o

prkbnstirnc Kuripkoj siurck, rotbkr tboj o Jkor Kostkrj ir Coucosnoj ijk. Occirdnje ti tbk study tbksk anjdnjes

'pinjt ti o snejnancojt rilk air tbk cijvkrsnij ia wigkj nj tbk airgotnij ia Osbhkjozn ciggujntnks 'X36W

O study `y Bo`kr kt ol. (06?3) jitkd tbot wbnlk prkvnius studnks ia tbk Lkvojt, wbncb bod aicuskd gonjly ij

dnospiro Mkwnsb pipulotnijs, sbiwkd tbot tbk "Mkws airg o dnstnjctnvk clustkr nj tbk Gnddlk Kost", tbksk studnks dnd

jit gohk clkor "wbktbkr tbk aoctirs drnvnje tbns structurk wiuld olsi njvilvk itbkr eriups nj tbk Lkvojt". Tbk

outbirs aiujd strije kvndkjck tbot gidkrj Lkvojt pipulotnijs dksckjd arig twi gomir opporkjt ojckstrolpipulotnijs. Ijk skt ia ekjktnc cboroctkrnstncs wbncb ns sborkd wntb gidkrj-doy Kuripkojs ojd Ckjtrol Osnojs ns

gist prignjkjt nj tbk Lkvojt ogijest "Lkòjksk, Orgkjnojs, Cyprnits, Druzk ojd Mkws, os wkll os Turhs, Nrojnojs

ojd Coucosnoj pipulotnijs". Tbk skcijd skt ia njbkrntkd ekjktnc cboroctkrnstncs ns sborkd wntb pipulotnijs nj itbkr

ports ia tbk Gnddlk Kost os wkll os sigk Oarncoj pipulotnijs. Lkvojt pipulotnijs nj tbns cotkeiry tidoy njcludk

"Volkstnjnojs, Mirdojnojs, Syrnojs, os wkll os Jirtb Oarncojs, Ktbnipnojs, Soudns, ojd @kdiunjs". Cijckrjnje tbns

skcijd cigpijkjt ia ojckstry, tbk outbirs rkgorh tbot wbnlk nt cirrklotks wntb "tbk pottkrj ia tbk Nslognc

kxpojsnij", ojd tbot "o prk-Nslognc kxpojsnij Lkvojt wos girk ekjktncolly sngnlor ti Kuripkojs tboj ti Gnddlk

Kostkrjkrs," tbky olsi soy tbot "nts prkskjck nj Lkòjksk Cbrnstnojs, Skpbordn ojd Osbhkjozn Mkws, Cyprnits ojd

Orgkjnojs gnebt sueekst tbot nts sprkod ti tbk Lkvojt ciuld olsi rkprkskjt oj korlnkr kvkjt". Tbk outbirs olsi aiujd

o strije cirrklotnij `ktwkkj rklnenij ojd opporkjt ojckstry nj tbk Lkvojt=

"oll Mkws (Skpbordn ojd Osbhkjozn) clustkr nj ijk `rojcb8 Druzk arig Giujt Lkòjij ojd Druzk arig Giujt

Corgkl ork dkpnctkd ij o prnvotk `rojcb8 ojd Lkòjksk Cbrnstnojs airg o prnvotk `rojcb wntb tbk Cbrnstnoj

pipulotnijs ia Orgkjno ojd Cyprus plocnje tbk Lkòjksk Guslngs os oj iutkr eriup. Tbk prkdignjojtly Guslngpipulotnijs ia Syrnojs, Volkstnjnojs ojd Mirdojnojs clustkr ij `rojcbks wntb itbkr Guslng pipulotnijs os dnstojt os

Giricci ojd ^kgkj."X3?W

Ojitbkr 06?3 study, godk `y Dirij G. @kbor ia tbk Pogòg Bkoltb Cork Cogpus nj Nsrokl ojd itbkrs, sueeksts

tbot= "Cugulotnvkly, iur ojolysks pinjt strijely ti ojckstry ia Osbhkjozn Mkws prngornly arig Kuripkoj ojd Gnddlk

Kostkrj pipulotnijs ojd jit arig pipulotnijs nj ir jkor tbk Coucosus rkenij. Tbk cig`njkd skt ia oppriocbks

sueeksts tbot tbk i`skrvotnijs ia Osbhkjozn prixngnty ti Kuripkoj ojd Gnddlk Kostkrj pipulotnijs nj pipulotnij

structurk ojolysks rkalkct octuol ekjktnc prixngnty ia Osbhkjozn Mkws ti pipulotnijs wntb prkdignjojtly Kuripkoj
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Costa-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Costa-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Costa-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Costa-30


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ojd Gnddlk Kostkrj ojckstry cigpijkjts, ojd loch ia vnsn`lk njtrierkssnij arig tbk rkenij ia tbk Hbozor Hboeojotk

- portnculorly ogije tbk jirtbkrj Qileo ojd Jirtb Coucosus pipulotnijs - njti tbk Osbhkjozn ciggujnty."X4?W.

Tbk yiuje Akrdnjojd dk Soussurk godk ji gnstohk nj wrntnje, nj ?252= "tbkrk ns ckrtonjly, ot tbk riit ia rkskorcb ij

tbk Oryojs, nj dkscrnptnijs ia tbns pkiplk ia tbk eildkj oek, rkvnskd ojd kg`kllnsbkd `y tbk ngoenjotnij, tbk olgist

cijscnius drkog ia oj ndkol bugojnty." Girk tboj o ckjtury oatkr tbk wrntnje ia tbns skjtkjck, sucb "rkskorcb"ailliws nts ujnjtkrruptkd ciursk. Ckrtonj Oryojipbnlks ia tidoy odd ti nt tbk dkjnol ia tbk kxnstkjck ia tbk eos

cbog`krs ojd tbk hnjd ia dkotb suaakrkd nj tbk Jozn kxtkrgnjotnij cogps.

Kuripk, ir Biw ti Kscopk @o`kl

Gournck Ilkjdkr





Voul Erovks





Mijotboj @iyornj

Osbhkjozn Mkws ork

Gnddlk Kostkrj & Kuripkoj by`rnds

Pozn` Hboj

Tbns popkr clornanks ojd puts njti sborpkr aicus wbot wk hjkw, ojd lkovks ipkj girk dktonls air auturk rkskorcb.

Tbksk doto wiuld ngply tbot nj aoct tbkrk wos o rklotnvkly strije skporotnij `ktwkkj tbksk eriups ojd tbk Mkws, ot

lkost wbkj nt cogk ti ekjk aliw njti tbk Mkwnsb eriup (itbkr doto arig Vilojd diks sbiw tbk kaakct ia Mkwnsb

ossngnlotnij njti tbk ekjtnlk gomirnty). Tbkrkairk, tbk odgnxturk goy bovk iccurrkd wntbnj tbk `iujds ia tbk airgkr

Pigoj Kgpnrk, durnje tbk Ngpkrnol ir korly pist-Ngpkrnol pkrnid.

Tbk clisk rklotnijsbnp ia Mkws ti Volkstnjnojs ns jit surprnsnje. Mkws ork rkputkdly o Lkvojtnjk pipulotnij `y irnenj,

ojd tbk bnstirncol ojd ekjktnc kvndkjck pinjts ti Oro`ncnzotnij nj tbk Lkvojt ojd Gksipitogno os bovnje iccurrkd

tbriueb occulturotnij, ojd jit pipulotnij rkplockgkjt. Gojy ia tbk Volkstnjnojs ork lnhkly ia irnenjol Mkwnsb ir

Sogorntoj irnenj, tbiueb N wiuld eukss tbot tbky wkrk lnhkly ot lkost jignjolly Cbrnstnojnzkd durnje tbk @yzojtnjk

pkrskcutnijs ia tbk 1tb ckjtury.

Unhnpkdno, Dkanjntnijs ia wbntkjkss nj tbk [jntkd Stotks

Oro` Nggnerojt ojd Ktbjnc Kjciujtkrs wntb Pock Clossnancotnij

Ubkj cigporkd wntb itbkr jij-Kuripkoj eriups, tbk kaakct ia rocnol clossnancotnij ij tbk lnvks ia Oro` Ogkrncojs

bos `kkj rklotnvkly gnjir, wntb tbk kxckptnij ia twi dnstnjct pkrnids nj tbknr nggnerojt bnstiry. Nj `itb pkrnids,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41


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nssuks ia rock `kcogk ngpirtojt `kcousk ia lorekr sicnol pilncnks tbot wkrk sbopnje vnkws ij gnjirnty eriups8 olsi

nj kocb pkrnid, tbk njtkrmkctnij ia rock nssuks cnrclkd oriujd tbk pripisntnij tbot Oro`s ork jit quntk wbntk.

Tbk Oro`s anrst ojd gist drogotnc kjciujtkr wntb clossnancotnij nj Ogkrnco ckjtkrkd oriujd tbk qukstnij iacntnzkjsbnp nj tbk pkrnid `kairk Uirld Uor N. Occirdnje ti jnjktkkjtb ckjtury nggnerotnij cotkeirnks, tbk anrst wovk

ia nggnerojts arig tbk Ittigoj privnjcks ia Syrno, Giujt Lkòjij ojd Volkstnjk wkrk clossnankd olije wntb itbkr

Ittigoj su`mkcts os irnenjotnje arig Turhky nj Osno.

@y tbk turj ia tbk ckjtury, rkairgs ia nggnerotnij rkeulotnijs tbot `keoj nj ?2>3 rksultkd nj jkw clossnancotnij air

tbk Oro`nc-spkohnje nggnerojts os Syrnojs oatkr ?2>>, oj odmustgkjt tbot Joaa spkculotks gnebt bovk `kkjnjtriduckd ti dkol wntb tbk jkkd ti dnaakrkjtnotk tbk njcrkosnjely dnvkrsk jotnijol eriups stnll orrnvnje wntb Turhnsb

posspirts. Jkvkrtbklkss, tbns jkw nggnerotnij cotkeiry dnd jit spork tbk Syrnojs tbknr scuaalk wntb joturolnzotnij

prickdurks tbot rkvkrtkd prkcnskly ti tbknr Osnotnc `nrtbplock.

Ubnlk tbk korly Syrnojs wkrk `y ji gkojs snjelkd iut `y tbk aicus ia turj ia tbk ckjtury jotnvnsg ojd xkjipbi`no lorekr eriups (Osnojs, siutbkrj ojd kostkrj Kuripkojs) wkrk aor girk cijckjtrotkd ojd cijspncuius - `y ?>6> tbky

dnd cijarijt o portnculor cbollkjek ti tbknr rnebt ti cntnzkjsbnp. Ailliwnje dnrkctnvks `y tbk @urkou ia Nggnerotnij

ojd Joturolnzotnij ti croch diwj ij tbk klnen`nlnty ti ckrtonj nggnerojts air joturolnzotnij (wbncb bod prkvniusly

`kkj vnrtuolly outigotnc), tbk ciurts `keoj ti qukstnij wbktbkr tbk Syrnojs `nrtbplock ojd rocnol oppkorojckquolnankd tbkg os wbntk ir, rotbkr, os Osnoj, ojd tbkrkairk njklnen`lk air cntnzkjsbnp. Nj skvkrol stotks, pktntnijs ia

Syrnoj-ìrj nggnerojts wkrk cbollkjekd ij tbk eriujds tbot bovnje `kkj ìrj nj tbk dignjnijs ia Turhky (Osno

Gnjir) ojd tbkrkairk ia qukstnijo`lk rocnol stich, tbk Syrnoj wos jit o wbntk pkrsij ir pkrsij ia Oarncoj dksckjt ir

`nrtb, os tbk ?256 stotutk rkqunrkd.

Oatkr tbk anrst cosk oppkorkd nj Ekireno nj ?>6>, lkodkrs ia tbk Syrnoj ciggujnty pritkstkd ti tbk rulnje `y

ireojnznje tbk Ossicnotnij air Syrnoj [jnty ojd skjdnje o dklkeotnij ti Uosbnjetij, D.C. ti oppkol. Tbknggnerojt lkodkrsbnp, wbncb njcludkd bnstirnoj Vbnlnp Bnttn prkskjtkd bnstirncol ojd ekjkoliencol kvndkjck ia tbk

Syrnoj Coucosnoj irnenjs. Sngnlor cosks `riuebt `kairk tbk cnrcunt ciurts nj Cnjcnjjotn ojd St. Liuns ottroctkd

kjiueb ottkjtnij air Tbk Jkw îrh Tngks kdntirnol poek ia Skptkg`kr 36, ?>6> ti ciggkjt Ns tbk Turh o Ubntk

Goj9 Nj o rkply, Lkòjksk-ìrj miurjolnst Solliug Gihorzkl pinjtkd ti tbk ckjtrol dnlkggo ia bns ciujtrygkj=

tbk gonj pinjt ot nssuk nj tbns qukstnij ns jit tbk proctnco`nlnty ia cijsndkrnje tbk Turh o wbntk goj, ùt tbkpissn`nlnty ia cijsndkrnje kvkry Turhnsb su`mkct o Turh, klngnjotnje nj tbns ekjkrol clossnancotnij oll dnstnjctnij ia

rock, lojeuoek ojd rklnenij.

Gihorzkls ciggkjts ujdkrscirk ojitbkr prkvolkjt jitnij ia tbk kro tbot trkotkd tbk cijckpt ia rock nj ntsojtbripiliencol dngkjsnij (Gijeilind, Coucosind ojd Jkerind) ùt olsi nj tbk ciggij usoek ti cijjitk jotnijol

irnenj. Nj ìtb cosks, bk oreuks, Syrnojs ork jit Osnotnc=

Ns nt jit o aoct tbot tbk pkiplks cijqukrkd `y tbk Turhs ia ild rktonj oj njdnsputo`lk clong ti tbknr rocnol dksckjt9 Nj

itbkr wirds, biw ciuld tbk Coucosnoj `liid ia tbk Erkkh, tbk Slov, tbk Orgkjnoj, tbk Oro` ojd tbk Syrnoj `k

cijtkstkd, snjck tbky wkrk tbk oìrnenjks ia tbk lojds wbkrk tbky jiw lnvk9

Tbk ?>6> cosk wos ivkrturjkd ij oppkol. @ut tbk Syrnojs aiujd tbkgsklvks couebt nj tbk gndst ia pilncnks tbot wkrk

`knje rkdkanjkd ojd lows `knje rknjtkrprktkd ti dkol wntb tbk joturolnzotnij ia eriups wbi wkrk cijsndkrkd rocnolly

ìrdkrlnjk. Oltbiueb tbk nggnerotnij cotkeirnks os ia ?2>> clossnankd Syrnojs ojd Volkstnjnojs os wbntk `y rock, tbk

ciurts stnll wkrk njtkrprktnje tbk ?256 lows opplnco`nlnty ti Oro`s, Orgkjnojs ojd itbkr wkstkrj Osnoj nggnerojts.

Tbk culturol ìujdornks skporotnjeUbntk Ogkrncojsarig itbkr rocnol ir ktbjnc cotkeirnks ork cijtkstkd ojd olwoys

cbojenje.Dovnd P. Pikdnekroreuks tbot tbk cijstructnij ia tbk wbntk rock nj tbk [jntkd Stotks wos oj kaairt ti

gkjtolly dnstojck slovkiwjkrs arig slovks.X?W@y tbk ?2tb ckjtury, wbntkbod `kcigk wkll ksto`lnsbkd os o rocnol

tkrg.

Tbk prickss ia iaancnolly `knje dkanjkd os wbntk`y low iatkj cogk oìut nj ciurt dnsputks ivkr pursunt

iacntnzkjsbnp.TbkJoturolnzotnij Oct ia ?5>6iaakrkdjoturolnzotnijijly ti "ojy olnkj, `knje o arkk wbntk pkrsij".

Nj ot lkost ;0 cosks, pkiplk dkjnkd tbk stotus ia wbntk `y nggnerotnij iaancnols sukd nj ciurt air stotus os wbntk

pkiplk. @y ?>03, ciurts bod vnjdncotkd o "ciggij-hjiwlkdek" stojdord, cijcludnje tbot "scnkjtnanc kvndkjck" wos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Roedigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Roedigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Roedigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-roediger-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-roediger-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-roediger-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-roediger-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Roedigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_American


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njcibkrkjt. Lkeol scbilor Mibj Tkbrojnoj oreuks tbot nj rkolnty tbns wos o "pkrairgojck-òskd" stojdord, rklotnje ti

rklnenius proctncks, culturk, kducotnij, njtkrgorrnoek ojd o ciggujnty's rilk nj tbk [jntkd Stotks .X0WTbk 0666 [.S.

ckjsus stotks tbotrocnol cotkeirnks"ekjkrolly rkalkct o sicnol dkanjntnij ia rock rkciejnzkd nj tbns ciujtry. Tbky di

jit cijairg ti ojy `niliencol, ojtbripiliencol ir ekjktnc crntkrno."X4WNt dkanjks "wbntk pkiplk" os "pkiplk bovnje

irnenjs nj ojy ia tbk irnenjol pkiplks iaKuripk,tbkGnddlk Kost,irJirtb Oarnco.X;W

Tbk ?>>6 [S Ckjsus Vu`lnc [sk Gncridoto Sogplk lnsts "Coucosnoj" ir "Oryoj" ojckstry rkspijsks os suèriups ia

"Ubntk"X1W

ùt tbk 066; V[GS cidks di jit.X5W

Nj [.S. ckjsus dicugkjts, tbk dksnejotnij wbntkirCoucosnojgoyivkrlop wntb tbk tkrgBnspojnc,wbncb wos njtriduckd nj tbk ?>26 ckjsus os o cotkeiry ia ktbjncnty, skporotk ojd

njdkpkjdkjt iarock.X2WNj cosks wbkrk njdnvnduols di jit skla-ndkjtnay, tbk[.S. ckjsus porogktkrs air rockenvk kocb

jotnijol irnenj o rocnol voluk.

Tbk [.S. Dkportgkjt ia Mustnck Akdkrol @urkou ia Njvkstneotnij olsi cotkeirnzks "wbntk pkiplk" os "pkiplk bovnje

irnenjs nj ojy ia tbk irnenjol pkiplks iaKuripk,tbkGnddlk Kost,irJirtb Oarnco,tbriueb rocnol cotkeirnks uskd nj

tbk [CP Vrierog odiptkd arig tbk Stotnstncol Vilncy Bojdìih (?>52) ojd pu`lnsbkd `y tbk Iaanck ia Akdkrol

Stotnstncol Vilncy ojd Stojdords, [.S. Dkportgkjt ia Ciggkrck.X>W

Qornius ktbjnc eriups jotnvk ti Kuripk wkrk jit cijsndkrkd wbntk ot sigk pinjt nj [.S. bnstiry. Ogije tbisk jit

cijsndkrkd wbntk wkrk tbkSlovs,Erkkhs,Ntolnojsojd itbkrGkdntkrrojkojpkiplks.X?6WTbns rkakrkjck dkanjks Ubntk

os o port ia tbk gomirnty ir kquol ujdkr tbk low, ojd usks tbk wird nj quitotnijs njdncotnje tbot nt ns jit njtkjdkd os

oj iaancnol tkrg.

Jit _untk Ubntk=

Pock Clossnancotnij ojd tbk Oro` Ogkrncoj Kxpkrnkjck

GidkrjDJOstudnks bovk privndkd kvndkjck tbot gist ia tbk wirld's Mkws, Volkstnjnojs, Syrnojs ojd Lkòjksk,

bovk o ciggij ojckstrol lnjkoek nj tbk Lkvojt, wbncb coj `k trockd ti o ciggij ojckstrol pipulotnij tbot njbo`ntkd

tbk Gnddlk Kost sigk aiur tbiusojd ykors oei. Gotkrjolly, ìtb Mkws ojd Sogorntojs bovk bod vkry liw rotks ia

njtkrgorrnoek wntb licol ir bist pipulotnijs.X31WX35W@itb pipulotnijs' DJO rksults njdncotk tbk eriups bovnje bod o

bneb pkrckjtoek ia gorrnoek wntbnj tbknr rkspkctnvk ciggujntnks8 nj cijtrost ti o liw pkrckjtoek ia njtkraontb

gorrnoeks (os liw os 6.;% pkr ekjkrotnij). Ijk study ijOsbhkjozn Mkwsstotkd "Tohkj os o wbilk, iur rksults,

olije wntb tbisk arig prkvnius studnks, suppirt tbk gidkl ia o Gnddlk Kostkrj irnenj ia tbk OM pipulotnij ailliwkd

`y su`skqukjt odgnxturk wntb bist Kuripkojs ir pipulotnijs girk sngnlor ti Kuripkojs. Iur doto aurtbkr ngply tbot

gidkrj Osbhkjozn Mkws ork pkrbops kvkj girk sngnlor wntb Kuripkojs tboj Gnddlk Kostkrjkrs."X32W

Nj 0661, o study`y Dirij @kbor ojd Horl Shirkchn ia tbk Tkcbjnij ojd Pogòj Gkdncol Ckjtkr nj Bonao, Nsrokl dkgijstrotkd tbot

46% ia Osbhkjozn Mkws, ìtb gkj ojd wigkj, `klije ti must 4 gotkrjol lnjkoeks, wbncb occirdnje ti Dirij, bovk o

Gnddlk Kostkrj siurck.X3>W

Occirdnje ti Boggkr, bns study sueeksts tbot tbk Osbhkjozn pipulotnij kxpojdkd tbriueb o skrnks ia ìttlkjkchs

kvkjts tbot squkkzk o pipulotnij diwj ti sgoll jug`krspkrbops os nt gnerotkd arig tbk Gnddlk Kost oatkr tbk

dkstructnij ia tbk Skcijd Tkgplk nj 56 OD ti Ntoly, rkocbnje tbk Pbnjk Qollky nj tbk ?6tb ckjtury. Dr. Dovnd

Eildstknj, o Duhk [jnvkrsnty ekjktncnst ojd dnrkctir ia tbk Duhk Ckjtkr air Bugoj Ekjigk Qornotnij, bos jitkd

tbot tbk Tkcbjnij ojd Pogòj tkog cijanrgkd tbot ekjktnc drnat ploykd o gomir rilk nj sbopnje Osbhkjozn

gnticbijdrnol DJO, tbkrkairk gtDJO studnks aonl ti drow o stotnstncolly snejnancojt lnjhoek `ktwkkj gidkrj Mkws

ojd Gnddlk Kostkrj pipulotnijs, biwkvkr, tbns dnaakrs arig tbk potrnlnjkol cosk, wbkrk Dr. Eildstknj sond tbkrk ns ji

qukstnij ia o Gnddlk Kostkrj irnenj.X05WOutisigol trojs-ekjigk DJO studnks corrnkd iut `y @kbor ojd ol cijanrgkd

tbk sborkd Gnddlk Kostkrj irnenj ia oll gomir Mkwnsb eriups. Occirdnje ti @kbor, tbksk anjdnjes ork "cijsnstkjt wntb

tbk bnstirncol airgulotnij ia tbk Mkwnsb pkiplk os dksckjdnje arig tbk ojcnkjtBk`rkwojdNsroklntkrksndkjts ia tbkLkvojt" ojd "tbk dnspkrsnij ia tbk pkiplk iaojcnkjt Nsrokltbriuebiut tbk Ild Uirld"X46W

O 06?3 study ia Osbhkjozn gnticbijdrnol DJO rkocbkd dnaakrkjt cijclusnijs. Occirdnje ti Cisto kt ol., tbk aiur

gomir Osbhkjozn gotkrjol lnjkoeks ojd gist ia tbk gnjir gotkrjol lnjkoeks bod o prkbnstirnc Kuripkoj siurck,

rotbkr tboj o Jkor Kostkrj ir Coucosnoj ijk. Occirdnje ti tbk study tbksk anjdnjes 'pinjt ti o snejnancojt rilk air tbk

cijvkrsnij ia wigkj nj tbk airgotnij ia Osbhkjozn ciggujntnks 'X36W

O study `y Bo`kr kt ol. (06?3) jitkd tbot wbnlk prkvnius studnks ia tbk Lkvojt, wbncb bod aicuskd gonjly ij

dnospiro Mkwnsb pipulotnijs, sbiwkd tbot tbk "Mkws airg o dnstnjctnvk clustkr nj tbk Gnddlk Kost", tbksk studnks dnd
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Wpop-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Wpop-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Wpop-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-censushispanic-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-censushispanic-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-censushispanic-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-FBIpop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-FBIpop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-FBIpop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-New_York_Times_Y_Chromosome-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-New_York_Times_Y_Chromosome-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-New_York_Times_Y_Chromosome-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Wade-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Wade-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Wade-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Costa-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Costa-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Costa-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Costa-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-Wade-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-New_York_Times_Y_Chromosome-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-New_York_Times_Y_Chromosome-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-FBIpop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-censushispanic-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Wpop-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2


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jit gohk clkor "wbktbkr tbk aoctirs drnvnje tbns structurk wiuld olsi njvilvk itbkr eriups nj tbk Lkvojt". Tbk

outbirs aiujd strije kvndkjck tbot gidkrj Lkvojt pipulotnijs dksckjd arig twi gomir opporkjt ojckstrol

pipulotnijs. Ijk skt ia ekjktnc cboroctkrnstncs wbncb ns sborkd wntb gidkrj-doy Kuripkojs ojd Ckjtrol Osnojs ns

gist prignjkjt nj tbk Lkvojt ogijest "Lkòjksk, Orgkjnojs, Cyprnits, Druzk ojd Mkws, os wkll os Turhs, Nrojnojs

ojd Coucosnoj pipulotnijs". Tbk skcijd skt ia njbkrntkd ekjktnc cboroctkrnstncs ns sborkd wntb pipulotnijs nj itbkr

ports ia tbk Gnddlk Kost os wkll os sigk Oarncoj pipulotnijs. Lkvojt pipulotnijs nj tbns cotkeiry tidoy njcludk

"Volkstnjnojs, Mirdojnojs, Syrnojs, os wkll os Jirtb Oarncojs, Ktbnipnojs, Soudns, ojd @kdiunjs". Cijckrjnje tbns

skcijd cigpijkjt ia ojckstry, tbk outbirs rkgorh tbot wbnlk nt cirrklotks wntb "tbk pottkrj ia tbk Nslognc

kxpojsnij", ojd tbot "o prk-Nslognc kxpojsnij Lkvojt wos girk ekjktncolly sngnlor ti Kuripkojs tboj ti Gnddlk

Kostkrjkrs," tbky olsi soy tbot "nts prkskjck nj Lkòjksk Cbrnstnojs, Skpbordn ojd Osbhkjozn Mkws, Cyprnits ojd

Orgkjnojs gnebt sueekst tbot nts sprkod ti tbk Lkvojt ciuld olsi rkprkskjt oj korlnkr kvkjt". Tbk outbirs olsi aiujd

o strije cirrklotnij `ktwkkj rklnenij ojd opporkjt ojckstry nj tbk Lkvojt= "oll Mkws (Skpbordn ojd Osbhkjozn)

clustkr nj ijk `rojcb8 Druzk arig Giujt Lkòjij ojd Druzk arig Giujt Corgkl ork dkpnctkd ij o prnvotk `rojcb8

ojd Lkòjksk Cbrnstnojs airg o prnvotk `rojcb wntb tbk Cbrnstnoj pipulotnijs ia Orgkjno ojd Cyprus plocnje tbk

Lkòjksk Guslngs os oj iutkr eriup. Tbk prkdignjojtly Guslng pipulotnijs ia Syrnojs, Volkstnjnojs ojd

Mirdojnojs clustkr ij `rojcbks wntb itbkr Guslng pipulotnijs os dnstojt os Giricci ojd ^kgkj."X3?W

Ojitbkr 06?3 study, godk `y Dirij G. @kbor ia tbk Pogòg Bkoltb Cork Cogpus nj Nsrokl ojd itbkrs, sueeksts

tbot= "Cugulotnvkly, iur ojolysks pinjt strijely ti ojckstry ia Osbhkjozn Mkws prngornly arig Kuripkoj ojd Gnddlk

Kostkrj pipulotnijs ojd jit arig pipulotnijs nj ir jkor tbk Coucosus rkenij. Tbk cig`njkd skt ia oppriocbks

sueeksts tbot tbk i`skrvotnijs ia Osbhkjozn prixngnty ti Kuripkoj ojd Gnddlk Kostkrj pipulotnijs nj pipulotnijstructurk ojolysks rkalkct octuol ekjktnc prixngnty ia Osbhkjozn Mkws ti pipulotnijs wntb prkdignjojtly Kuripkoj

ojd Gnddlk Kostkrj ojckstry cigpijkjts, ojd loch ia vnsn`lk njtrierkssnij arig tbk rkenij ia tbk Hbozor Hboeojotk

- portnculorly ogije tbk jirtbkrj Qileo ojd Jirtb Coucosus pipulotnijs - njti tbk Osbhkjozn ciggujnty."X4?W

Jkojdkrtbol ns jit bigi sopnkjs. Tbk gist rkckjt tksts arig Ntoly, @rntonj ojd @krhklky, CO., [SO, cijanrgtbns.GnticbijdrnolDJO tksts os wkll os,Juclkor DJOtksts oll sbiw tbk sogk rksults.DJOns cijanrgnje Eiicb's

by`rnd-irnenj tbkiry, wbncb bypitbksnzks tbot gidkrj bugojs irnenjotkd opprixngotkly 46,666 ykors @.V. os o

rksult ia njtkr`rkkdnje `ktwkkj ot lkost twi typks ia orcbonc bugoj spkcnks, air kxogplkCri-

GoejijojdJkojdkrtbol.





Voul Erovks





Mijotboj @iyornj

Osbhkjozn Mkws ork

Gnddlk Kostkrj & Kuripkoj by`rnds

Pozn` Hboj

Tbksk doto wiuld ngply tbot nj aoct tbkrk wos o rklotnvkly strije skporotnij `ktwkkj tbksk eriups ojd tbk Mkws, ot

lkost wbkj nt cogk ti ekjk aliw njti tbk Mkwnsb eriup (itbkr doto arig Vilojd diks sbiw tbk kaakct ia Mkwnsb
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNAhttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/21/science/21neanderthal.html?_r=1&oref=sloginhttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/21/science/21neanderthal.html?_r=1&oref=sloginhttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/21/science/21neanderthal.html?_r=1&oref=sloginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/21/science/21neanderthal.html?_r=1&oref=sloginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31


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ossngnlotnij njti tbk ekjtnlk gomirnty). Tbkrkairk, tbk odgnxturk goy bovk iccurrkd wntbnj tbk ìujds ia tbk airgkr

Pigoj Kgpnrk, durnje tbk Ngpkrnol ir korly pist-Ngpkrnol pkrnid.

4) Tbk clisk rklotnijsbnp ia Mkws ti Volkstnjnojs ns jit surprnsnje. Mkws ork rkputkdly o Lkvojtnjk pipulotnij `y

irnenj, ojd tbk bnstirncol ojd ekjktnc kvndkjck pinjts ti Oro`ncnzotnij nj tbk Lkvojt ojd Gksipitogno os bovnje

iccurrkd tbriueb occulturotnij, ojd jit pipulotnij rkplockgkjt. Gojy ia tbk Volkstnjnojs ork lnhkly ia irnenjol

Mkwnsb ir Sogorntoj irnenj, tbiueb N wiuld eukss tbot tbky wkrk lnhkly ot lkost jignjolly Cbrnstnojnzkd durnje tbk

@yzojtnjk pkrskcutnijs ia tbk 1tb ckjtury.

-

Tbk Mkws nj tbk Uirld ia tbk Pkjonssojck

Gisks O. Sbulvoss8 Klvnj N. Hisk

Pkvnkw `y= Mibj U. I'Gollky

Tbk klkgkjts ia dorhjkss ojd nrrotnijolnty, os tbky ork njtkrprktkd os jkkdnje ti oaakct iur vnkws ia Pkjonssojck

culturk, skkg ti `k ia twi sirts= anrst o prilijeotnij ia tbk o`krrotnijol ojd (arig o gidkrj pkrspkctnvk)

potbiliencol `kbovnir ojd tbnjhnje ia tbk bneb Gnddlk Oeks. Tbk Pkjons sojck crnsns skts nj tbkrk os korly os tbk

twklatb ckjtury occirdnje ti skvkrol ia tbk kssoys. Tbk skcijd, wbncb gnebt `k rkeordkd os ìtb ojtngkdnkvol ojd

ojtn-Pkjonssojck, ork tbk Pkairgotnijol tbkiliencol iutliihs strksskd `y itbkr cijtrnùtirs. Tbk Ntolnoj _uottrickjti

tkjds ti `k sndktrochkd ojd ovindkd os ia lngntkd durotnij ojd njalukjck, tbiueb Gortnjks' kssoy skkgs ti ujdkrcut

nts ekjkrolly ossugkd rotnijolnty ojd iptngnsg. Kxckpt air Lyjj Ubntk, tbk cijtrnùtirs priakss ti odgnrk tbkquolntnks trodntnijolly skkj nj tbk Pkjonssojck ùt anjd tbkg skvkrkly lngntkd. Oeonj, kxckpt air Ubntk, ìtb

bnstirncol ekjkrolnzotnijs ia o rkvnsnijnst joturk ork jit iaakrkd, pissn`ly `kcousk tbky ork owork ia tbk lngntkd

cboroctkr ia tbknr kvndkjck. Oltbiueb wrije nj sigk plocks ojd `y ji gkojs dkanjntnvk, tbns ns oj kxcntnje ìih

wbncb diks njdkkd pull tiektbkr o jug`kr ia tbk jkelkctkd "nrrotnijol" os pkcts ia tbns kpicb wbncb girk ojd girk

ekjkrolly bovk cigk ti cijckrj scbilors. Pkodkrs, biwkvkr, sbiuld rkeord nt wntb tbk sogk gidksty ojd bksntojcy

tbot tbk outbirs air tbk gist port primkct. Ckrtonjly tbk ild vnkw ia tbk Pkjonssojck os o "Vrk-Kjlnebtkjgkjt" ns

dynje. Ckrtonjly o jkw vnkw njtkerotnje gojy ospkcts ia tbk lotk Gnddlk Oeks, tbk Pkjonssojck, ojd tbk

Pkairgotnij ns kgkrenje.

Ubot Sbulvoss bos ottkgptkd ns o cigprkbkjsnvk trkotgkjt ia Mkwnsb njtkrksts ojd octnvntnks, kspkcnolly os tbksk

rklotk ti tbk lorekr sckjk ia Ntolnoj Pkjonssojck cnvnlnzotnij. Tbk jnjk "skctnijs" njti wbncb tbk ìih ns dnvndkd envk

o eiid njdncotnij ia tbk spkcnanc ospkcts ia Mkwnsb lnak wbncb kjeoekd tbk outbir's ottkjtnij= (?) tbk Mkwnsb

pipulotnij, (0) tbk ciggujnty, (3) kcijignc lnak, (4) aognly ojd sicnol lnak, (;) rklnenius lnak ojd girolnty, (1)

lntkroturk, (5) tbk anjk orts, (2) tbk wirld ia scnkjck, (>) tbk Pkjonssojck nj donly lnak. Tbk pncturk wbncb kgkreks ns

ijk ia o Mkwnsb ciggujnty njtkjt upij hkkp nje nts ndkjtnty ùt olsi aonrly wkll njtkerotkd njti ekjtnlk cijckrjs. Ijk

ia tbk outbir's tbksks ns tbot nj Pkjonssojck Ntoly tbk Mkws kjmiykd o tilkrotnij ojd o skjsk ia occkptojck tbot tbky

wiuld jit siij kjmiy oeonj. Tbk Ciujtkr Pkairgotnij, kspkcnolly ujdkr tbk ojtn-Mkwnsb njspnrotnij ia Vipk Voul NQ,

wiuld njntnotk o snejnancojtly dnaakrkjt otgispbkrk. [jtnl tbot tngk, biwkvkr, tbk Mkws nj Ntoly portncnpotkd nj tbk

culturk ojd ciggkrck ia tbk doy wntb olgist tbk sogk zkst os dnd tbknr ekjtnlk ciujtkrports. Tbns wos aruk dkspntk

ippisntnij wbncb ot tngks wos vinckd `y ìtb Syjoeieuk ojd Cburcb. Tbk ìih rkvkols tbk outbir's krudntnij ojd

bns cijtril ia tbk prngory ojd skcijdory lntkroturk wbncb dkols wntb tbk Mkws nj Pkjonssojck Ntoly. Jkkdlkss ti soy,

nt wiuld `k dksnro`lk ti njtkerotk studnks pu`lnsbkd snjck ?>;; njti tbns trojslotnij. Vkrbops o girk skrnius crntncnsg

ns tbot Sbulvoss' njtkrprktotnij ia tbk Pkjonssojck ntskla skkgs ti dkrnvk olgist kxclusnvkly arig Moci` @urchbordt.

Os `kst N coj tkll, tbk erkot Swnss bnstirnoj ns tbk ijly siurck ti wbncb Sbulvoss rkakrs wbkj bk trnks ti skt tbk Mkws

njti tbk cijtkxt ia Pkj onssojck culturk. Tbk ìih tbus ipkjs wntb tbk wirj mudegkjt tbot tbk Pkjonssojck `keoj

wbkj "pkiplk tnrkd ia tbk ùrdkjsigk lngntotnijs ngpiskd upij tbkg durnje tbk Gnddlk Oeks" (p. nx). Sbulvoss

occkpts, air njstojck, @urchbordt's borsb mudegkjt ij Pkjonssojck nggirolnty. Bk bostkjs ti odd, biwkvkr, tbot tbkNtolnoj Mkws wkrk cijsnstkjtly lkss dkekjkrotk tboj tbk ekjtnlks (pp. ?13, 06?, 304). Nj itbkr wirds, tbkrk ns o ckrtonj

iutdotkd ojd ujsipbnstncotkd quolnty wbncb gorhs sigk ia tbk ekjkrolnzotnijs oìut tbk pkrnid. Jijktbklkss, tbk

ìih tbriws cijsndkro`lk lnebt ij tbk lnak ojd oc tnvntnks ia oj ngpirtojt gnjirnty, ojd nt ns o voluo`lk ojd

njairgotnvk wirh ia Mkwnsb scbilorsbnp.

Mibj U. I'Gollky


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GISKS O. SB[LQOSS.

Tbk Mkws nj tbk Uirld ia tbk Pkjonssojck.

Tbns wirh wos anrst pu`lnsbkd nj Bk`rkw nj ?>;;. Tbk prkskjt Kjelnsb tntlk ns o gnsjigkr, snjck tbk ìih dkols ijly

wntb tbk Mkws ia Ntoly nj tbk pkrnid ?366-?166, ojd jit wntb tbk Mkws ia tbk ekjkrol Kuripkoj Pkjonssojck. Gisks

O. Sbulvoss' silnd study sbiws biw tbk Ntolnoj Mkwnsb ciggujnty dkvklipkd arig o rklotnvkly njdnekjius ijk

ckjtkrkd nj Pigk ti o gnxkd ijk, os rkauekks aliwkd nj arig Arojck, Ekrgojy, Sponj, ojd tbk Lkvojt. Eroduolly

tbrkk gomir ciggujntnks dkvklipkd= Ntolnoj, Osbhkjoznc, Skpbordnc. Licol sntuotnijs plus tbk vornotnijs nj tbk

trodntnijs ojd proctncks ia tbk eriups lkd ti dnaakrkjt hnjds ia ciggujntnks, wntb dnaakrkjt kcijignc octnvntnks,

Mkwnsb ireojnzotnijs, lnjeunstnc proctncks, ktc. Sbulvoss envks o dktonlkd ojd iatkj aoscnjotnje pncturk ia wbot Mkwnsb

lnak wos lnhk ot tbns tngk, wbot nts culturol ocbnkvkgkjts wkrk, ojd biw Mkws njtkroctkd wntb Ntolnoj sicnkty.

Ekjkrolly, tbns study aicusks ij tbk Mkwnsb ciggujntnks tbkgsklvks (Sbulvoss kstngotks tbk Mkw- nsb pipulotnij

oriujd ?1ii ot 3;,666) wntb vkry lnttlk kgpbosns ij tbk kaakct iaMudonsg ij tbk jij-Mkwnsb wirld oriujd nt ojd ij

tbk kgkrenje arkk Mkwnsb wirld nj tbk Jktbkrlojds. Sbulvoss jitks tbk ngpoct ia tbk Pkjonssojck ij tbk trodntnijol

rklnenius ciggujntnks ojd sbiws biw tbksk ciggujntnks gojoekd ti rktonj tbknr irtbidixy dkspntk tbk

njalukjcks ia tbk Pkjonssojck. Ubot bos `kcigk girk njtkrkstnje air njtkllkctuol bnstirnojs ia tbk pkrnid-tbk

njalukjck ia Mkwnsb, ojd tbk airgkrly Mkwnsb wrntkrs ojd tbnjhkrs ij tbk ekjkrol Pkjonssojck ojd Pkairgotnij

currkjts-ns bordly trkotkd. Bk diks jit gkjtnij Mkwnsb Ovkrrinsg. Jir diks bk kxognjk tbk rilks ia tbk Mkwnsb

bugojnsts oriujd Vnci ojd Ancnji ir ia O`robog dk @olgks nj rktrojslotnje Oro`nc tbiuebt. Iaa-`kot Mkwnsb

givkgkjts, sucb os tbot lkd `y Dovnd Pku`kjn ork lnhkwnsk kxcludkd, os ork tbk rilks ia vornius Mkwnsb wrntkrs lnhk

Lkijk K`rki ojd bns aotbkr, Dij Nsooc Oòròjkl, plus sigk ia tbk cijvkrts, ij Gkssnojnc ojd Gnllkjo- rnojgivkgkjts ia tbk tngk. Anjolly, tbk pilkgncol wrntnjes ia sigk ia tbk Gorrojis, lnhk Klnmob Gijtolti, tbot wkrk ti

`k si ngpirtojt air Ogstkrdog Mkwry (wbisk cbnka ro``n, Soul Lkvn Girtknro, cogk arig Ntoly) ork jit dnscusskd.

Tbk outbir's study dkols prngornly, ojd olgist kxclusnvkly, wntb jirgotnvk Mudonsg ojd biw nt prkskrvkd ntskla nj tbk

Ntolnoj cijtkxt. Os sucb, tbk wirh ns rncb nj dktonl. Tbisk njtkrkstkd nj biw Mudonsg ojd bktkridix Mkwnsb tbnjhkrs

oaakctkd tbk wndkr wirld ojd cijtrnùtkd ti ospkcts ia tbk Ntolnoj Pkjonssojck, biwkvkr, wnll bovk ti liih klskwbkrk.

PNCBNOPD B. VIVHNJ Uosbnjetij [jnvkrsnty

Tbk Mkws nj tbk Uirld ia tbk Pkjonssojck `y Gisks O. Sbulvoss8 Klvnj N. Hisk

Pncbord B. Viphnj, Tbk Ogkrncoj Bnstirncol Pkvnkw

Gisks O. Sbulvoss' silnd study sbiws biw tbk Ntolnoj Mkwnsb ciggujnty dkvklipkd arig o rklotnvkly njdnekjius

ijk ckjtkrkd nj Pigk ti o gnxkd ijk, os rkauekks aliwkd nj arig Arojck, Ekrgojy, Sponj, ojd tbk Lkvojt.

Eroduolly tbrkk gomir ciggujntnks dkvklipkd= Ntolnoj, Osbhkjoznc, Skpbordnc. Licol sntuotnijs plus tbk vornotnijs

nj tbk trodntnijs ojd proctncks ia tbk eriups lkd ti dnaakrkjt hnjds ia ciggujntnks, wntb dnaakrkjt kcijignc

octnvntnks, Mkwnsb ireojnzotnijs, lnjeunstnc proctncks, ktc. Sbulvoss envks o dktonlkd ojd iatkj aoscnjotnje pncturk ia

wbot Mkwnsb lnak wos lnhk ot tbns tngk, wbot nts culturol ocbnkvkgkjts wkrk, ojd biw Mkws njtkroctkd wntb Ntolnoj

sicnkty. Ekjkrolly, tbns study aicusks ij tbk Mkwnsb ciggujntnks tbkgsklvks (Sbulvoss kstngotks tbk Mkw- nsb

pipulotnij oriujd ?1ii ot 3;,666) wntb vkry lnttlk kgpbosns ij tbk kaakct iaMudonsg ij tbk jij-Mkwnsb wirld oriujd

nt ojd ij tbk kgkrenje arkk Mkwnsb wirld nj tbk Jktbkrlojds. Sbulvoss jitks tbk ngpoct ia tbk Pkjonssojck ij tbk

trodntnijol rklnenius ciggujntnks ojd sbiws biw tbksk ciggujntnks gojoekd ti rktonj tbknr irtbidixy dkspntk

tbk njalukjcks ia tbk Pkjonssojck. Ubot bos `kcigk girk njtkrkstnje air njtkllkctuol bnstirnojs ia tbk pkrnid-tbk

njalukjck ia Mkwnsb, ojd tbk airgkrly Mkwnsb wrntkrs ojd tbnjhkrs ij tbk ekjkrol Pkjonssojck ojd Pkairgotnij

currkjts-ns bordly trkotkd.

Tbk hjiwlkdek ia ojtnqunty

ogije tbk ntolnoj Mkws ia tbk Pkjonssojck

GISKS O. SB[LQOSS.

Moci` @urchbordt, tbk erkotkst bnstirnoj ia tbk Ntolnoj Pkjonssojck gonjtonjs tbot tbk rkdnscivkry ia tbk wirld ojd

goj tiektbkr wntb tbk rkpriductnij ia tbk clossncol wirld, airg tbk prnjcnpol cijtkjts ia tbk culturk ia tbk

Pkjonssojck. N bod iccosnij klskwbkrk' ti spkoh ia tbk Mkws' njclnjotnij tiwords tbk culturk ia tbk Pkjonssojck nj


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ekjkrol. Tbns nj-clnjotnij `kcigks i`vnius os siij os ijk kxognjks tbk ottntudk ia tbk Mkws ti tbk vornius spbkrks ia

tbns culturk. Ijk coj olsi anjd nj tbk siurcks priia ia tbk njtkrkst ia tbk Mkws nj tbk ojcnkjt Erkkh-Pigoj wirld.

Tbns njtkrkst go-jnakstkd ntskla nj twi woys= Nt aiujd nts kxprkssnij nj o pis-ntnvk ottntudk ti tbk culturol trodntnij ia

tbk ojcnkjt wirld, ojd nj oj kaairt ti ocqunrk tbk pkrckptnij ia tbns wirld. Tbiueb tbk Ntolnoj Mkws gonjtonjkd quntk

o dkanjntkly crntncol ottntudk tiwords tbk rklnenius trodntnij ia Cbrnstnojnty, tbky dnsploykd o prijiujckd njtkrkst nj tbk

gytbiliencol trodntnij ia tbk prk-Cbrnstnoj wirld. Tbns coj `k jitnckd nj tbknr kjdkovir ti ocqunrk tbk hjiwlkdek ia

ìtb clossncol lojeuoeks, Lotnj ojd Erkkh, ojd ti gostkr pripkrly tbk Erkkh ojd Lotnj lnt -kroturk, tbk Bnstiry ia

Ojtnqunty, nts rklnenij, gytbiliey ojd sicnol gidk ia lnak. Tbk kvndkjt njtkrkst nj tbk ojcnkjt wirld ojd nts culturk ns

vkrnankd `y gojy priias arig tbk Bk`rkw Lntkroturk ia tbk pkrnid ia tbk Pkjonssojck. Tbk aogius wirh ia O`robog

Virtolkijk nt aurjnsbks us wntb sucb dktonlkd dkscrnptnijs ia tbk ojcnkjt wirld, tbot tbky ynkld o rotbkr clkor pnc-turk

ia nt ojd nts woy ia lnak. @ksndks, ijk gust jit airekt tbot tbns wirh -os tbk outbir ossurks us0 - ns oj oct ia pkjojck,

ojd nt ongs ti njtkrrupt tbk scnkjtnanc octnvnty ia tbk wrntkr nj tbk skculor ankld.

Tbk oìvk gkjtnijkd aocts cijanrg tbk ngprkssnij wk ekt wbkjkvkr wk plujek njti tbk siurcks ia tbns kpicb= Tbk

njclnjo-tnij tiwords tbk Pkjonssojck ojd tbk vornius `rojcbks ia nts culturk ns girk tboj njcndkjtol. Nt wos aiujdkd

ij o ekjunjk njtkrkst ojd ij rkol kaairts octuolly ti ocqunrk tbns culturk. @ut tbk Mkws dnd jit ekt titolly o`sir`kd nj

tbk pursunts ia tbk Pkjonssojck, os dnd ckrtonj ports ia tbk Cbrnstnoj pipulotnij. Tbk Mkws rkgonjkd anrgly ij tbk

eriujd ia Mudonsg, ojd tbky ijly odiptkd tbk culturk ia tbk Pkjonssojck nj o "gidkrotk" airg.31 O`robog

Virtolkijk trnkd ti aurtbkr tbk hjiwlkdek ia tbk ojcnkjt cnvnlnzotnij ogije tbk scbilors tbriueb bns wrntnjes, wbnlk

Ekdolnob dnd tbk sogk air tbk sngplk goj nj bns Sbolsbklkt. Tbk scbilor ojd tbk sngplk goj ojswkrkd tbns cbollkjek

nj o pisntnvk woy, ojd iut ia tbknr hjiwlkdek ia Ojtnqunty tbky cijtrnùtkd ti tbk dignjotnij wbncb tbk Pkjonssojckbkld ivkr tbk lnak ia tbk Ntolnoj Mkws.

Tbk Mkwnsb pipulotnij nj rkjonssojck Ntoly

Gisks O. SB[LQOSS. Pkjonssojck Ntoly (?366-?166).

Stotnstncs ij tbk Mkwnsb pipulotnij nj ojy pkrnid usuolly prkskjt o dnaancult pri`lkg air bnstirnojs. Tbk doto ovonlo`lk

air colculotnje tbk snzk ia o pipulotnij nj o dnstojt pkrnid ork portnculorly cigplncotkd wbkj tbky rkakr ti o

pkrskcutkd gnjirnty, wbncb ns jit tbk gostkr ia nts iwj aotk. Os aor os tbk njvkstneotnij ia stotnstncs ij tbk Mkws iaNtoly ns cijckrjkd, tbkrk ork nj aoct aurtbkr dnaancultnks ti `k ivkrcigk. [jtnl tbk lost quortkr ia tbk jnjktkkjtb ckjtury

Ntoly cigprnskd o gultnplncnty ia stotks, lorek ojd sgoll, Tbk trkotgkjt ia tbk Mkws vornkd wndkly8 wbnlk tbisk nj ijk

orko kjmiykd o gkosurk ia arkkdig tbknr cijtkgpirornks nj ojitbkr suaakrkd ipprkssnij. Nt ns, tbkrkairk, jkckssory ti

kxognjk tbk doto `kornje ij tbk njdnvnduol rkpu`lncs, ducbnks ojd tiwjs.

Nt wos durnje tbksk ckjturnks tbot skporotk eriupnjes dkvklipkd wntbnj tbk Mkwnsb pipulotnij. Ij tbk tbrksbild ia

tbns oek `keoj tbk goss nggnero-tniNj arig Ekrgojy, ojd twi bujdrkd ykors lotkr cogk tbk rkauekks arig Sponj

ojnd Virtueol. Eriups arig tbk sogk ciujtrnks cijtnjukd ti orrnvk durnje tbk snxtkkjtb ckjtury, tbk kjd ia wbncb

sow tbk nggnerotnij ia tbk Lkvojtnjk Mkws, portnculorly ti tbk ngpirtojt ckjtkr ot Lkebirj.

O sngnlor curvk goy `k pkrcknvkd nj tbk cosk ia tbk Spojnsb Mkws wbi nj ?4>0 wkjt ti Virtueol, wbncb prkskjtly

dkcrkkd tbknr aircn`lk cijvkrsnij. Tbriueb-iut tbk kjtnrk snxtkkjtb ckjtury tbkrk wos o stkody strkog ia gorroji

aognlnks, orrnvnje snjely ir nj eriups arig tbk N`krnoj pkjnjsulo, wbi tbrkw iaa tbk clioh ia Cbrnstnojntyn j Ntoly. Nj

?;?3 tbkrk cogk arig Sncnly olijk 466 gorrojis, port ia tbk pipulotnijw bncb bod jit alkd nj ?4>0. Sngnlorly, Mkws

arig Arojck cijtnjukd ti gnerotk ti Ntoly air ykors oatkr tbk gonj eriup ia nggnerojts oppkorkd. Tbk portnol

kxpulsnij arig Vrivkjck nj ?4>? `riuebt nggnerojts os aor siutb os Volkrgi (Sncnly).04 O cosk ia o Vrivkjcol Mkw,

skttlkd nj Gojtuo, iccurs os lotk os ?;11.

Nj tbk siurcks air iur pkrnid, njdnvnduols bonlnje arig oll ports ia tbk Gkdntkrrojkoj wirld (Cirau, Tujns, Poeuso,

Trnpiln, @olkornc Nslks) ork gkjtnijkd, njdncotnje o sgoll ùt stkody nggnerotnij nj oddntnij ti tbk ngpirtojt wovks

dnscusskd oìvk. Nj tbk gnddlk ia tbk snxtkkjtb ckjtury, tbk Lkvojtnjk skctir ia tbk Mkwnsb pipulotnij, cijsnstnje ia

nggnerojts arig Volkstnjk ojd itbkr ports ia tbk Jkor Kost, `keoj ti ocbnkvk prignjkjck, ojd nj tbk ailliwnje

ckjtury tbns jkw klkgkjt ossugkd cijsndkro`lk ngpirtojck. Nj Qkjnck, tbk Lkvojtnjks ottonjkd tbknr prignjkjck os

korly os tbk anrst bola ia tbk snxtkkjtb ckjtury. Nj lotkr ykors tbknr prierkss hkpt pock wntb tbk strkjo tbkjnjìa tbk

cijjkctnij `ktwkkj Ntoly ojd Volkstnjk,' culgnjotnje 6` 6nj tbk lkodnje rilk ia tbk Lkvojtnjks nj tbk dkvklipgkjt ia

Lkeibirj, tbk yiujekst ia tbk lkodnje Mkwnsb ckjtkrs.' Sigk njcrkosk nj pipulotnij olsi rksultkd arig tbk rojsignje


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ia Mkwnsb coptnvks `riuebt ti Ntoly. Tbns octnvnty airgs ijk ia tbk `rnebtkst cboptkrs nj tbk sicnol lnak ia Ntolnoj

Mkwry, ojd nt wiuld rkqunrk oj kxtkjsnvk cillkctnij ia gotkrnol ti sbiwv nts aull scipk. Bkrk wk coj ijly tohk njti

occiujt tbk aoct tbot ivkr tbk ckjturnks tbk ln`krotkd coptnvks titollkd girk tboj o jkelnen`lk oddntnij ti tbk

pipulotnij. O akw kxogplks goy `k cntkd. Nj ?;6> oll ia tbk Mkws copturkd `y tbk Spojnords nj Trnpiln wkrk

trojspirtkd ti Joplks. Ji diu`t gojy ia tbkg succug`kd ti borsb trkotgkjt, ùt tbk survnvirs rkgonjkd nj Ntoly.

Ubkj Cborlks Q ottochkd Tujns nj ?;3;, Mkwnsb coptnvks wkrk `riuebt ti Ekjio ojd Joplks, wbkrk ?;6 wkrk

rojsigkd.6 Ubkj Ojdrko Dirno tiih tbk Erkkh tiwjs ia Gidij, Cirij ojd Votros nj ?;33, port ia bns gojy

coptnvks wkrk olsi rojsigkd nj Ntoly."' Tbk aoctirs wbncb aovirkd tbk upword pipulotnij trkjd wkrk kjtnrkly

ciujtkròlojckd `y vornius cijtrory aoctirs. Ti `kenj wntb, tbk kxidus arig tbk Hnjedig ia Joplks, wbncb

cijtnjukd air sigk dkcodks, gust bovk rkduckd tbk jug`kr ia Mkws, kvkj tbiueb sigk ia tbk rkauekks eroduolly

aiujd o bovkj klskwbkrk nj Ntoly. Oport arig sucb cosks, Mkws iatkj kgnerotkd arig spkcnanc licolntnks, wbkj tbk

sntuotnij godk nt jkcks-sory. Tbus, nj ?;6>, wbkj tbk wor ia tbk Lkoeuk ia Cog`ron struch tbk lorek Osbhkjoznc

ckjtkr, gojy ia tbk Mkws njdkkd wkjt ti Gojtuo ojd Akrroro, "ùt gojy wkjt ti Ekrgojy ti liih air o pkockaul

plock."34 Oeonj, ujdkr tbk ngpoct ia tbk bistnlk pilncv ia Vipk Vnus NQ, ojitbkr rkductnij iccurrkd ojd "tbk piir

ailh sonlkd owoy nj sbnps air Turhky."3; Oddkd ti tbns wos tbk gnerotnij ti Volkstnjk, wbncb risk ti o bneb lkvkl

ujdkr tbk strkss ia tbk pkrskcutnij nj tbk Vopol Stotks.31 Nj cijsndkrnje tbk kaakct ia cijvkrsnijs ti Cbrnstnojnty, wk

gust joturolly dnstnjeunsb njdnvnduol cosks ojd lorek eriups. Tbk liw rotk ia njdnvnduols airsohnje Mudonsg ns

ottkstkd `y tbk lorek ciggujnty ia Akrroro, wbkrk cijvkrsnij clongkd ji girk tboj >4 pkrsijs nj o skvkjty ykor

pkrnid (?;3?-?166) .

NNN Tbk njalux ia Mkws arig itbkr ciujtrnks cbojekd tbk cigpisntnij ia tbk pipulotnij, wbncb bod `kkj culturollybigiekjkius nj tbk prkckdnje pkrnid. Sgoll os tbk pipulotnij wos, vornius eriups jiw lnvkd sndk `y sndk, Ntolnoj,

Ekrgoj, Spojnsb, Arkjcb ojd Lkvojtnjk, tiektbkr wntb o sprnjhlnje arig tbk Erkkh nslojds ojd jirtb Oarnco. Tbk

tbrkk eriups wbncb skt tbk tijk ia ciggujol lnak wkrk tbk Ntolnoj, tbk Ekrgoj ojd Spojnsb Mkws. Tbk Lkvojtnjks

`keoj ti ploy o prignjkjt rilk ijly ot tbk clisk ia tbk Pkjons-sojck, wbnlk tbk Arkjcb eriup list nts ndkjtnty ojd lkat

ijly sigk aognlnks wntb o voeuk gkgiry ia tbknr irnenj. Tbk njalux arigEkrgojy `riuebt nggnerojts ti Arnuln

ojd lotkr ti Nstrno8 kxpojdnje kostword, tbns eriup rk-ksto`lnsbkd o Mkwnsb pipulotnij nj Dolgotno, tbkj o Qkjktnoj

cilijy. Cijcurrkjtly tbkrk orisk ciggujntnks ij Qkjktnoj tkrrntiry, cliskr ti tbk copntol, ojd os aor wkst os @rkscno

ojd Crkgijo. Tbk Ekrgoj Mkws cogk njti cijtoct wntb tbk ksto`lnsbkd Mkwnsb eriups ti tbk siutbwkst ia Qkjnck, nj

tbk Vi Qollky. Nt wos jit lije `kairk tbk jkwcigkrs njcrkoskd ti tbk pinjt ia puttnje oj Osbhkjoznc stogp ij tbk

Mkwnsb sckjk ot Voduo, o cbojek aocnlntotkd `y tbk tkgpirory suspkjsnij ia tbk lioj-òjhs ojd tbk dkporturk ia tbk

Ntolnoj-Mkwnsb rksndkjts.

-

Tbk Mkwnsb pipulotnij nj rkjonssojck Ntoly

GISKS O. SB[LQOSS. Pkjonssojck Ntoly (?366-?166)

Tbk njalux ia jij-Osbhkjoznc Mkws njti Qkjnck, ottroctkd `y tbk cnty's kcijignc ippirtujntnks ojd tbk ln`krol

rkengk, cinjcndks wntb tbk alnebt ia sucb Mkws arig jkor`y Voduo, wbncb wos gkjtnijkd oìvk. Tbk gomirnty stotus

ia tbk Ekrgoj Mkws dkclnjkd ujtnl tbk Spojnsb ojd Lkvojtnjk Mkws tiektbkr eonjkd o gomirntv nj tbk cinjgujol

kxkcutnvk ciggnttkk, o trkjd wbncb cijtnjukd nj tbk sogk dnrkctnij tbkrkoatkr.1' Tbk dkvklipgkjt ia tbk Spojnsb

Mkws' prkpijdkrojck nj Akrroro ns kspkcnolly jitkwirtby. Oriujd ?;66 tbns wos ijk ia tbk gist ngpirtojt cntnks nj

Ntoly, wntb o titol pipulotnij ia clisk ti ?66,666 (os cigporkd wntb 36,666 ot prkskjt), ojd tbk copntol ia o ducby,

wbncb ploykd o prignjkjt rilk nj tbk pilntncs ia tbot doy. Si erkot wos tbk njalux ia Mkws arig Sponj tbot tbk cnty's

lngnts bod ti `k kjlorekd nj irdkr ti occiggidotk tbkg. Tbk jug`kr erkw ailliwnje tbk alnebt ia gorrojis arig

Virtueol, wbkrk tbk Njqunsntnij wos ksto`lnsbkd nj ?;3?. Miskpb Bohibkj rklotks tbot "gist ia tbkg rkturjkd ti tbk

Lird, Eid ia iur aotbkrs, wbi bod gkrcy ij tbkg, ojd tbky wirsbnppkd tbk Lird, Eid ia Nsrokl, ojd Krcilk, Duhk iaAkrroro, pkrgnttkd tbkg ti dwkll nj bns lojd . ".... f

Tbkrk wkrk itbkr plocks os wkll nj wbncb tbk Mkwnsb pipulotnij njcludkd "'culturol nslojds" nj oddntnij ti tbk

prkdignjojt eriup. @ut tbk trnportntk cijckjtrotnij ia tbk gomir cotkeirnks, wvbncb wos njdncotkd oìvk, rkgonjkd

ujtnl tbk lost dkcodks ia Pkjonssojck pkrnid, wbkj tbk Spojnsb Mkws list tbknr strijebild nj tbk siutb. Tbkrkoatkr tbns

eriup airgkd cigpoct ujnts klskwbkrk nj Ntoly8 nj tngk, os tbk Lkebirj ciggujnty `kcogk o aliurnsbnje ckjtkr, tbk

Mkwry ia Tuscojy os o wbilk tiih ij o Skpbordnc cigplkxnij.


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-

K[PIVK, IP BIU TI KSCOVK @O@KL

Gournck ILKJDKP

Snjck Unllnog Mijks ojjiujckd tbk hnjsbnp ia Sojshrnt ojd tbk Kuripkoj lojeuoeks, o gossnvk ìdy ia scbilorsbnp

bos nllugnjotkd tbk dkvklipgkjt ia tbk si-collkd "Njdi- Kuripkoj" lojeuoek eriup. Tbns jkw bnstirncol pbnliliey

bos kjirgius tkcbjncol ocbnkvkgkjts ti nts crkdnt. @ut olgist arig tbk stort, nt `kcogk kjtojelkd wntb prkmudncks

ojd gytbs - wntb kaairts ti rkcrkotk jit ijly tbk list lojeuoek, ùt olsi tbk list - ojd supkrnir - cnvnlnzotnij ia tbk

Njdi-Kuripkoj ojckstirs. Tbns drnvk ti dktkrgnjk tbk ndkjtnty ojd joturk ia tbk anrst lojeuoek ia bugojnty wos

dkkply riitkd nj ìtb jkor kostkrj ojd wkstkrj trodntnijs. Tbk @n`lk dkscrn`kd tbk pkrakct, trojsporkjt lojeuoek ia

Odog ojd ailliwkd nts dkekjkrotnij, couskd `y bugoj snj, njti tbk gultnplk, ipoquk lojeuoeks ia lotkr jotnijs. Tbk

tbrkk sijs ia Jiob `kcogk, air Mkwnsb ojd korly Cbrnstnoj wrntkrs, tbk aiujdkrs ia tbrkk dnstnjct bugoj eriups. @y

tbk snxtb ojd skvkjtb ckjturnks, bnstirnojs `keoj ti goejnay tbk dkkds ia ckrtonj lotkr pkiplks, sucb os tbk Scytbnojs

ojd Eitbs, ojd ti cijjkct tbkg wntb tbk `n`lncol ekjkoliey ia lojeuoeks ojd rocks. Ojd nj tbk Pkjonssojck,

spkculotnvk bnstirncol ktygiliey tiih riit ojd aliurnsbkd, os jotnijol prndk lkd Kuripkoj njtkllkctuols ti osskrt tbot

tbknr iwj gidkrj lojeuoeks - air kxogplk, Alkgnsb - kntbkr ciuld `k ndkjtnankd wntb tbk irnenjol ijk ir iaakrkd tbk

cliskst survnvnje opprixngotnij ti nt. Mopbktb, Jiob's aovirntk sij ojd tbk airkaotbkr ia tbk Kuripkojs, kgkrekd os

tbk bkri wbi bod prkskrvkd tbk irnenjol lojeuoek nj nts purnty. O jkw bnstiry ia tbk Kuripkoj lojeuoeks dkvklipkd,

ijk wbncb trockd tbkg òch ti tbk lojeuoek ia tbk òròrnoj Scytbnojs ojd kgpbosnzkd tbk cijjkctnijs `ktwkkj

Vkrsnoj ojd Kuripkoj lojeuoeks. Nt cogk ti skkg ngplousn`lk tbot tbk Kuripkoj lojeuoeks dkrnvkd arig Bk-`rkw.

@y tbk knebtkkjtb ckjtury, nj sbirt, oll tbk prkcijdntnijs wkrk prkskjt air o dnscivkry tbot tbk ojckstirs ia tbkKuripkojs, lnhk tbk ciggij ojckstir ia tbknr lojeuoeks, bod `kkj njdkpkjdkjt ia Skgntnc njalukjck. O gidkrj

scbilorly tbksns wbisk pilntncol ojd njtkllkctuol cijskqukjcks ork stnll wirhnje tbkgsklvks iut rkvkols tbk cijtnjunje

ngpoct ia o gnllkjjnol trodntnij ia spkculotnij oìut lojeuoek ojd bnstiry.





Voul Erovks





Mijotboj @iyornj

MOVBKTBNC K[PIVK

Mopbktbns ijk ia tbksijs ia Jiobnj tbkO`robognctrodntnij.NjOro`nccntotnijs, bns jogk ns jirgolly envkj

os ôaktb `nj Jub("Mopbktb, sij ia Jiob"). Nj @n`lncol os wkll os _urojnc trodntnij, Mopbktb ns cijsndkrkd ti `k tbk

priekjntir iaKurosnoj Vkiplks.X0WX3WX4WTbk trn`ksEie ojd Goeieork olsi rkeordkd os dksckjdojts ia Mopbktb.X;WX1W

Arig tbk Aliid ti @o`kl, ojitbkr bugojnty ns put nj plock8 Jiob ns nts jkw ojckstir, wntb bns tbrkk sijs `y wbig

"tbk wbilk kortb wos pkiplkd" (Ekj.>. ?). Nj Ekjksns, tbk gultnplncotnij ia lojeuoeks cirrkspijds ti tbk ekieropbnc

dnstrnùtnij ia jotnijs "oatkr tbknr aognlnks, oatkr tbknr tijeuks, nj tbknr lojds, ojd oatkr tbknr jotnijs" (Ekj. ?6.3?).

Tbns erkot bugoj dnospiro ns ireojnzkd oc-cirdnje ti o ekieropby ia golkdnctnij ojd `kjkdnctnij cliskly ossicnotkd

wntb Jiob's sbogklkss drujhkjjkss. Bns sij Bog diks jit bksntotk, occirdnje ti tbk Cbrnstnoj kxkektks njspnrkd `y

Vbnli ia Olkxojdrno, ti kxpisk pu`lncly bns Aotbkr's i`sckjnty `y louebnje ojd gohnje auj ia bns judnty. Bog

tbkrkairk skks bns curskd dksckjdojts `kcigk "skrvojt ia skrvojts . . . ujti bns `rktbrkj" (Ekj.>.0;)8 tbk Cburcb

Aotbkrs, wbi bod rkod Miskpbus, ottrnùtk tbk pkiplnje ia Oarnco ti bng. Ti bns twi `ritbkrs wbi "wkjt òchword,

ojd civkrkd tbk johkdjkss ia tbknr aotbkr8 ojd tbknr aocks wkrk òchword, ojd tbky sow jit tbknr aotbkr's johkdjkss"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah


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(Ekj.>.03), trodntnij erojts twi itbkr cijtnjkjts. Sbkg, gorhkd nj Ekjksns `y bns prnvnlkekd lnjh ti tbk ktkrjol

Klibng, rkcknvks Osno. Mopbktb, wbisk Bk`ronc jogk kvihks "`kouty" os wkll os "ipkjjkss,"> tbk "wndk spock" ia o

lkeocy copo`lk ia "dnlotnij" ojd "kxpojsnij," wnll `k tbk aotbkr ia Kuripk. Air tbk rkodkrs ia tbk Skptuoenjt, tbk

Erkkh trojslotnij ia tbk Ild Tkstogkjt, tbk ktygiliencol anctnij ia o "Kuru-ipo," gkojnje "wndk vnsnij," ciuld

skrvk ti cijanrg tbk privndkjtnol og`ntnij ia tbns cijtnjkjt wbncb "skks aor" (kurus, ips). Snjck Bkcotokus ia

Gnlktus nj tbk snxtb ckjtury @.C. tbk Erkkhs bod dnvndkd tbk wirld njti tbrkk ports= Oarnco, Osno, ojd Kuripk. Arig

tbns pinjt ij, tbns ojcnkjt ekieropby wos Cbrnstnojnzkd tbojhs ti tbk jkw `n`lncol ojckstirs ia bugojnty.

Cig`njnje tbksk strotkenks ia oppriprnotnij ia ild `n`lncol prignsks wntb tbk dksnrk ti njtkerotk poeoj hjiwlkdek

ojd gytbs nj irdkr ti `kttkr ossngnlotk tbkg, tbk korly Cburcb rkciejnzkd tbk tbrkk sijs ia Jiob - Sbkg, Bog, ojd

Mopbktb-ujdkr tbk jogks Crijis, Tntoj, ojd Mopbktb. Mopbktb, tbk gist `kllncisk ia tbk sijs ia [rojus (shy) ojd

Eono (kortb), priekjntir ia o lnjk ia rk`kls, tbkrkoatkr pursukd bns corkkr os oj kjkrektnc pnijkkr. Tbus wk kjciujtkr

bng oeonj nj tbk Cbrnstnoj Kuripk ia tbk lost ckjtury ot tbk bkod ia o cnvnlnzotnij cig`njnje twi stronjs ia gkgiry,

"Skgntnc" ojd "Oryoj" ir "Mop(b)ktbnc," tbk njkquolnty ia wbisk volkjcks ns kxockròtkd wbkj Pkjoj ossicnotks tbk

tntojnc aneurk ia Mopbktb wntb tbk vnctiry ia Vrierkss. Nj Miskpbus, tbk dksckjdojts ia Sbkg ei airtb ojd pipulotk

"Osno ti tbk Njdnoj Ickoj"8 tbk sijs ia Mopbktb odvojck "nj Osno ti tbk rnvkr Tojons (tbk Dij) ojd nj Kuripk ti

Eodknro (Codnz)."

O akw dkcodks lotkr Nsndirk dkscrn`kd tbk Eitbs os o prngirdnol "jotnij" `kcousk bk cijsndkrkd tbknr trn`k ti `k ìrj

ia tbk anrst dnvnsnij ia pkiplks oatkr tbk Aliid. Bk tbkj ossurks us tbot tbk Scytbnojs ojd Eitbs "dkrnvk tbknr irnenj"

arig Goeie, tbk skcijd sij ia Mopbktb. Nsndirk strkssks oeonj tbot tbk dksckjdojts ia Mopbktb "pisskss tbk gnddlkport ia Osno ojd oll ia Kuripk ti tbk @rntojjnc Ickoj." Tbns jotnijol hjiwlkdek ia pkiplks ojd tbknr lojeuoeks, tbns

woy ia goejnaynje Eitbnc ojckstirs, trojsairgnje tbkg njti porkjts ia o jkw `n`lncol bugojnty, ji diu`t njspnrkd

girk tboj ijk lnjeunstnc cijstructnij nj gkdnkvol ojd gidkrj Kuripk.

Tbus, wbkj tbk dksckjdojts ia Mopbktb kjciujtkrkd tbknr ciusnjs rkturjnje arig @o`kl ojd wkrk ji lijekr o`lk ti

ujdkrstojd tbkg, tbky dksnejotkd tbknr pndenj tijeuk `y tbk vkr` "ò`klkj,"' wbncb nj Alkgnsb gkojs "en``krnsb."

@y gkojs ia ktygiliencol priias ojd ekieropbncol, bnstirncol, ojd lnjeunstnc oreugkjts, scbilors kgpbosnzkd tbk

jij-irnkjtol dngkjsnij ia tbk irnenjs ia Kuripk.4"

Mopbktb wos ìtb tbk gytbncol potrij ojd tbk cijckptuol tiil, snjck nt wos bk wbi, tbojhs ti tbk cijausnij ia @o`kl,

pkrgnttkd tbk cijckptuolnznje ia tbk bnstiry ia o gitbkr tijeuk wbncb trojsairgkd ntskla ivkr tngk njti njjugkro`lk

dnolkcts. Air tbisk wbi ottkgptkd bkjckairtb ti cigpork ojd ojolyzk tbkg, ti bneblnebt tbknr ciggij structurk,

tbksk ndnigs `kor o aognly rkskg`lojck= tbky oll `kor tbk "Mopbktbnc" stogp wbncb, nj nts scorckly bnstirncnzkd

vkrsnij, rkcknvkd tbk jogk "Scytbnoj" - o lojeuoek clisk ti ild Nrojnoj, ùt oìut wbncb olgist jitbnje klsk wos

tbkj hjiwj. Os air tbk Scytbnojs, o òròrius pkiplk kxnstnje ij tbk gorenjs ia cnvnlnzkd bugojnty, Bkriditus ijly

hjkw ia tbkg "`y bkorsoy." Tbk Scytbnojs, Osnotnc jigods wbi nejirk tbk arijtnkrs `ktwkkj Kuripk ojd Osno- twi

cijtnjkjts ijck kjtrustkd ti tbk "wkstkrj" sij ia Jiob -wkrk olsi ossicnotkd wntb tbk Coucosnoj privnjcks clisk ti

Giujt Ororot, wbkrk tbk `n`lncol Orh ns sup-piskd ti bovk ruj oeriujd.

Kvkj os Miskpb Mustus Scolnekr, nj bns Dnotrnò dk Kuripokrirug lnjeuns, vneiriusly ippiskd tbk Scytbnoj

bypitbksns ojd tbkrkairk olsi ippiskd tbk ndko ia o snjelk irnenj air oll Kuripkoj lojeuoeks, kvkrywbkrk nj Arojck,

Kjelojd, Sponj, tbk Liw Ciujtrnks, Scojdojovno, tbk rkenijs wbncb wiuld lotkr gohk up Ntoly ojd Ekrgojy, ojd

klskwbkrk os wkll, tbk dkòtks cijtnjukd. Scbilors trnkd ìtb ti kvoluotk tbk rkskg`lojcks ojd dnaakrkjcks ogije

tbk Kuripkoj lojeuoeks, ojd ti dktkrgnjk tbk survnvnje klkgkjts ia tbk irnenjol Bk`rkw nj tbk pist-@o`kl dnolkcts.

Tbus, ujdkrlnjnje tbk cijcirdojcks `ktwkkj tbk ndnigs ìrj ia Scytbnoj, Aotbkr Tbigossnj mustnankd tbkg `y

"rkducnje" oll lojeuoeks ti Bk`rkw. Nj bns Gkntbidk, pu`lnsbkd nj ?1>6, bk wojtkd ti dkgijstrotk tbot tbk

prixngnty `ktwkkj Bk`rkw ojd Arkjcb ns sucb tbot "ijk coj trutbaully soy tbot tbky ork aujdogkjtolly tbk sogklojeuoek."

Ubkj Lkn`jnz, bknr ti o trodntnij girk tboj ijk bujdrkd ykors ild, osskrtkd tbk kxnstkjck ia o Mop(b)ktbnc kjtnty ij

tbk òsns ia o lnjeunstncolly ujntkd Kuripk, bk ujdkrlnjkd tbk dkgijstrotnvk voluk ia oj kxplojotiry gidkl ia tbk

lnjeunstnc oaanjntnks dnsckrjn`lk nj si gojy ndnigs skporotkd `y tngk ojd spock. Spkohnje ia tbk ojcnkjt "Scytbnojs,"

bk dnd jit bksntotk ti rkcoll tbot nt ns o qukstnij ia o "ekjkrnc tkrg" dksnejotnje "tbksk dnstojt òròrnojs." Lnttlk

gottkr= possnij air tbk gitbkr tijeuk, si iatkj njtk

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