the holy lands & trade winds
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Transcript of the holy lands & trade winds
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`k Nur`pnjk dgnkdty jkg `rdfdk dk ten Bnvjkt.
`k Nrjsous, ten lrusgjgns jkg ten rnkjdssjkln.
ten e`by bjkgs
& trjgn wdkgsjbbnp` & l`. ten lrusjgnsay ten wnst & trjgn dk ten njst
lurjtng ay
jooj adrjf`
Venk j ljrf` `h 199,999 Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs jrrdvng jt Jbnpp` dk :866, ten frjkg vdzdnr `rgnrng ten we`bn
l`ksdfkonkt t` an sndzng jkg jbte`ufe ten g`b-bjrs pr`vng t` an `h hubb onjsurn, dt l`st :>,999 g`bbjr t` snlurn tendr
rnbnjsn (V``g :4= :9:). Wen Gutle bnnuwnkgjjbgnrs wnrn k`t `kby usng ay ten Gutle onrlejkts, aut jbs` ay
`tenr wnstnrk kjtd`ks, nspnldjbby ten Nkfbdse we` jbs` nxp`rtng Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs t` ten Nopdrn.
Enr eusajkgs t` Jbnpp` f`kn, ojstnr `' te'Wdfnr3 Aut dk j sdnvn
Dbb tedtenr sjdb, Jkg bdcn j rjt wdte`ut j tjdb,
Dbb g`, Dbb g`, jkg Dbb g`.
\ejcnspnjrns Ojlante. Jlt :, slnkn
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Gurdkf ten hdrst ejbh `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury dt wjs k`t ukl`oo`k
h`r onk `h bnjrkdkf t` trjvnb t` ten Bnvjkt jkg rnl`rg wejt jktdqudtdns teny ejg snnk tenrn3
ten nxpnrdnklns `h Fujrdk` Xnr`knsn, Jurdspj, Hdbnbh`, Ldrdjl` `h Jkl`kj
jkg Lrdst`h`r` Au`kgnbo`ktd jrn wnbb ck`wk.
QNkjdssjkln Lrusjgnrs=Euojkdst Lrusjgn Bdtnrjturn dk ten Jfn `h Oneong DD
MJON\ EJKCDK\
Nvnk Ydus DD, ten frnjtnst lru-sjgdkf p`pn `h ten Qnkjdssjkln, jgodttng dk j pjssd`kjtn jkg adttnr bnttnr jhtnr ten
L`ukldb `h Ojktuj tejt ten prdklns `h Nur`pn l`ubg k`t an ar`ufet t` pbjln ten f``g `h Lerdstnkg`o ja`vn tejt `h
tendr snvnrjb prdkldpjbdtdns3 en l`klbugng gjrcby tejt Vnstnrk Lerdstdjks odfet nkg up bdcn te`sn `h ten Njst, bdvdkf dk
snrvdtugn ukgnr Dsbjodl rubn. Wen hdhtnnkte-lnktury lrusjgns jbs` gdhhnrng hr`o te`sn `h ten lbjssdljb pnrd`g dk ejv-
dkf js tendr prdojry `amnlt, k`t ten rnl`vnry `h ten E`by Bjkg, aut ten rnl`vnry `h L`k-stjktdk`pbn. Wenrn wnrn
snvnrjb rnjs`ks h`r teds sedht dk jdo. Wen E`by Bjkg dk ten hdh-tnnkte lnktury wjs dk ten ejkgs `h ten Ojobuc subtjks
`h Nfypt, we` prnsnktng k` pjrtdlubjr odbdtjry ternjt t` ten Bjtdk Vnst jkg wdte we`o ten l`oonrldjb p`wnrs `h
Dtjby ejg w`rcng `ut j outujbby anknhdldjb o`ynk gn vdvrn wdte rnfjrg t` trjgn. Wen @tt`-ojk Wurcs `h Jsdj Odk`r,
ay l`ktrjst, wnrn j gykjodl odbdtjry p`wnr wdte nxpjksd`kdst gnsdfks dk Nur`pn dtsnbh, jkg ten Dtjbdjk l`oonrldjb
p`wnrs hnjrng (te`ufe fr`ukgbnssby, js dt pr`vng) tejt teny w`ubg ternjtnk Nur`pnjk trjgdkf dktnrnsts dk tenBnvjkt.> Wen hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn jkg ten jttnkgjkt tjbns `h Wurcdse jtr`ldtdns teus snrvng js j p`wnr-hub syoa`b
`h ten knlnssdty h`r Nur`pnjks t` ukdtn dk `rgnr t` l`uktnr Wurcdse gnsdfks `h l`kqunst. Wen rnl`kqunst `h
L`kstjktdk`pbn w`ubg an j strjtnfdl l`up h`r ten Vnst js wnbb= dt w`ubg lut ten @tt`ojk bjkgs dk tw` jkg dkedadt ten
gnvnb`ponkt `h Wurcdse kjvjb p`wnr dk ten k`rtenjstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk. L`kstjktdk`pbn wjs jbs` `h l`ursn j e`by
ldty, `kn `h ten hdvn pjtrdjrlejb ldtdns `h jkldnkt Lerdstdjkdty, jkg ten ljpdtjb `h ten Frnnc nopdrn.
QNkjdssjkln Lrusjgnrs=
Euojkdst Lrusjgn Bdtnrjturn dk ten Jfn `h Oneong DD
MJON\ EJKCDK\
Vdte ten ubtdojtn hjdburn `h ten Lrusjgns, jkg bjtnr ten gdsl`vnry `h ten Knw V`rbg, dktnrnst dk ten Bnvjkt bjpsng h`r
j wedbn. Wen fnknrjtd`k `h ten Qnkjdssjkln b``cng k` hjrtenr tejk Q`on jkg Frnnln. Aut ay ten nkg `h ten :8te
lnktury Nkfbdse, Hrnkle, jkg Gutle trjgnrs sule js \ejcnspnjrn's 'Ojstnr `h ten Wdfnr' wnrn ajlc jt L`kstjktdk`pbn,\oyrkj, jkg Jbnpp` trydkf t` wrdkf l`klns-sd`ks hr`o ten Wurcs, jkg vydkf h`r njstnrk buxurdns dk rnturk h`r tendr
sdbcs jkg w`rstngs.
Dgnktdty dk ten Ongdnvjb Ongdtnrrjknjk V`rbg `h Onrlejkts jkg Ydrjtns,
Cjteryk Qnynrs`k.
Dgnktdty dk ten ongdnvjb Ongdtnrrjknjk w`rbg wjs l`opbnx jkg oubtdhjlntng. Ongdnvjb Nur`pnjks, nspnldjbby
onrlejkts, a`rr`wng jkg sedhtng dgnktdtdns jll`rgdkf t` ten ldrluostjklns. Weny odfet sjdb ukgnr ten hbjfs `h `tenr
p`bdtdns jkg anl`on pdrjtns jkg prdvjtnnrs `k `lljsd`k. Weds stugy nxjodkns ljsns `h sedhtdkf dgnktdtdns, oubtdpbn
dgnktdtdns, a`rr`wdkf `h dgnktdtdns, jkg odstjcnk dgnktdtdns wdtedk j sejrng Ongdtnrrjknjk ojrdtdon lubturn, usdkf
bdtnrjry nvdgnkln, mugdldjb rnl`rgs, trnjtdns, jkg g`luonkts `h prjltdln.
B`kf-gdstjkln dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn wjs j sdfkdhdljkt hnjturn `h ten ongdnvjb Ongdtnrrjknjk. Venrn tenrn wjs trjgn,
tenrn wjs `htnk pdrjly. Onrlejkts turkng pdrjtn `r prdvjtnnr `k j gdon, lejkfdkf tendr dgnktdtdns. Dgnktdty js j tnro ds
dtsnbh l`ktnstng pjrtdlubjrby dk s`ldjb sldnkln edst`rd`frjpey, aut dt ds stdbb usnhub js b`kf js ten l`opbnxdty ds
ojdktjdkng3 o`rn tejk rjln `r ntekdldty ds dkv`bvng, js bjw, lbjss, p`bdtdljb jhhdbdjtd`k, rnbdfd`k, bjkfujfn, jkg lubturn
ljk jbs` an jt dssun. Weds stugy nxjodkns dkldgnkts `h pdrjly, prdvjtnnrdkf, jkg rnprdsjb, usdkf bjwsudts, bdtnrjturn,
jkg g`luonkts `h prjltdln dk jk nhh`rt t` pr`abnojtdzn ten qunstd`k `h dgnktdty dk ten oubtdlubturjb ongdnvjb
Ongdtnrrjknjk w`rbg. Hr`o teds nvdgnkln `kn hdkgs ljsns `h sedhtdkf dgnktdtdns, oubtdpbn dgnktdtdns, a`rr`wdkf `h
dgnktdtdns, jkg odstjcnk dgnktdtdns. Wensn jrn ten `rfjkdzdkf ljtnf`rdns `h teds stugy.
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. Wedsspdrdtujbdty ejg dts r``ts dk o`kjstdldso. L`kvnrsnby, ten lrusjgns hurtenr enbpng t` sejpn bjy spdrdtujbdty jb`kf
o`kjstdl bdkns, jkg t` pr`vdgn, dk ten e`spdtjbbnr jkg odbdtjry `rgnrs h`ukgng dk ten twnbhte lnktury, o`gnbs h`r knw
o`kjstdl h`ros. Wen lrusjgns wdtknssng ten trjksp`rt `h rnbdfd`us e`usns jkg h`ros `h rnbdfd`us bdhn tejt wnrn
gnvnb`pdkf dk ten Vnst k`t `kby t` ten E`by Bjkg aut jbs` t` Lyprus, Qe`gns, Bnajk`k, Jsdj Odk`r, jkg, h`r j tdon
dk ten tedrtnnkte lnktury, t` ten Bjtdk Nopdrn `h L`kstjktdk`pbn. Jo`kf te`sn knw `rgnrs gdrnltby dkhbunklng ay ten
lrusjgns, ten Ljronbdtns stjkg `ut js `kn wdte r``ts dk ten E`by Bjkg dtsn bh. Hr`o ten anfdkkdkf, ten lrusjgns
ejg h`rlng Vnstnrknrs t` b``c any`kg tendr hr`ktdnrs. Wen l`ursn `h ten tedrtnnkte lnktury w`ubg jopby gno`kstrjtn,
dk sule jltdvdtdns js ten odssd`ks t` Ledkj jkg t` ten O`kf`bs, ten ojkknr dk wedle ten lrusjgns enbpng t` trjksh`ro
Nur`pn's pbjln dk ten w`rbg. Wen rnbdfd`us `rgnrs, pjrtdlubjrby ten Hrjkldsljks jkg ten G`odkdljks, t``c ten bnjg,
aut, js Ejodbt`k se`ws, ten wjy wjs pjvng ay ejadts `h supp`rt audbt dk ten Vnst h`r ten knw h`ukgjtd`ks dk ten
Njst dk ten l`ursn `h ten twnbhte lnktury.
Venk j ljrf` `h 199,999 Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs jrrdvng jt Jbnpp` dk :866, ten frjkg vdzdnr `rgnrng ten we`bn
l`ksdfkonkt t` an sndzng jkg jbte`ufe ten g`b-bjrs pr`vng t` an `h hubb onjsurn, dt l`st :>,999 g`bbjr t` snlurn tendr
rnbnjsn (V``g :4= :9:). Wen Gutle bnnuwnkgjjbgnrs wnrn k`t `kby usng ay ten Gutle onrlejkts, aut jbs` ay
`tenr wnstnrk kjtd`ks, nspnldjbby ten Nkfbdse we` jbs` nxp`rtng Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs t` ten Nopdrn.
Jk dkgdvdgujb ljbbng M`ek ten Zujcnr ' jrrdvng jt L`kstjktdk`pbn jkg anfjk t` prnjle jt ten strnnt l`rknrs rnpnktjkln
t` ten Wurcs dk eds kjtdvn t`kfun. Kjturjbby nk`ufe, ten O`ejoongjks b``cng up`k edo js j bukjtdl, jkg l`ksdfkng
edo t` j ojge`usn, wenrn en bjkfudseng h`r ndfet o`ktes uktdb eds kjtd`kjbdty wjs gdsl`vnrng jkg en wjs tjcnk
anh`rn B`rg Vdkledbsnj. @k nktnrdkf ten joajssjg`r's prnsnkln M`ek rnhusng t` rno`vn eds ejt, wenrnup`k en wjs
ajstdkjg`ng, jkg `k eds lb`tens andkf nxjodkng j bnttnr wjs gdsl`vnrng dk eds p`lcnt jggrnssng t` ten subtjk, p`bdtnby
tnbbdkf tejt o`kjrle tejt en wjs ten sl`urfn nopb`yng ay F`g t` pukdse wdlcng Lerdstdjks. Wen Bnvjkt l`opjkyjbwjys snkt `ut lejpbjdks t` `hhdldjtn jt ten vjrd`us t`wks wenrn teny ejg hjlt`rdns nstjabdseng. Gr. L`vnb, we` wjs
jpp`dktng js lejpbjdk t` ten noajssy jt L`kstjktdk`pbn dk :869, wr`tn j w`rc `k ten Frnnc Leurle wedle b`kf
l`ktdkung t` an ten lednh jute`rdty `k ten suamnlt3 jkg eds dktnrnstdkf jkg v`buodk`us gdjry, k`w jo`kfst ten
ojkuslrdpts dk ten Ardtdse Ousnuo, jhh`rgs us ojky dktnrnstdkf fbdopsns dkt` ten bdhn `h `ur onrlejkts jt tejt tdon.
Wen lejkfns wedle tensn trjgnrs ljrrdng `ut ojrc j rnv`butd`kjry arnjc dk Nkfbdse l`oonrldjb jltdvdty, aut teny
ljkk`t an snnk js ds`bjtng, spnlubjtdvn vnkturns. Weny hb`wng hr`o jk dklrnjsdkfby l`enrnkt pr`frjo h`r l`oonrldjb
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trjksh`rojtd`k `k j w`rbg-wdgn sljbn. Gurdkf ten bjtnr :8
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Lerdst`penr Wynrojk,
Wen Dkvnktd`k `h ten Lrusjgns. W`r`kt` jkg Auhhjb`
Weds a``c, js ten jute`r stjtns, ds j pr`gult `h ten fr`wte `h dktnrnst dk ten lrusjgns dk ten bjst tedrty ynjrs. Dt ds,
e`wnvnr, jbs` j pr`gult `h j gdslussd`k, `r j l`ktr`vnrsy, jo`kf edst`rdjks `h ten lrusjgns dk rnfjrg t` j vnry ajsdl
qunstd`k= Vejt wnrn ten lrusjgns0 Dk pjst ynjrs ten l`ktr`vnrsy `vnr teds dssun ejs gdvdgng edst`rdjks `h ten
lrusjgns dkt` tw` fr`ups. Wen trjgdtd`kjbdsts jrfung h`r ten lnktrjbdty `h Mnrusjbno js a`te j odbdtjry jkg j spdrdtujb
f`jb `h lrusjgdkf jkg js j cny hnjturn `h ten lrusjgn dkgubfnkln (teds fr`up ejs dklbugng, n.f., M`seuj Yrjwnr, Mnjk
Qdlejrg, Ejks Nanrejrg Ojynr, jkg Wynrojk edosnbh). Wendr lrdtdls wnrn ten pburjbdsts (bng ay M`kjtejk Qdbny-
\odte3 teds fr`up dklbugns, jo`kf `tenrs, K`rojk E`usbny), we` dksdstng tejt dt wjs pjpjb jute`rdzjtd`k jb`kn tejt
gnhdkng j lrusjgn3 wenrn pjpjb jute`rdty nxdstng, kjonby, wenrn tenrn wjs pjpjb pr`lbjojtd`k `h dt, tenrn wjs j
lrusjgn. Wenrnh`rn jbb s`rts `h nxpngdtd`ks, wentenr t` Mnrusjbno `r jfjdkst enrntdls, Lerdstdjks, `r pjfjks, wenk
bjukleng ay pjpjb pr`lbjojtd`k jkg wdte pjpjb dkgubfnklns, jrn t` an l`ksdgnrng lrusjgns. Weds wjs ten ojdk tensds
`h M`kjtejk Qdbny- \odte's Vejt Vnrn ten Lrusjgns0 (B`kg`k, :466).
ten lrusjgn wjs gnhdkng jkg dkstdtutd`kjbdzng.
Js ten jute`r wrdtns= "ten kjturn jkg dopjlt `h wejt l`ubg an ljbbng gnvnb`png lrusjgdkf jrn nxjodkng ay pbjldkf
gdstdklt, pr`odknkt jspnlts `h ten penk`onk`k, sule js bjw, bjkfujfn, dojfnry, prnjledkf, rdtujb jkg jllnp- tjkln,
dk tendr nllbnsdjstdljb, p`bdtdljb, lubturjb jkg s`ldjb l`ktnxts t` se`w e`w E`by Vjr rnhbnltng rjtenr tejk dfkdtng dts
surr`ukgdkfs. Enrn ten nxlejkfn antwnnk wejt wjs andkf pr`o`tng wdte dts rnlnptd`k ds pjrjbbnbng ay tenluoubjtdvn dkjgnqujly `h ten rnjbdty jkg ten`ry `h lrusjgdkf t` pr`vdgn j hdro, bjstdkf h`lus `h dgnktdty h`r
Lerdstnkg`o" (pp. 8- 6). Wen hdkjb lejptnr gnjbs wdte lrusjgdkf edst`rd`frjpey sdkln ten sdxtnnkte lnktury. @kn `h
ten ojdk l`klbusd`ks (jkg lnrtjdkby ten o`st pr`v`ljtdvn jkg l`ktr`vnrsdjb `kn) `h ten stugy ds tejt dk ten twnbhte
lnktury-tdbb k`w l`ksdgnrng js ten f`bgnk jfn `h ten lrusjgn-tenrn wnrn k` hdro lrusjgn dkstdtutd`ks jkg ejrgby j
lrusjgn o`vnonkt. A`te wnrn ten dkvnktd`k `h edst`rdjks dkhbunklng ay s`urln ojtnrdjb hr`o ten bjtn twnbhte jkg
ojdkby ten tedrtnnkte lnkturdns. Dk se`rt, js ten jute`r jrfuns, tenrn wjs dk hjlt k` lrusjgn anh`rn ten Wedrg
Lrusjgn ("Dk ten twnbhte lnktury . . . tenrn wnrn k` lrusjgns t` hdfet" Sp. 14_).
"ten lrusjgns bjlcng gnhdkdtd`k anljusn, dkstnjg `h dbbuodkjtdkf jbb jr`ukg teno,
teny tenosnbvns rnhbnltng jkg rnhrjltng ten surr`ukgdkf l`ktnxt" (p. 1).
Dt ds rjtenr gdhhdlubt t` jllnpt Wynrojk's jrfuonkt tejt anljusn tenrn wnrn k` lrusjgn dkstdtutd`ks dk ten twnbhte
lnktury tenrn wnrn k` lrusjgns. Hdrst `h jbb, vnry `htnk dkstdtutd`ks jkg bnfjb gnhdkdtd`ks jppnjrng jt j bjtnr stjfn tejk
ten dgnj `r dgnjb teny sjkltd`kng3 h`r nxjopbn, ten dgnjb `h pdbfrdojfn nxdstng dk Vnstnrk Lerdstdjkdty b`kf anh`rn dt
wjs sjkl- td`kng ay ten leurle dk ten snvnkte lnktury. \nl`kgby, ten gdhhnrnkln antwnnk pdbfrdos jkg lrusjgnrs wjs
lnrtjdkby oule o`rn `avd`us t` l`ktnop`rjrdns dk ten twnbhte lnktury tejk Wynrojk ds prnpjrng t` jgodt.
Ljkt`r se`ws e`w "ten frnjt ongdnvjbdsts . . ., bdcn jbb lrnjtdvn tedkcnrs jkg jrtdsts, hjsed`kng tendr dktnrprntjtd`ks `h
ten Odggbn Jfns `ut `h ten no`td`kjb wnbbsprdkfs `h tendr bdvns, jkg tensn bdvns wnrn dk turk l`kgdtd`kng ay ten vjst
s`ldjb jkg p`bdtdljb upenjvjbs" (pp. 71-7
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Lerdst`penr Wynrojk,
Wen Dkvnktd`k `h ten Lrusjgns. W`r`kt` jkg Auhhjb`
\TBXDJ \LENDK, ^kdvnrsdty `h Ejdhj
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Wen bdhn `h Gugbny K`rte, jhtnrwjrgs \dr Gugbny jkg joajssjg`r h`r ten l`opjky t` ten Y`rtn, ay eds s`k, tnbbs us
oule l`klnodkf ten bdhn jkg jgvnkturns `h j Wurcny onrlejkt dk te`sn gjys. Gugbny K`rte wjs a`rk dk :87:, jkg
wjs snkt `ut t` \oyrkj js jpprnktdln t` j Wurcny onrlejkt wenk ndfetnnk ynjrs `h jfn, wdte j ljpdtjb `h 799]. H`r
ojky ynjrs en bdvng j o`st hrufjb Ehn, cnnpdkf edosnbh jb``h hr`o ten nxtrjvjfjkt jkg buxurd`us bdvns wedle ten
Nkfbdse, onrlejkts dk ten \oyrkj hjlt`ry bdvng dk te`sn gjys.
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Wen trjvnbs `h Anrkjrg` Odlenb`zzd
jkg A`ksdfk`rn A`ksdfk`rd dk ten Bnvjkt (:746-45)
Nvn A`rs``c
Gurdkf ten hdrst ejbh `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury dt wjs k`t ukl`oo`k h`r onk `h bnjrkdkf t` trjvnb t` ten Bnvjkt jkg
rnl`rg wejt jktdqudtdns teny ejg snnk tenrn3 ten nxpnrdnklns `h Fujrdk` Xnr`knsn, Jurdspj, Hdbnbh`, Ldrdjl` `h
Jkl`kj jkg Lrdst`h`r` Au`kgnbo`ktd jrn wnbb ck`wk. Dt ejs annk `asnrvng tejt jhtnr ten hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn tenrn
wnrn hnwnr `h sule trjvnbbnrs wdte gnvnb`png jktdqujrdjk dktnrnsts. E`wnvnr, teds wjs bnss trun `h Hb`rnktdkns we`
wnrn hjv`urng ay tendr hrdnkgby p`bdtdljb jkg l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks wdte ten Wurcs. Ankngntt` Gnd's jll`ukt `h eds
m`urkny dk :789-86 ds k`tng aut rjtenr bdodtng dk jrlejn`b`fdljb dktnrnst jkg jbte`ufe wn ck`w tejt B`rnkz` gn'
Ongdld's snlrntjry, Kdll`b` Odlenb`zzd, ojgn j trdp tenrn en gdg k`t bnjvn (js hjr js wn ck`w) jky rnl`rg `h dt.
Ejppdby, teds wjs qudtn gdhhnrnkt wdte Odlenb`zzd's nbgnr ar`tenr, Anrkjrg`, we`sn m`urkny wdte A`ksdfk`rn
A`ksdfk`rd antwnnk Muby :746 jkg K`vnoanr :745 ds g`luonktng ay j hubb jkg bdvnby rnl`rg.
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Wen m`urkjb `h o`gnrk edst`ryJkfb`-Hrnkle rdvjbry dk ten bnvjkt hr`o :>5< t` :8:1
Jrteur Bn`k E`rkdcnr
Wen pnrd`g hr`o :>5< t` :8:1 wdt-knssng j adttnr gdpb`ojtdl struffbn j antwnnk Hrjkln jkg Nkfbjkg dk ten Bnvjkt.
Wen l`khbdlt dkv`bvng lbjdos t` murdsgdltd`k `vnr Lerdstdjk kjtd`ks wedle wnrn k`t `hhdldjbby rnprnsnktng jt ten Y`rtn
jkg `vnr tendr onrlejkts trjgdkf dk ten p`rts jkg tnrrdt`rdns `h ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn. Njrby dk ten sdxtnnkte lnktury
Hrjkln ejg nstjabdseng dtsnbh js ten prn-nodknkt Vnstnrk p`wnr dk l`oonrldjb jkg gdpb`ojtdl rnbjtd`ks wdte Wurcny.
Jppjrnktby sdkln ten trnjty `h ljpdtubjtd`ks `h :>5d-ten cdkf `h
Hrjkln ejg nxnrldsng murdsgdltd`k `vnr Lerdstdjk trjgnrs dk ten Bnvjkt, wedle `abdfng teno t` nktnr jkg g` ausdknss
dk ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn `kby ukgnr ten Hrnkle hbjf jkg ukgnr ten nxlbusdvn survndbbjkln jkg rnprnsnktjtd`k `h ten
Hrnkle jo-ajssjg`r jkg l`ksubs.' Jpjrt hr`o ten D Nkfbjkg jkg `tenr ojrdtdon kjtd`ks trjgng ukgnr ten Hrnkle hbjf
b`kf anh`rn ten trnjty `h :>5d. W`wjrg ten nkg `h ten sdxtnnkte lnk-tury ten Nkfbdse nktnrng ten Bnvjkt, jkg s``k
Hrjkln wjs l`khr`ktng wdte j o`st jffrnssdvn rdvjb we` lejbbnkfng dts gdpb`-ojtdl js wnbb js dts l`oonrldjb
p`sdtd`k dk tejt rnfd`k.
\``k j sullnssd`k `h ljpjabn Nkfbdse joajssjg`rs- Ngwjrg Ajrt`k, Enkry Bnbb`, \dr We`ojs Fb`vnr, jkg \dr
Yjub Ydkgjr-lejbbnkfng Hrjkln's pr`odknkt stjkgdkf jt ten Y`rtn jkg nspnldjbby dts murdsgdltd`k `vnr ten `tenr
Lerdstdjk kjtd`ks. Dk teds l`ktnst antwnnk ten tw` p`wnrs, pjbjln dktrdfuns jkg ardanry pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk
swjydkf Wurcdse hjv`rs k`w t` `kn sdgn jkg k`w t` ten `tenr3 aut knvnr h`r jky l`ksdgnrjabn bnkfte `h tdon gdg ten
Y`rtn gnhdkdtnby l`oodt dtsnbh t` ten sup-p`rt `h ndtenr kjtd`k, jbte`ufe h`r p`bdtd-ljb jkg nl`k`odl rnjs`ks dt wjs
syopj-tentdl t` ten jspdrjtd`ks `h Nkfbjkg. Wen st`ry `h ten Jkfb`-Hrnkle struf-fbn `vnr ten l`vnrdkf hbjf h`r ten
trjgn `h `tenr kjtd`ks dk ten Bnvjkt ejs k`t rn-lndvng jgnqujtn trnjtonkt ay Nkfbdse wrdtnrs.-
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Aruln Ojstnrs, Wrjgdkf Gdjsp`rjs jkg 'Kjtd`ks'=
Wen Fnknsds `h Kjtd`kjb Dgnktdtdns dk @tt`ojk Jbnpp`
Wen snvnktnnkte jkg ndfetnnkte lnkturdns wdtknssng jk nv`butd`k dk ten gnhdkdtd`k `h fr`up dgnktdty h`r s`on `h ten
pn`pbns `h ten Odggbn Njst js j rnsubt `h lejkfdkf pjttnrks `h trjgn. Vedbn tensn trjgdkf l`ooukdtdns gdg k`tknlnssjrdby l`ktjdk ten snngs `h kjtd`kjbdso, pr`t` `r `tenrwdsn, tendr nxdstnkln wdtedk ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn gdg
l`opnb Odggbn Njstnrknrs t` rnl`ksdgnr tendr gnhdkdtd`k `h fr`up b`yjbtdns dk ten bdfet `h nl`k`odl gnvnb`ponkt.W en
nxdstnklnw dtedk ten Nopdrn `h onrlejkt' gdjsp`rjs',j s tensn l`ooukdtdns ejvn annk guaang ay Lurtdk jkg `tenrs,:
ds k`t sur-prdsdkf. B`kf-gdstjkln trjgn dk prn-o`gnrk tdons rnqudrng l`opbnx jr-rjkfnonkts `h trust jkg dkh`rojtd`k
sejrdkf, dh dt wnrn t` hukltd`k jt jbb. Wensn prnrnqudsdtnsw nrn o`st `htnk ont wdtedk jk nxtnkgng hjodby, aut wenk
trjgdkf kntw`rcs trjvnrsng j l`ktdknkt `r j snj, jk dkgdvdgujb hjodby wjs ejrg prnssng t` onnt teno3 teny wnrn anttnr
sjtdshdng ay j cdksedp fr`up ajsng `k rnbdfd`k, trdan, ljstn, `r ntekdldty. Wen gnvnb`ponkt `h sule spnldjbdzng lbjssns,
`r gdjsp`rjs, `h trjgnrs wjs stdoubjtng dk ojky s`ldntdns ay ten odstrust, hnjr, `r l`ktnopt jll`rgng t` dkgdvdgujbs
we` ejkgbng o`kny jkg, snnodkfby, ojgn pr`hdts hr`o ten bja`ur `h `tenrs. Dk ten Odggbn Njst, e`wnvnr, sule j
pjttnrk `h onrljktdbn spnldjbdzjtd`k wjs edst`rdljbby k`t js prnvjbnkt js nbsnwenrn. Jbte`ufe ten Ye`nkdldjks jkg ten
njrby Enbbnkns ejg vdrtujbby pr`vdgng ten pjrjgdfo `h trjgdkf gdjsp`rjs, ay ten Q`ojk jkg Ayzjktdkn pnrd`gs ten
l`oonrln `h ten rnfd`k wjs dk ten ejkgs `h ten oubtdpbdldty `h pn`pbns we` gwnbt dk ten Weds jrtdlbn wjs hdrst
prnsnktng js j pjpnr t` ten Odggbn Njst \tugdns Jss`ldjtd`k Onntdkf dk A`st`k dk K`vnoanr : 458. \upp`rt wjspr`vdgng ay ten \`ldjb \ldnklns Qnsnjrle L`ukldb, ten Gnpjrtonkt `h Nguljtd`k Hubardfet Yr`frjo, jkg Vnsbnyjk
^kdvnrsdty. Oy tejkcs f` t` ten stjhhs `h ten Yuabdl Qnl`rg @hhdln dk B`kg`k, ten \yrdjk Kjtd`kjb Jrledvns dk
Gjojslus, jkg ten Ajajcjkec Jrdvd dk Dstjkaub h`r jbb`wdkf on t` l`ksubt tendr l`bbnltd`ks.
Qjtenr, ten rnfd`k dtsnbh ejg anl`on j lrjgbn `h onrlejkts, we`sn s`ks wnrn nstjabdse-dkf trjgdkf kntw`rcs dk
wnstnrk Nur`pn, jlr`ss ten \jejrj t` Jhrdlj's \jenb, g`wk ten njst l`jst `h Jhrdlj, jkg njstwjrgs t` Ledkj jkg ten
Dkgdns. Dkt` teds l`opbnx trjgdkf w`rbg Dsbjo wjs a`rk. Dts njrby lnkturdns sjw ten pr`spnrdty `h ten lnktrjb-l`rn
Ousbdo bjkgs bdkcng t` b`kf-gdstjkln trjgn. Wrjgn, dk turk, anljon j vnedlbn h`r nxtnkgdkf ten knw hjdte, tenrn-h`rn
Dsbjodl s`ldnty wnbl`ong dt. Jbo`st jb`kn jo`kf ten ldvdbdzjtd`ks `h ten ongdnvjb @bg V`rbg, Dsbjo jll`rgng t`
onrlejkts j pbjln `h prnstdfn jkg dkhbunkln, j rnhbnltd`k pnrejps `h dts enrdtjfn. Wen Zurjyse, jhtnr jbb, ejg annk j
trjgdkf gdjsp`rj dk tendr `wk rdfet, trjksp`rtdkf ten nxp`rts `h Jrjadj Hnbdx (ten Tnonk) t` ten Ongdtnrrjknjk vdj
\yrdj. Js ten @ncuonkn `h Dsbjo pr`vdgng j l`kgudt h`r trjgn antwnnk Njst jkg Vnst, ten Ousbdos put tendr
fn`frjpedljb f``g h`rtukn t` f``g usn, g`odkjtdkf ten jkldnkt \dbc Q`jg t` Ledkj jkg trjgdkf wdte bjrfnr jrnjs `h
Jhrdlj jkg s`ute-njst Jsdj. Vdtedk teds vjst w`rbg tenrn wnrn dkgd-vdgujbs we` spnldjbdzng dk l`oonrln, aut wdte
ten nxlnptd`k `h pn`pbns `k ten hrdkfn `h ten Ggr jb-Dsbgo (ten Ousbdo w`rbg) -ten Anranrs `h \dmdbojssj, ten ^yfurs
dk Ledknsn Wurcdstjk, jkg ten @ojkds wdte tendr gnslnkgjkts ten \wjedbd `h ten Njst Jhrdljk l`jst - trjgn wjs k`t
ten o`k`p`by `h jky pjrtdlubjr ntekdl fr`up, snlt, `r trdan. Wenrn wnrn, `h l`ursn, ten Cjrdod onrlejkts `h Nfypt,
aut nvnk te`ufe ten `rfjkdzjtd`k `h tendr kntw`rc ds k`t l`opbntnby ukgnrst``g, teny snno t` ejvn annk j fudbg `h
onrlejkts, j trjgdkf l`opjky js dt wnrn, rjtenr tejk j trun trjg-dkf gdjsp`rj ajsng `k rnbdfd`us `r ntekdl tdns.1 Ay
:>99, e`wnvnr, ten `pp`rtukdtdns h`r b`kf-gdstjkln trjgn dk Ousbdo bjkgs wnrn anfdkkdkf t` bnssnk, dk pjrt gun t` ten
jrrdvjb `h Nur`pnjks dk ten Dkgdjk @lnjk. Doaung wdte ten rnbdfd`us hnrv`ur `h ten Qnl`kqudstj, ten Y`rtufunsn, bdcn
ten \pjkdjrgs dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, l`ubg `kby snn ten Ousbdosj s nknodns.^ kg`uatngby,t eds rnbdfd`k-ajsngj
ktjf`kdsow js dktnksdhdng ay str`kf Ousbdo l`opntdtd`k h`r l`ktr`b `h trjgn t` ten Dkgdns.< Dk ten Dkg`knsdjk
jrledpnbjf`, jffrnssdvn Gutle l`opntdtd`k h`r ten spdln trjgn `htnk bng t` wjr, jkg ten Ousbdo subtjkjtns frjgujbby
b`st `ut t` anttnr tnlek`b`fy jkg `rfjkdzjtd`k.7 Dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, Ousbdo onrlejkts we` ejg njrbdnr nstjabdseng
tenosnbvns jt Xnkdln anfjk t` lurtjdb tendr jltdvdtdns js ten Dtjbdjks s`ufet o`rn jffrnssdvnbyt ` l`ktr`b ten Bnvjkt
trjgn h`r tenosnbvns.
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\usjk Kjqudk Ngeno Nbgno, Gjkdnb F`hhojk, jkg Aruln Ojstnrs.
Wen @tt`ojk Ldty antwnnk Njst jkg Vnst= Jbnpp`, Dzodr, jkg Dstjkaub.
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Wernn wnbb-kjrrjtng ardnh edst`rdns `h Jbnpp`, Dzodr, jkg Dstjkaub, jkg s`on l`opjrjtdvn l`oonkts ojcn up teds
suffnstdvn stugy `h @tt`ojk ldtdns. Njle ldty ds le`snk h`r dts ukdqun lejrjltnrdstdls, aut dk njle `kn h`rndfk trjgn
jkg oubtd-ntekdl, oubtd-rnbdfd`us p`pubjtd`ks jrn se`wk t` ejvn annk jt ten l`rn `h @tt`ojk urajk s`ldntdns. Weds
hdkn a``c jbs` fdvns us j hrnse wjy `h ukgnrstjkgdkf @tt`-ojk edst`ry. Wen @tt`ojk systno jppnjrs enrn js j
l`kg`odkduo `h nbdtns, s`on Ousbdo, s`on k`k-Ousbdo, we` ejg pjrtdtd`kng ten vjrd`us gdonksd`ks `h ten
p`bdtdljb nl`k`oy jo`kf ntekdljbby `r rnbdfd`usby gnhdkng sua-nbdtns. @tt`ojk Ousbdos l`ktr`bbng ten odbdtjry jkg
ten aurnjulrjly, Jronkdjks ten ajkcdkf systno3 Frnncs jkg Mnws wnrn jltdvn dk tjx hjrodkf jkg dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn.
Wen b`ljb ajbjkln `h p`wnr antwnnk ten ldty-ajsng k`k-Ousbdo nbdtns jkg ten rurjb `r lnktrjb f`vnrkonkt @tt`ojk
Ousbdo nbdtns vjrdng hr`o ldty t` ldty jkg hr`o lnk-tury t` lnktury. Gjkdnb F`hrojk gnslrdans Dzodr, ten o`st nx`tdl
ljsn. J trjgdkf nktrnp`t, wdte-`ut lubturjb `r edst`rdljb onjkdkf dk ten @tt`ojk w`rbg, Dzodr nonrfng dk ten
snvnktnnkte lnktury js j rnkgnzv`us h`r Nur`pnjk onrlejkts wdte b`ljb Jron-kdjks, Mnws, jkg Frnncs t` nxlejkfn
ten f``gs `h Drjk jkg wnstnrk Jkjt`bdj. Wen @tt`ojks wnrn dktnrnstng dk Dzodr bjrfnby h`r ten pr`guln `h dts
edktnrbjkgs. @kby dk ten :869s gdg ten C`prubu vdzdnrs anfdk t` nkg`w ten ldty wdte puabdl w`rcs, sdfkdhydkf tejt ten
lnktrjb f`vnrkonkt ejg frjspng dts dop`rtjkln. Dk ten bjtn snvnktnnkte lnktury, Y`rtufunsn Mnws g`odkjtng tjx
hjrodkf3 Ous-bdos l`ktr`bbng rnfd`kjb nxlejkfn3 Frnncs ejkgbng dktnr-rnfd`kjb trjgn3 jkg Jron-kdjks prng`odkjtng
dk dktnrkjtd`kjb l`oonrln, nspnldjbby dk ten sdbc trjgn wdte Drjk. Dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury, wdte Nur`pnjk pjtr`kjfn,
ten Frnncs nonrfng js ten o`st dop`rtjkt fr`up3 dk ten kdkntnnkte lnktury, ten @tt`ojk rnlnktrjbdzjtd`k `h stjtn
p`wnr hurtenr nkejklng ten p`sdtd`k `h Frnnc onrlejkts we` ab`lcng Ardtdse nhh`rts t` pnkntrjtn ten Jkjt`bdjk
l`uktrysdgn. Jt ten sjon tdon Frnncs, Mnws, jkg Jronkdjks wnrn purlejsdkf tjx hjros. Dzodr ds ten nxtrnon ljsn `h
j ldty gnhdkng ay dts h`rndfk jkg odk`rdty nbdtns. Aruln Ojstnrs se`ws tejt Jbnpp` wjs o`rn ajbjklng antwnnk dts
r`bns js j pr`-vdkldjb ljpdtjb jkg j ljrjvjk ldty. Dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury, ten Ynrsdjk sdbc trjgn wjs Jbnpp`'sprdojry dkgustry, wdte Jronkdjks, Lerdstdjk Jrjas, \npejrgdl Mnws, jkg onrlejkts hr`o Drjk, Dkgdj, jkg Nur`pn,
aut k`t b`ljb \ukkd Ousbdos, ten prdkldpjb jlt`rs dk teds trjgn. Dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury, wenk ten Hrnkle `vnrt``c
ten Ardtdse js ten prng`odkjkt Nur`pnjk onrlejkt l`ooukdty, ojky Lerdstdjks l`kvnrtng t` Ljte`bdldso, jkg
Bnvjktdkn Ljte`bdls anljon ten o`st sullnsshub `h Jbnpp`'s odk`rdty l`ooukdtdns. Wen odg-kdkntnnkte-lnktury
rnvdvjb `h Nur`pnjk trjgn jbs` anknhdtng Jbnpp`'s Lerdstdjk jkg Mnwdse onrlejkts. K`kntenbnss, h`rndfknrs jkg
odk`rdtdns gdg k`t l`ktr`b ten wnjbte k`r gnhdkn ten bdhnstybn `h Jbnpp` js oule js teny gdg `h Dzodr, h`r Jbnpp`'s
edktnrbjkgs wnrn js dop`rtjkt dk ten p`bdtdljb nl`k`oy js trjgn. Dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury, ten wnjc-nkdkf `h ten
lnktrjb stjtn jbb`wng b`ljb k`tjabn hjodbdns t` l`ktr`b ten rurjb edktnr-bjkgs jkg, dk ten bjttnr pjrt `h ten kdkntnnkte
lnktury, tjx-hjrodkf hjodbdns anfjk t` nxpjkg dkt` wenjt pr`gultd`k jb`kf ten Nuperjtns. Weny wnrn rudkng wenk
ten lrnjtd`k `h Drjq jkg Wurcny lut `hh Jbnpp` hr`o o`st `h dts kjturjb rnfd`k. Dk ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn, ten Dstjkaub
ojrcnt wjs ukdqun.
Dkstjkaub . Fjbjtj, dk ten k`rte `h ten ldty, wdte dts bjrfn p`pubjtd`ks `h Frnnc, Jronkdjk, M nwdse, Nur`pnjk, jkgOusbdo onrlejkts, wjs pnrlndvng ay ten @tt`ojks js j gdhhnrnkt cdkg `h l`ooukdty. Ay :699, dt ejg anl`on j
bjrfnby Ousbdo ldty wdte k`k-Ousbdos squnnzng dkt` snvnrjb nklbjvns, wedle wnrn andkf puseng t`wjrgs ten
`utbydkf gdstrdlts. Weds dktnfrjtng systno anfjk t` lrjlc dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury. Js ten Hrnkle anljon g`odkjkt
`vnr `tenr Nur`pnjks dk ten Dstjkaub ojrcnt, teny snt up tendr `wk l`rp`rjtn strulturn t` strnkftenk tendr l`bbnltdvn
p`sdtd`k, jkg usng tendr dkhbunkln wdte ten @tt`ojk stjtn t` arnjc ten frdp `h @tt`ojk onrlejkts jkg fudbgs `vnr ten
b`ljb nl`k`oy. Weny jbs` jttjlcng ten b`ljb o`k`p`bdns ay pbjydkf ten ntekdldty ljrg, jbbydkf wdte Mnws jfjdkst
Frnncs,
Oneont Aubut. Wen r`bn `h ten @tt`ojks jkg Gutle
dk ten l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury.Wen @tt`ojks jkg Gutle dk ten njrby l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte
lnktury. Js jk nxpjkgdkf trjgdkf kjtd`k dk ten w`rbg nl`k`oy, ten Gutle Qnpuabdl pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk ten
l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wen fr`wte `h @tt`ojk-
Gutle nl`k`odl rnbjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury h`bb`wng ten fr`wte `h nl`k`odl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten
pr`vdklns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wenrnh`rn, ten tw` w`rbg nl`k`odl systnos, ten @tt`ojk jkg
Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`k`oy dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng t` njle `tenr.
Wen fr`wte `h trjgn antwnnk ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn ds `kn dkgdljtd`k` h ten l`oonrldjb
dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl gurdkf ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Jk`tenr ds ten dklrnjsng nxp`rts `h
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prnld`us ontjbs (f`bg jkg sdbvnr) hr`o Nur`pn ter`ufe`ut ten @tt`ojk jrnjs t` ten Njst. L`opjrng wdte bnvnbs
jlednvng jt ten nkg `h twnktdnte lnktury, trjgn dk f``gs jkg ljpdtjb hb`ws antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl gurdkf
ten snvnktnnkte lnktury ds dkl`opjrjabn dk sdzn.
E`wnvnr, jk`tenr hjlt ds tejt ten v`buon `h b`kf gdstjkln trjgn, trjvnb, l`ooukdljtd`k jkg hb`w `h ten prnld`us
ontjbs antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks dklrnjsng t` j sdzn tejt wjs dop`ssdabn t` l`opjrn wdte ten njrbdnr lnkturdns. Wen
@tt`ojks rnl`fkdsng ten dop`rtjkln `h ten l`kknltd`ks antwnnk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk,te n Qng \nj jkg ten Dkgdjk
@lnjk dk ten l`ktr`b `h njst-wnst trjgn.W eny jttjlengs pnldjb dop`rtjklnt ` ten dopr`vnonkt` h tendr kjvjb h`rln h`r
l`ktr`bbdkf tensn jrnjs. Gurdkf ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn ejg annk j sdfkdhdljkt p`wnr we`sn
l`kqunsts wnrn gdrnltng k`t `kby t`wjrg l`kqunrdkf bjkg aut jbs` t`wjrg g`odkjtdkf `r l`ktr`bbdkf ten trjgn
nktrnp`ts jkg l`oonrldjbk ntw`rcsj lr`ss ten z`kns `h dktnrkjtd`kjbtr jgn.W en l`oonrldjb z`kns dk wedle ten
@tt`ojks` pnrjtngn xtnkgngh r`o ten Ongdtnrrjknjkt` ten Dkgdjk @lnjk.' Gun t` dts kjvjb jkg l`oonrldjb p`wnr,
ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn wjs jabn t` g`odkjtn ten trjgdkf r`utns antwnnk Jsdj jkg Nur`pn uktdb ten bjst gnljgns `h ten
sdxtnnktel nktury.
W en nkg `h ten hdhtnnktel nkturyo jrcngt en anfdkkdkf` h j sdfkdhdljkt turkdkf p`dkt h`r ten Vnstnrk nl`k`oy.< Wen
gdsl`vnry `h ten Ljpn `h F``g E`pn dk :758 jkg ten sedht `h Dkgdjk jkg Ynrsdjk trjgn r`utns t` ten edfe snjs jr`ukg
\`ute Jhrdlj wjs jk dop`rtjkt p`dkt `h l`klnrk h`r ten @tt`ojk rubnrs. @h l`ursn, jhtnr ten gdsl`vnry `h ten Ljpn
r`utn spdln trjgn dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjkg dg k`t lnjsn doongdjtnby,j s ds a`rkn `ut ay nvdgnkln. Gun t` tendr p`sdtd`k
dk dktnrkjtd`kjbtr jksdtt rjgn,j kg sdkln teny l`ktr`bbngt en trjgn r`utns h`r j b`kf tdon, ten @tt`ojks l`ktdkung t`
fjdk oule rnvnkun hr`o trjk-sdt trjgn. \pdlns jkg `tenr vjbujabn pr`gults hr`o Jsdj jkg ten Bnvjkt ejg h`rlnkturdns h`ukg tendr wjy t` Nur`pn ter`ufe ten @tt`ojk tnrrdt`rdns. @tt`ojk p`wnr jt snj jkg ten Nopdrn's
strjtnfy dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, Qng \nj jkg Dkgdjk @lnjk dk tejt pnrd`g ejvn annk jggrnssng ay edst`rdjks sule js
@re`kbu (:4863 :467), @zajrjk (:4613 :449) jkg Aruoontt (:441. Ay ten
odggbn `h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn ejg anl`on ten prdon stjtn l`ktr`bbdkf jbb ten trjgn r`utns hr`o
ten Dkgdjk @lnjk t` ten Ongdtnrrjknjk sdkln ten Ayzjktdkn Nopdrn b`st dts p`ssnssd`ks dk oule `h ten jrnj dk ten
snvnkte lnktury. Wen @tt`ojk kjvy pbjyng j lruldjb r`bn dk l`ktr`bbdkf ten trjgn r`utns (Ojktrjk :44>= :::).
Dk eds hjo`us lejptnr `k l`b`kdns, Jgjo \odte k`tng tejt "ten gdsl`vnry `h Jonrdlj jkg tejt `h j pjssjfn t` ten
Njst Dkgdns ay ten Ljpn `h F``g E`pn, jrn tw` frnjtnst jkg o`st dop`rtjkt nvnkts rnl`rgng dk ten edst`ry `h
ojkcdkg" (\odte :44
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Bnvjktdkn l`oonrln jbo`st nx lbusdvnby h`lus up`k nxtnrkjb jkg dop`sng ljusns (hbultujtdkf pjttnrks `h
dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn, jkg ten jttdtugns jkg tnlekdquns `h Nur`pnjks dk tendr gnjbdkfs wdte `tenrs) wenk jssnssdkf ten
l`oonrldjb hjtn `h j lnrtjdk b`ljbn `r pr`gult.
Wen jute`r jbs` usns eds rdle s`urlns t` qunstd`k \tnnksfjjrg's lbjssdl tensds tejt dk ten njrby snvnktnnkte lnktury
Nur`pnjk onrlejkts dk Jsdj hdkjbby sullnngng dk ldrluovnktdkf ten ljrjvjk trjgn (pp. 9, ten knw onrlejkts ejg k`t `kby suastjktdjbby pnkntrjtng ten L`opjky, aut ejg h`rlng ten dopbn-
onktjtd`k `h tendr pr`frjo. Wen l`b`kdjb onrlejkts' l`oonrldjb vdlt`ry `vnr ten Bnvjkt-Njst Dkgdj nstjabdseonkt
wjs k`t sdopby ten rnsubt `h tendr supnrd`r nktrn- prnknursedp. Wen p`bdtdljb upenjvjbs `h ten :879's ejg ar`cnk tenp`wnr `h ten r`yjbdst-bnjkdkf onrlejkt nbdtn, wedbn nkejkldkf l`r- rnsp`kgdkfby ten p`bdtdljb p`sdtd`k `h ten
pjrbdjonktjrdjk l`b`kdjb trjgnrs. Dkgnng, wdte ten Dkgnpnkgnkt vdlt`ry dk :875, ten knw onrlejkts fjdkng jllnss t`
ten edfenst ldrlbns `h f`vnrkonkt p`wnr, j p`sdtd`k rnsnrvng anh`rn ten ldvdb wjr t` ten Bnvjkt-Njst Dkgdj bnjgnrsedp.
K`t surprdsdkfby, tensn trjgnrs usng tendr knwby-w`k dkhbunkln dk j ojkknr jkjb`f`us t` tejt `h ten `bg nbdtn, ynt dk
jll`rg wdte tendr `wk ar`jgnr l`oonrldjb l`klnptd`ks. Venrnjs ten njstnrk trjgdkf l`opbnx ejg nopb`yng tendr
nxtrj-nl`k`odl p`wnr t` o`- k`p`bdzn trjgn jkg nkejkln tendr ojrcnt p`sdtd`k, ten l`b`kdjb onrlejkt fr`updkf usng
tendrs t` try t` pry hr`o tendr p`wnrhub Gutle rdvjbs l`oonrldjb `pp`rtukdtdns pnrejps ukjttjdkjabn ay purnby
nl`k`odl onjks. Js ejs annk jrfung nbsnwenrn, ten Jlt `h :8>9 ajrrdkf h`rndfknrs hr`o ten trjgn t` ten l`b`kdns,
ten Kjvdfjtd`k Jlt `h :8>:, jkg ten hdrst Gutle Vjr jrn k`t hubby l`oprnenksdabn jpjrt hr`o j l`ksdgnrjtd`k `h ten
knw onrlejkts' l`oonrldjb jkg p`bdtdljb strnkfte.5< Dk jk dklrnjsdkfby l`opntdtdvn dktnrkjtd`kjb l`o- onrldjb
nkvdr`konkt, `pp`rtukdtdns w`ubg rjrnby jky b`kfnr sdopby prnsnkt tenosnbvns. Weny w`ubg ejvn t` an lrnjtng, dh
knlnssjry ay p`bdtdljb h`rln.
Edst`ry jkg Nl`k`odls anh`rn :499 wnrn tnksd`ks antwnnk b`ljbby rnlrudtng mjkdssjrdns jkg te`sn trjkshnrrng hr`o
nbsnwenrn rnbjtdvnby sbdfet dk Jbnpp` (p. 78)0 Gdg ten tw` hjltd`ks' jadbdty t` l`nxdst dkhbunkln Jbnpp`'s s`ldjb jkg
p`bdtdljb hjardl0 Vey jssuon tejt onrlejkts w`ubg o`rn rnjgdby rnfdstnr bjrfn tejk sojbb trjksjltd`ks dk ten Ousbdo
l`urts (p. 8:)0 Odfet k`t ten typns `h trjksjltd`k dkv`bvng, suspdld`ks antwnnk ntekdl `r rnbdfd`us fr`ups, jkg
dkgdvdgujb wnjbte jbs` enbp gnldgn ten wdsg`o `h rnfdstrjtd`k0 Vey wnrn knwby jrrdvng k`ojgs pjrtdlubjrby
rnbultjkt t` jllnpt pjssjfn hnns hr`o ljrjvjks (p. ::5)0 Jkg, wey ten gdhhnrdkf jppr`jlens t`wjrg o`knybnkgdkf dk
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Jbnpp` jkg dts edktnrbjkg (p. :>4)0 Ojstnrs onktd`ks, aut g`ns k`t gdsluss, tensn hjsldkjtdkf pr`abnos, wedle l`ubg
an jggrnssng (dh k`t jkswnrng) jkg dktnrprntng dk wjys tejt odfet jopbdhy jkg supp`rt eds dop`rtjkt tensds
l`klnrkdkf dkgdfnk`us dkhbunklns dk dktnrkjtd`kjb l`o onrln. Ojstnrs jbs` ojcns snvnrjb qunstd`kjabn jssnrtd`ks.
En dksdsts tejt Dsc nkgnruk (Jbnxjkgrnttj) wjs ten hdrst "l`b`kdjb" p`rt ldty (p. :6), wenrnjs, js \tnnksfjjrg
gno`kstrjtng, dk ten njrby snvnktnnkte lnktury ten nonrf dkf Gutle jkg Nkfbdse L`opjkdns rngnhdkng ten tnros jkg
h`ld `h trjgn nv nrywenrn.
Js ten "rnfdstnrs `h h`rndfknrs" e`usng dk Dstjkaub gdslb`sn, Gutle, Nkfbdse, Hrnkle, jkg Xnkntdjk onrlejkts
ejadtujbby pdnrlng ten lubturjb gdvdgn, pbukfdkf tenosnbvns h`rlnhubby dkt` ten turo`dbs `h @tt`ojk l`oonrldjb bdhn
dk Jbnpp` jkg nbsnwenrn. Weds a``c's strnkfte bdns dk dts dktnfrjtd`k `h Jbnpp`'s dkhrjstrulturn dkt` `ur ukgnrstjkgdkf
`h Bnvjktdkn l`oonrln. Wen lejptnr nktdtbng "Wen L`oonrldjb Dkstdtutd`ks `h j Ljrjvjk Ldty" l`kstdtutns j rdle jkg
nvnk rnv nbjt`ry nxjodkjtd`k `h Jbnpp`'s str`kf jkg lbjssdljb nl`k`odl strulturn. Dk "Jk 'Dsbjodl Nl`k`oy' dk jk
Jfn `h Onrljktdbdso," Ojstnrs tenk l`opjrns tejt ngdhdln wdte ten Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`k`oy `h ten ndfetnnkte
lnktury, l`klbugdkf pnrsujsdvnby tejt ten vnry l`klnpts `h l`oonrln wedle ejg annk Jbnpp`'s frnjtnst strnkfte dk
jk njrbdnr np`le anljon dts hjtjb hbjw dk j onrljktdbdstdl jfn. Wen gntjdb jkg stybn `h teds w`rc, e`wnvnr, h`rln ten
rnjgnr t` hdfet h`r sule dksdfets.
@h `ur bnfnkgs.
@h `ur bnfnkgs ds dt k`t nvnk sjdg0 Dt ds sjdg.
H`r ds dt k`t ck`wk tejt Bnvjkt ds ten adrtepbjln `h Nur`pj0
Nvnk ^r`pj. ^r`pj, jbs` Bnvjkt, jkg Wyrn0
Oneont Aubut. Wen r`bn `h ten @tt`ojks jkg Gutle
dk ten l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury.
Enkln, uktdb ten nkg `h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn nkm`yng sdfkdhdljkt jkg nvnk dklrnjsdkf pr`hdts ay
ten spdln jkg sdbc r`utns hr`o ten Njst t` ten Ongdtnrrjknjk. E`wnvnr,s tjrtdkfj t ten anfdkkdkf` h ten snvnktnnktelnk-tury, teds sdtujtd`k anfjk t` lejkfn wenk ten K`rtenrk Nur`pnjks jppnjrng js jltdvn kjtd`ks dk ten pr`hdtjabn Hjr
Njst trjgn js wnbb js ten Bnvjkt trjgn (Ojktrjk :456= :7
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Weus, "dk ten 'w`rbg nl`k`oy' onrlejkts rtrqlj pjabn `h ojcdkf ten stjtn jlt dk l`k-h`rodty wdte tendr dktnrnsts, dk
ten 'w`rbg nopdrn' 0eg stjtn jppjrjtus g`odkjtns ten slnkn jkg onrlejkts pbjy snl`kg hdggbn (ejvn j snl`kgjry
r`bn)" (Dkjbldc :447= 764).
Anh`rn ten snvnktnnkte lnktury, ten Ongdtnrrjknjkr nfd`k wjs ten lnktrn
`h ten w`rbg nl`k`oy jkg ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn wjs j vnry dop`rtjkt p`wnr dk tejt jrnj.
E`wnvnr, dk ten h`bb`wdkf ynjrs, ten lnktrn `h ten w`rbg nl`k`oy sedhtng t` ten Jtbjktdl.
WEN G^WLE JYYNJQJKLN DK WEN @WW@OJK NOYDQN
L`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn jkg ten Gutle Qnpuabdl ejvn rnojdkng j bdttbn ck`wk t`pdl dk
ten edst`ry `h a`te l`uktrdns. Wen Xnkntdjk, Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse ljpdtubjtd`ks jkg @tt`ojk-Xnkntdjk, Hrnkle jkg
Nkfbdse l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks ejvn annk nxjodkng ay snvnrjb jute`rs. Aut up t` k`w, jrledvjb g`luonkts `k
l`oonrldjb jltdvdtdns `h Gutle onrlejkts dk ten Njstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk ejvn rnojdkng ukt`uleng. Jbte`ufe ten
:91:/:8:1 Gutle ljpdtubjtd`k jkg njrby gdpb`ojtdl rnbjtd`ks ejvn annk dkvnstdfjtng ay Jbnxjkgnr gn Fr``t jkg ten
rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten tw` kjtd`ks dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury ejvn annk nxjodkng ay F.Q. A`sslej Nrgardkc, tendr
stugdns h`lus `k ten gdpb`ojtdl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten tw` l`uktrdns (Gn Fr``t :4653 Nrgardkc :46>). Gutle trjgn
jkg sedppdkf dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk ejvn annk stugdng ay Dsrjnb (:4583 :4543 :449a) jkg Nkfnbs (:446). Dsrjnb
pr`vdgng j fnknrjb pdlturn `h Gutle trjgn jkg sedppdkfd k ten Bnvjkt wedbn Nkfnbs l`klnktrjtng` k Gutle onrlejktj
ltdvdtdns dk ten VnstnrkO ngdtnrrjknjkj rnj sule js Bnfe`rk. Jbte`ufe h`rojb gdpb`ojtdl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten@tt`ojk Nopdrn jkg ten Gutle Qnpuabdl wnrn hdrst nstjabdseng dk :8:1, l`oonrldjb l`ktjlts ejg jbrnjgy annk ojgn
a`te ay trjvnbbnrsj kg ay onrlejktsn kfjfng dk Ongdtnrrjknjk trjgn anh`rn :899. Wen prnsnkln `h dkgdvdgujb Gutle
suamnlts dk ten Njst Ongdtnr-rjknjk gjtns ajlc t` js njrby js ten :>89s. Wen tubdp (bgbn) wjs ten hdrst dtno l`odkf
hr`o ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn t` ten Kntenrbjkgs. Dk ten bjst gnljgn `h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, Gutle ojrdtdon trjgn dk ten
Ongdtnrrjknjk stjrtngt ` fr`w rjpdgby.G utle sedps sjdbng ukgnrh `rndfk (Nkfbdse `r Hrnkle) hbjfs dk ten @tt`ojk
p`rts uktdb :8:1. Wen Gutle hdrst trjgng dk ten Bnvjkt ukgnrt en pr`tnltd`k` h ten Hrnkle.W rjgdtd`kjbby, Hrnkleo
jrdtdont rjgn ejg annk l`klnktrjtngo `rn dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjkte jk dk ten Jtbjktdl.D k :>84, ten Hrnkle ejg jbrnjgy
l`klbugng j l`oonrldjb trnjty wdte ten @tt`ojk \ubtjk, we` ejg fdvnk teno pnrodssd`k t` jbb`w kjtd`ks, wdte k`
trnjty `h tendr `wk, t` trjgn ukgnr ten sjon l`kgdtd`ks, wenk hbydkf ten Hrnkle hbjf (Arjugnb :461= 81>-153 Curjt
:4>45, Hrjkln nxtnkgng tensn prdvdbnfns t` ten Gutle, enkln Gutle onrlejkts `atjdkng
h`rojb pnrodssd`k hr`o Cdkf Enkry DX t` trjgn dk @tt`ojk p`rts ukgnr ten Hrnkle hbjf (Ennrdkfj :4:9= :84). Js
Arjugnb stjtns, ten Bnvjkt trjgn l`ktdkung t` hb`urdse gnspdtn 'ten gdsl`v-nrdns jkg s`on hukgjonktjb lejkfns dk ten
w`rbg nl`k`oy `h ten sdxtnnktej kg snvnktnnkte lnkturdns' (:4613 :465). E`wnvnr, Xnkntdjk trjgn wjs gnlbdkdkf dk
ten Bnvjkt, wedbn Hrnkle, Nkfbdse jkg Gutle trjgn rnfdstnrng jk dklrnjsn hr`o ten bjst qujrtnr `h ten sdxtnnkte
lnktury `kwjrgs. Dk `tenr w`rgs, dt wjs k`t s` oule Nur`pnjk Bnvjkt trjgn wedle wjs gnlbdkdkf dk ten njrby o`gno
pnrd`g, aut trjgnrs wnrn k` b`kfnr Dtjbdjks, rjtenr teny wnrn Hrnkle, Nkfbdse jkg Gutle. Anh`rn :8:1, anljusn `h ten
k`k-`hhdldjb p`sdtd`k `h ten Gutle onrlejkts dk ten @tt`ojk p`rts, ten l`rsjdrs wnrn ten ojdk `astjlbns h`r tendr
trjgdkf jltdvdtdns dk ten Njst Ongdtnrrjknjk. Js j ojttnr` h hjlt, pdrjly wjs j snrd`us `astjlbn dk ten Bnvjkt h`r ten
onrlejkt vnssnbs. O`rn`vnr, tenrn wjs j lb`sn l`kknltd`k antwnnk trjgn jkg pdrjly.
Wenrn wjs jbs` j p`ssdadbdty h`r ten Gutle t` jpp`dkt l`ksubs, nvnk te`ufe teny gdg k`t ejvn tendr `wk ljpdtubjtd`ks
(Gn Fr``t :465= 49). E`wnvnr, pr`tnltd`k ay h`rndfk `r nvnk ay Gutle l`ksubs wjs k`t sjtdshjlt`ry dk ten b`kf ruk.
Vdte ten dklrnjsn dk Gutle trjgn, tenrn wjs jk dklrnjsnd k ejrohubdk tnrhnrnkln ay tenr dvjbsd k ausdknss,j o`kfw
e`ot enX nkntdjks jkg Hrnkle wnrn h`rno`st (V``g :4= 77). Hrnqunkt jttjlcs ay K`rte Jhrdljk l`rsjdrs `k ten
Gutle onrlejkts' sedps l`ktdkungd k ten hdrst gnljgn `h ten lnktury Wer`ufe`ut ten @tt`ojkt nrrdt`rdns, Gutle
onrlejktsw nrn jbb`wng t` trjgnu kgnrt endr `wk hbjf.Vdte ljpdtubjtd`ksf rjktngt ` ten Ardtdsed k :>59, jkg t` tenGutle jt teds tdon, Hrjkln b`st enr o`k`p`by t` pr`tnlt ten ejrad onrlejkts jkg tendr l`o-onrldjb prdvdbnfns dk ten
@tt`ojk rnjbo. Hrnkle onrlejkts k`w ejg tw` frnjt rdvjbs= ten Nkfbdse jkg ten Gutle.
Wen Gutle joajssjg`rs jt ten Y`rtn ejg a`te gdpb`ojtdl jkg l`oonrldjb r`bns. Wen joajssjg`r wjs b`ljtng dk ten
lnktrn `h ten Nopdrn, ten ljpdtjb, wdte eds jpp`dktonkt` h :1,999 p`ukgs pnr ynjr andkf pjdg `ut `h ten fnknrjb trjgn
gutdns bnvdng dk ten Qnpuabdl (l`kv``dnk nk bdlnktnk). Dk jggdtd`k, en ejg j sejrn `h ten dkl`on hr`o ten Gutle
l`ksubjtns dk Dstjkaub, Dzodr, Lyprus jkg Led`s. Wen L`ksubs wnrn jbb`wng t` bnvy l`ksubjr gutdns `k jbb f``gs
ljrrdng ay Gutle sedps pjssdkf ter`ufe p`rts ukgnr tendr murdsgdltd`k. L`ksubs dk `tenr pjrts `h ten Ongdtnrrjknjk`
kby snrvng ten prdvjtn dktnrnsts `h ten onrlejkts, sedp `wknrs, jkg ljptjdks (Ennrdkfj :4:9=
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:99), Nkfbdse edst`rdjk V``g jssnrtng tejt Gutle ausdknss dk ten Bnvjkt ejrgby jo`uktng t` 'snrd`us l`opntdtd`k'
h`r ten Nkfbdse. En h`ukg teds uksurprdsdkf gun t` ten hjlt tejt "wdte ten sojbb kjturjb rns`urlns `h tendr l`uktry teny
l`ubg k`t e`pn t` l`opntn wdte ten `utput `h Nkfbjkg" (V``g :487). Jk`tenr nxpnrt `k Nkfbdse Bnvjkt trjgn,
Gjvds, stjtns tejt ten Gutle ljon k`wenrn knjr ten Nkfbdse dk ten v`buon `h trjgn dk ten Bnvjkt. En mugfns tejt ten
Gutle wnrn j ojrfdkjb hjlt`r dk ten Njstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury (Gjvds :469= 199s. Wendr trjgn jltdvdtdns hb`urdseng dk Dzodr js wnbb js dk `tenr p`rts `h ten Bnvjkt. Wendr trjgn
jltdvdtdns dk ten Bnvjkt dklrnjsng t` sule j gnfrnn tejt dk :874 Nkfbdse onrlejkts l`o-pbjdkng tejt ten Gutle
onrlejkts wnrn ljpturdkf ten Bnvjkt trjgn anljusn `h tendr bjrfn sedps, lenjp hrndfet jkg b`w lejrfns, jkg tejt bjrfn
qujktdtdns `h Wurcdse f``gs wnrn rnjledkf Nkfbjkg vdj Gutle s`urlns (V``g :4= >7). @k j hnw `lljsd`ks jkg
nspnldjbby wenk ten Jkfb`-Gutle wjr ar`cn `ut dk :8>1, ten Gutle ojgn k` snlrnt `h tendr jdo t` grdvn ten Nkfbdse
`ut `h ten Bnvjkt trjgn ay ojcdkf ten Ongdtnrrjknjkt` ` gjkfnr`ush `r teno. Weny l`ubg njsdby ojkjfn teds anljusn
teny l`bbja`rjtng wdte @tt`ojk onrlejkts (V``g :4= >>). Dt oust an jggng tejt ten Gutle Bnnu-wnkgjjbgnrs
suppbjktng ten \pjkdse pdnln `h ndfet js ten prnhnrrng l`dk dk ten Bnvjkt ojrcnts.
W@VJQG\ WEN L@OONQLDJB DKWNFQJWD@K
ANWVNNK WEN BNXJKW JKG JWBJKWDL.
@kn ljk prnsuon tejt ten rdsn `h ten @tt`ojk-Jtbjktdl l`oonrldjbr nbjtd`ks dkhbunklng ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg
nl`k`oy jkg l`ksnqunktby dklrnjsng ten v`buon `h dktnrkjtd`kjbt rjgn jkg ar`ufetk nw trjgdkfp jrtknrst ` ten
Bnvjkt. Enkln, trjgdtd`kjb l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks anfjk t` lejkfn antwnnk ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn jkg ten Vnstnrknrs.
Wen odggbn `h ten snvnktnnkte lnktury ojrcng j knw stjfn dk ten pjttnrk `h @tt`ojk-Nur`pnjk nl`k`odl rnbjtd`ks=
@tt`ojk rjw ojtnrdjbs anfjk t` an nxlejkfngh `r ojkuhjlturngN ur`pnjkf ``gs, jkg ten @tt`ojkt nr-rdt`rdns anfjk
t` an `pnkng t` ten Nur`pnjk ojrcnts. Wen @tt`ojk stjpbn jkg `pnk g``r p`bdly t`wjrgs ten knw wnstnrk trjgdkf
kjtd`ks dk ten Bnvjkt lrnjtng knw l`oonrldjb lnktrns dk ten Odggbn Njst. Vedbn anh`rn ten snvnktnnktel nktury,t enNur`pnjksw nrn o`stby dk hjv`ur `h Jbnpp`, gurdkf tejt tdon teny gdsl`vnrng ten knw trjgdkf jkg pr`guldkf lnktrns
`h ten Nopdrn= Jkcjrj, Aursj, \jb`kdlj, Lyprus jkg Dzodr. Dk ten anfdkkdkf `h ten @tt`ojk-Gutle rnbjtd`ks,
Jktwnrp jkg Jbnpp` wnrn tw` dop`rtjkt l`oonr-ldjb lnktrns, aut bjtnr dzodr anljon ten l`oonrldjb lnktrn h`r ten
w`rbg nl`k-`oy dk ten Bnvjkt, wedbn Jostnrgjoa nljon ten lnktrn `h dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn dk Nur`pn. H`r ten
Nur`pnjks,D zodr anljon ten dktnrkjtd`kjb nktrnp`th `r jbb cdkgs `h l`oo`gdtdns antwnnk ten Njst jkg ten Vnst
wedbn ten `tenr ldtdns anljon dop`rtjkt pr`guldkf jkg b`ljb trjgdkf lnktrns. Jbb tensn lnktrns pr`gulng ten ojdk rjw
ojtnrdjbs h`r ten tnxtdbn dkgustrdns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Nur`pn. H`bb`w-dkf sule trjgdkf lnktrns js Jbnpp`, Dstjkaub,
Aursj, Lyprus, jkg Dzodr3 s`on `tenrl dtdns jbs` anljonp r`gultd`kln ktrns.H r`ot en odggbn` h ten lnktury`
kwjrgs, jbb tensn lnktrns jppnjrngt ` anl`on vnry dop`rtjktl dtdns dk pr`vdgdkft en rjw ojtnrdjbs h`r ten Nur`pnjk
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w`rbg nl`k`oy. @tt`ojk h`rndfk trjgn gdg k`t hjbb dk vjbun jhtnr ten gnlbdkn `h ten Vnstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjknl `k`oy.
Dkstnjg `h ten Dtjbdjks, gun t` ten @tt`ojkn l`k`odl p`bdly, ten K`rtenrk Nur`pnjks anljon ten bnjgdkf wnstnrk
trjgnrs dk ten bjtn sdxtnnkte jkg snvnktnnktel nktury.A y frjktdkfp rdvdbnfns (ljpdtubjtd`ks)t ` ten Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse
dk ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, jkg bjtnr t` ten Gutle dk ten snvnk-tnnkte lnktury, ten Bnvjkt trjgn l`ktdkung dk ten njrby
o`gnrk pnrd`g. Knvnr-tenbnss, ten @tt`ojk-Gutle l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks ojrcng ten anfdkkdkf `h lnrtjdk lejkfns dk
ten pr`gultd`k pr`lnss `h ten @tt`ojk nl`k`oy.
Wen Gutle onrlejkts wnrn ten o`st jltdvn l`ooukdty a`te dk ten trjgn `h aubcy jkg buxury l`oo`gdtdns antwnnk
ten Nopdrn jkg Nur`pn. Weny snkt tensn pr`gults k`t `kby t` E`bbjkg, aut jbs` t` Dtjby, Hrjkln, Fnrojky, Nkfbjkg,
jkg jbs` t` s`on `tenr pbjlns dk Nur`pn. O`rn`vnr, ten Kntenrbjkgs anljon ten ojdk nktrnp`t h`r ten gdstrdautd`k `h
ten Bnvjktdkn pr`gults t` ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg gurdkf ten sjon pnrd`g. Gutle sedps t` ten @tt`ojk p`rts sjdbng hr`o
ojky gdhhnrnkt p`rts `h Nur`pn= Ejo-aurf, Gjkzdf, Jostnrgjo, Nkceudznk, Q`ttnrgjo, G`rgrnlet, Ljgdz, Bdsa`k,
Nognk, Ajrlnb`kj, ]jktn, Ojrsndbbns, Fnk`j, Kjpbns, Bnfe`rk jkg Ojbtj. Weds trjks-p`rtjtd`k jkg l`oonrldjb
kntw`rc antwnnk Nur`pn jkg ten Bnvjkt ojgn ten hb`w `h l`oo`gdtdns antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks p`ssdabn. Wen
l`oonrldjb nxpjksd`k `h Nur`pn jkg ten jlluoubjtd`k `h ljpdtjb bng t` ten lrnjtd`k `h knw dkgustrdns, pjrtdlubjrby dk
ten jrnj `h tnxtdbns, wedle ejg t` hdkg nxp`rt ojrcnts t` l`ktdkun tendr nxpjksd`k. Wen hukgjonktjb dkputs `h ten
Hrnkle, Nkfbdse jkg Gutle tnxtdbn dkgustrdns wnrn sdbc, l`tt`k, bdknk, o`ejdr yjrk jkg w``b. Nkfbjkg ojdkby
dop`rtng sdbc, w``b jkg l`tt`k wedbn Hrjkln jkg ten Gutle Qnpuabdl o`stby dop`rtng l`tt`k, sdbc jkg o`ejdr. Gun
t` ten nxlejkfn `h f``gs jkg gdhhnrnklns dk lurrnkly rjtn, ten Bnvjkt trjgn wjs vnry pr`hdtjabn h`r ten Vnstnrk
Nur`pnjk nl`k`odns. Wen Nur`pnjk Bnvjkt l`opj-kdns jlluoubjtng frnjt wnjbte hr`o teds trjgn. Wendr l`ksubs jkg
joajssjg`rs wnrn jltdvn dk pr`tnltdkf tendr l`oonrldjb rdfets. Ojky `h teno wnrn nvnk pnr-s`kjbby dkv`bvng dkl`oonrldjb jltdvdtdns. L`ksnqunktby, ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng dts nl`k`oy t` Vnstnrk Nur`pn dk
ten sdxtnnkte jkg snvnktnnkte lnkturdns. Vdte ten wdgnkdkf `h ten kntw`rc antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks, ten l`oonrldjb
rnbjtd`ks `h ten @tt`ojk-Gutle onrlejkts dklrnjsng sdfkdhdljktby. Weds gnvnb`ponkt lrnjtng j knw sdtujtd`k
antwnnk ten ojrcnts `h ten tw` rnfd`ks, ten Bnvjkt jkg K`rte-wnstnrk Nur`pn. Nspnldjbby gun t` ten @tt`ojk-Gutle
l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks, j trnkg anfjk t` gnvnb`p t`wjrgs ten dktnfrjtd`k `h ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`k`oy wdte ten
Bnvjkt, jkg j w`rbg ojrcnt h`r f``gs wjs ajsng `k dktnrkjtd`kjb suppby jkg gnojkg. Wensn rnbjtd`ks pbjyng j
lruldjb r`bn gurdkf ten njrby stjfn `h ten dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten @tt`ojk nl`k`oy wdte ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg
nl`k`oy dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury.
Ansdgns ten Gutle jkg Nkfbdse, ten @tt`ojks `pnkng tendr ojrcnts t` ten Hrnkle dk ten bjst qujrtnr `h ten lnktury.
Weny rnknwng Hrnkle ljpdtubjtd`ks dk :86< jkg Nkfbdse `kns dk :86>. Jhtnr teds pnrd`g ten Gutle trjgn anfjk t` an
jgvnrsnby jhhnltng ay ten Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse nxpjksd`k dk ten Njstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk. Wen hjlt ds tejt ten
snvnktnnkte lnktury wdtknssng ten l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl. A`te ten @tt`ojks jkgGutle pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk teds gnvnb`ponkt.
Ay ten Wurcny L`opjky pjtnkt `h :>5:, ten we`bn `h ten bulrjtdvn odggbn njst ojrcnt wjs rnsnrvng t` must twnbvn
onrlejkts. Vdtedk j hnw ynjrs teds rnstrdltng a`gy `h trjgnrs wjs ojcdkf s`on `h ten rdlenst sedponkts dk Nkfbdse
l`oonrldjb edst`ry, wedbn dkldtdkf ten nkvy jkg rnsnktonkt `h bnss wnbb-pbjlng trjgnrs. @kn `pp`knkt `h ten knw
L`opjky k` g`uat nxjffnrjtng wenk en stjtng tejt, "Dt ds wnbb ck`wk tejt ten pjrts `h Dtjby jkg Wurcny wdbb anjr j
frnjtnr trjgn tejk jbb pjrts `h Lerdstnkg`o dk jodty wdte enr ojmnsty." \tdbb, eds ojdk p`dkt wjs ukgnkdjabn= ten
Bnvjkt trjgn w`ubg ejvn supp`rtng wdte pr`hdt ojky o`rn onrlejkts wnrn dt k`t h`r ten Wurcny L`opjky's
o`k`p`by. \` pr`tnltng jk nkvdr`konkt h`r trjgn gnvnb`ponkt l`ubg k`t ejvn annk pr`lurng ay must jky onrlejkts.
Wen `rdfdkjb Wurcny L`opjky wjs j vnry spnldjb fr`up. @h ten twnbvn pjtnktnns `h :>5:, sdx wnrn B`kg`k jbgnronk
ay ten :>59's3 ternn wnrn O. Y.'s.
Wen Bnvjkt L`opjky onoanrsedp ejg nxlbusdvn rdfets t` vjbujabn ojrcnts. Dk ten trjgdtd`k `h ten Onrlejkt
Jgvnkturnrs, ten Ldty's bjrfnst rnfubjtng L`opjky, teny wdseng t` bnjvn js bdttbn js p`ssdabn t` lejkln dk nxpb`dtdkf
teno. Wen strulturn `h l`oonrldjb rnfubjtd`k wjs h`rtdhdng ay sdfkdhdljkt bdodtjtd`ks `k nktry t` ten trjgn. Dkgnng,
ten systno `h jgodssd`ks tnkgng t` pbjln j f``g gnjb `h l`ktr`b `vnr rnlrudtonkt dk ten ejkgs `h ten bnjgdkf
L`opjky onrlejkts. Enrn ten dkstdtutd`k `h jpprnktdlnsedp pbjyng j lruldjb r`bn. Wen prdojry o`gn `h nktry dkt` ten
L`opjky wjs ter`ufe a`ukg snrvdln t` j L`opjky onrlejkt h`r snvnk ynjrs, h`ur `h teno dk ten L`opjky's
`vnrsnjs hjlt`rdns. W` ljrry `k ten trjgn, spnldjb scdbbs wnrn knngng, jkg tensn wnrn gdhhdlubt t` jlqudrn wdte`ut ten
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fudgjkln `h j onrlejkt jbrnjgy nkfjfng dk ten trjgn. Nqujbby dop`rtjkt, jpprnktdlnsedp wjs pnrejps ten anst wjy t`
nstjabdse te`sn l`oonrldjb l`kknltd`ks up`k wedle sullnss dk teds ausdknss s` `htnk gnpnkgng. Hdkjbby, snrvdln dk
ten Bnvjkt ar`ufet l`oodssd`ks jkg, gurdkf ten bjst ynjrs `h `kn's jpprnktdlnsedp, ten rdfet t` ljrry `k j prdvjtn
trjgn3 hr`o tensn s`urlns dt wjs p`ssdabn t` gnrdvn ten dkdtdjb ljpdtjb knlnssjry t` bjukle `kn's `wk ljrnnr. H`r tensn
rnjs`ks-jkg anljusn ten Bnvjkt trjgn l`ubg an s` bulrjtdvn-ten prdln `h jpprnktdlnsedp wjs k`rojbby qudtn
suastjktdjb.
Dk fnknrjb, `kby te`sn wdte wnjbte `r f``g l`kknltd`ks l`ubg jhh`rg t` m`dk. Dt ds tenrnh`rn ukgnrstjkgjabn tejt j
frnjt kuoanr `h ten L`opjky's rnlrudts tnkgng t` an rnbjtdvns `h L`opjky onoanrs. Antwnnk `kn- tedrg jkg `kn-
ejbh `h jbb jltdvn Bnvjkt trjgnrs dk ten :8
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Weds knw jss`ldjtd`k wjs grjwk bjrfnby hr`o ten sjon l`b`kdjb onrlejkt fr`updkf tejt wjs jbrnjgy jltdvn dk ten
Vnst Dkgdns sufjr gnvnb`ponkt. Wensn onrlejkts wnrn prnpjrng k`t `kby t` pursun ten pr`mnlt dk gnhdjkln `h ten `bg
Njst Dkgdj L`opjky, aut jbs` t` nxpjkg dts sl`pn t` nkl`opjss ten nstjabdseonkt `h j pbjktjtd`k l`b`ky `hh ten njst
l`jst `h Jhrdlj, ten `pnkdkf `h ten p`rt-t`-p`rt trjgn dk ten Njst, jkg ten dkl`rp`rjtd`k `h ten Fudknj f`bg trjgn.
Wendr pbjk wjs t` dktnfrjtn ten Njst Dkgdns wdtedk j w`rbg-wdgn oubtdbjtnrjb l`oonrln wedle w`ubg rnpbjln ten
h`ronr tw`-wjy r`utn. Wen knw systno w`ubg an h`ukgng `k l`b`kdns jkg grjw t`fntenr Nkfbjkg, Vnst Jhrdlj,
Ojgjfjsljr, jkg Dkgdj dk j l`opbdljtng kntw`rc `h nxlejkfn rnbjtd`ksedps. Wen vjrd`us jspnlts `h teds pr`frjo ejg
jbwjys annk `pp`sng ay ten `bg L`opjky gdrnlt`rjtn wedle, js wn ejvn snnk, ejg jbwjys rnhusng t` anl`on
dkv`bvng dk l`b`kdzjtd`k jkg ejg jgenrng stnjghjstby t` j adbjtnrjb l`oonrln. Tnt, ten `bg onrlejkt ojfkjtns ejg
annk s` wnjcnkng ay ten nl`k`odl nhhnlts `h l`opntdtd`k, js wnbb js ten p`bdtdljb dopjlt `h ldvdb wjr, tejt teny wnrn
ukjabn t` e`bg `hh ten knw onrlejkts' `hhnksdvn, wedle wjs ljrrdng `k a`te dksdgn jkg `ut- sdgn ten `bg L`opjky.
Ay :8>9, Wen l`b`kdjb onrlejkts' l`oonrldjb vdlt`ry `vnr ten Bnvjkt-Njst Dkgdj nstjabdseonkt wjs k`t sdopby
ten rnsubt `h tendr supnrd`r nktrnprnknursedp. Wen p`bdtdljb upenjvjbs `h ten :879's ejg ar`cnk ten p`wnr `h ten
r`yjbdst-bnjkdkf onrlejkt nbdtn, wedbn nkejkldkf l`rrnsp`kgdkfby ten p`bdtdljb p`sdtd`k `h ten pjrbdjonktjrdjk
l`b`kdjb trjgnrs. Dkgnng, wdte ten Dkgnpnkgnkt vdlt`ry dk :875, ten knw onrlejkts fjdkng jllnss t` ten edfenst
ldrlbns `h f`vnrkonkt p`wnr, j p`sdtd`k rnsnrvng anh`rn ten ldvdb wjr t` ten Bnvjkt-Njst Dkgdj bnjgnrsedp. K`t
surprdsdkfby, tensn trjgnrs usng tendr knwby-w`k dkhbunkln dk j ojkknr jkjb`f`us t` tejt `h ten `bg nbdtn, ynt dk
jll`rg wdte tendr `wk ar`jgnr l`oonrldjb l`klnptd`ks. Venrnjs ten njstnrk trjgdkf l`opbnx ejg nopb`yng tendr
nxtrj-nl`k`odl p`wnr t` o`k`p`bdzn trjgn jkg nkejkln tendr ojrcnt p`sdtd`k, ten l`b`kdjb onrlejkt fr`updkf usng
tendrs t` try t` pry hr`o tendr p`wnrhub Gutle rdvjbs l`oonrldjb `pp`rtukdtdns pnrejps ukjttjdkjabn ay purnbynl`k`odl onjks. Js ejs annk jrfung nbsnwenrn, ten Jlt `h :8>9 ajrrdkf h`rndfknrs hr`o ten trjgn t` ten l`b`kdns,
ten Kjvdfjtd`k Jlt `h :8>:, jkg ten hdrst Gutle Vjr jrn k`t hubby l`oprnenksdabn jpjrt hr`o j l`ksdgnrjtd`k `h ten
knw onrlejkts' l`oonrldjb jkg p`bdtdljb strnkfte. Dk jk dklrnjsdkfby l`opntdtdvn dktnrkjtd`kjb l`oonrldjb
nkvdr`konkt, `pp`rtukdtdns w`ubg rjrnby jky b`kfnr sdopby prnsnkt tenosnbvns. Weny w`ubg ejvn t` an lrnjtng, dh
knlnssjry ay p`bdtdljb h`rln.
Nur`pnjk dgnktdty jkg ten oyte `h Dsbjo= j rnjssnssonkt
Yjub QDLE
Wen ndfete lnktury ler`kdlbnr Dsdg`r Yjlnksds h`r dkstjkln l`dkng ten tnro 'Nur`pnnksns' t` gnslrdan ten jbbdjkln `hQ`ojk`-Fjbbdl h`rlns wdte te`sn `h ajrajrdjks wedle ukgnr ten bnjgnrsedp `h Lejrbns Ojrtnb gnhnjtng Dsbjodl h`rlns
jt ten gnldsdvn Ajttbn `h W`urs dk 6 jkg wjs dkdtdjbby sullnsshub gun t` gdvdsd`ks jt teds tdon wdtedk ten Dsbjodl w`rbg. Mnrusjbno wjs
ljpturng dk :944 jkg j snrdns `h lrusjgnr stjtns nstjabdseng jt Jktd`le, Ngnssj, Wrdp`bd jkg Mnrusjbno. Wensn stjtns
wnrn f`vnrkng ay j wjrrd`r f`vnrkdkf lbjss jkg wnrn ejrgby nxjopbns `h l`b`kdns `h snttbnonkt tejt typdhdng bjtnr
Nur`pnjk dopnrdjb nxpjksd`k dk sule pbjlns js Njstnrk jkg \`utenrk Jhrdlj. Wen lrusjgnrs wnrn dk nhhnlt `k jk
jrong pdbfrdojfn jkg teny nkgng up grjwdkf h`bb`wnrs hr`o jbb `vnr Vnstnrk Nur`pn h`r j vjrdnty `h gdhhnrnkto`tdvns, dklbugdkf j rnbdfd`us znjb t` rntjcn Mnrusjbno, j snjrle h`r jgvnkturn js wnbb js j gnsdrn t` dopr`vn tendr
stjtus dk ten Nur`pnjk ongdnvjb s`ldjb `rgnr. \p`rjgdl jttnopts wnrn ojgn `vnr ten h`bb`wdkf lnktury t` nxtnkg
Lerdstdjk p`wnr dkt` \yrdj jkg Yjbnstdkn. E`wnvnr, ten rnvdvjb `h Dsbjodl p`wnr dk ten twnbhte lnktury nkgng teds
nxpjksd`k jkg Mnrusjbno wjs rnljpturng ay j Ousbdo jroy ukgnr \jbjggdk dk ::56. Wen edfe-p`dkt `h lrusjgdkf
jlednvnonkt teus bjstng ja`ut j lnktury jkg, jbte`ufe tenrn wnrn hurtenr lrusjgns dk ten tedrtnnkte lnktury, tensn
hjdbng t` rnljpturn Mnrusjbno. Dkgnng ten lrusjgnrs wnrn gnldsdvnby gnhnjtng wdte ten Ousbdo ljpturn `h Jlrn dk
:14:. Wen lrusjgns rndkh`rlng ongdnvjb oytes `h Lerdstdjk ledvjbry wedle jrfujaby gdvnrtng jttnktd`k jwjy hr`o
o`rn gdrnlt Dsbjodl ternjts t` Lerdstdjk p`wnr. Wen ledvjbrdl qunst t` rnl`kqunr Mnrusjbno l`ktdkung ter`ufe`ut ten
tedrtnnkte jkg h`urtnnkte lnkturdns.
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Wen ajbjkln `h p`wnr systno, e`wnvnr, `kby anljon snlurnby nstjabdseng `kln ten pnrlndvng Dsbjodl ternjt t` ten
s`ldntdns `h lnktrjb Nur`pn ejg annk rno`vng jt ten nkg `h ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Ay teds tdon, ten ajbjkln `h
p`wnr g`ltrdkn ejg sprnjg hr`o dts `rdfdkjb r``ts dk Qnkjdssjkln Dtjby jlr`ss o`st `h ten rnst `h Nur`pn jkg enbpng
sejpn ten `utb``c `h ten ljstn `h jrdst`lrjtdl gdpb`ojts. Wen knw gdpb`ojly wjs pdv`tng jr`ukg pr`o`tdkf ten rdvjb
dktnrnsts `h s`vnrndfk kjtd`k stjtns dk ten Vnstpejbdjk Nur`pnjk p`bdtdljb `rgnr. Wenrn wjs bdttbn spjln wdtedk teds
gdpb`ojtdl gdsl`ursn h`r j rnbdfd`usby-dkspdrng lrusjgn jfjdkst @tt`ojk p`wnr. Weds ejg jbrnjgy nonrfng gurdkf ten
hdhtnnkte lnktury dk ten Dtjbdjk pnkdksubj, dk ten kjrr`wby snbh-dktnrnstng anejvd`ur `h Dtjbdjk stjtns vds 0 vds @tt`ojk
p`wnr. Hr`o ten :7>9s t` ten :759s Dtjby ejg hdvn ojm`r wjrs njle bjstdkf tw` ynjrs, gnspdtn ten hjlt tejt tenrn wjs
jk nvnr-prnsnkt Wurcdse onkjln, wedle `k `kn `lljsd`k bng t` j Wurcdse fjrrds`k sndzdkf @trjkt` dk ten cdkfg`o `h
Kjpbns h`r hdhtnnk o`ktes jkg usdkf dt js j s`urln `h Lerdstdjk sbjvns. Dt pr`vng dop`ssdabn h`r Y`pn Ydus :: t` h`rfn
jk jktd-Wurcdse l`jbdtd`k js rdvjb p`wnrs wnrn t`` ausy wjtledkf njle `tenr t` an l`klnrkng ja`ut ten Wurcs.7: Wen
bjst spjsos `h ten Nur`pnjk lrusjgdkf dgnjb jppnjrng k`t dk Dtjby aut `k ten njstnrk hr`ktdnr `h Nur`pn, wenrn dk
Vjbbjledj ten sullnssd`k `h L`kstjktdkn \lenrajk dk :8>7 rnprnsnktng `kn `h ten bjst `h ten `bg jrdst`lrjtdl wjrrd`r
bnjgnrs. Nbsnwenrn dk njstnrk Nur`pn dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury ten fr`wdkf `pprnssd`k `h ten pnjsjktry onjkt tejt
ten jrdst`lrjtdl lrusjgdkf trjgdtd`k anljon ukgnrodkng ay dktnrkjb lbjss tnksd`ks.
Wen r`bn `h ten `tt`ojks jkg Gutle dk ten l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k
antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury
Oneont Aubut
Wen prnsnkt pjpnr h`lusns `k ten r`bn `h ten @tt`ojks jkg Gutle dk ten njrby l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten
Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Js jk nxpjkgdkf trjgdkf kjtd`k dk ten w`rbg nl`k`oy, ten Gutle
Qnpuabdl pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk ten l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn jkg
Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wen fr`wte `h @tt`ojk-Gutle nl`k`odl rnbjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury h`bb`wng ten fr`wte
`h nl`k`odl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wenrnh`rn, ten tw` w`rbg nl`k`odl
systnos, ten @tt`ojk jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`k`oy dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng t` njle `tenr.
Wen fr`wte `h trjgn antwnnk ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn ds `kn dkgdljtd`k `h ten l`oonrldjb
dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl gurdkf ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Jk`tenr ds ten dklrnjsng nxp`rts `hprnld`us ontjbs (f`bg jkg sdbvnr) hr`o Nur`pn ter`ufe`ut ten @tt`ojk jrnjs t` ten Njst. L`opjrng wdte bnvnbs
jlednvng jt ten nkg `h twnktdnte lnktury, trjgn dk f``gs jkg ljpdtjb hb`ws antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl gurdkf
ten snvnktnnkte lnktury ds dkl`opjrjabn dk sdzn. E`wnvnr, jk`tenr hjlt ds tejt ten v`buon `h b`kf gdstjkln trjgn,
trjvnb, l`ooukdljtd`k jkg hb`w `h ten prnld`us ontjbs antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks dklrnjsng t` j sdzn tejt wjs
dop`ssdabn t` l`opjrn wdte ten njrbdnr lnkturdns. Weds pjpnr jttnopts t` jkjbysn ten r`bn `h ten @tt`ojks jkg Gutle
dk teds pr`lnss. Wen @tt`ojks rnl`fkdsng ten dop`rtjkln `h ten l`kknltd`ks antwnnk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, ten Qng \nj
jkg ten Dkgdjk @lnjk dk ten l`ktr`b `h njst-wnst trjgn. Weny jttjleng spnldjb dop`rtjkln t` ten dopr`vnonkt `h tendr
kjvjb h`rln h`r l`ktr`bbdkf tensn jrnjs. Gurdkf ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn ejg annk j sdfkdhdljkt
p`wnr we`sn l`kqunsts wnrn gdrnltng k`t `kby t`wjrg l`kqunrdkf bjkg aut jbs` t`wjrg g`odkjtdkf `r l`ktr`bbdkf
ten trjgn nktrnp`ts jkg l`oonrldjb kntw`rcs jlr`ss ten z`kns `h dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn. Wen l`oonrldjb z`kns dk wedle
ten @tt`ojks `pnrjtng nxtnkgng hr`o ten Ongdtnrrjknjk t` ten Dkgdjk @lnjk.' Gun t` dts kjvjb jkg l`oonrldjb
p`wnr, ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn wjs jabn t` g`odkjtn ten trjgdkf r`utns antwnnk Jsdj jkg Nur`pn uktdb ten bjst gnljgns
`h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury. Wen nkg `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury ojrcng ten anfdkkdkf `h j sdfkdhdljkt turkdkf p`dkt h`r tenVnstnrk nl`k`oy. Wen gdsl`vnry `h ten Ljpn `h F``g E`pn dk :758 jkg ten sedht `h Dkgdjk jkg Ynrsdjk trjgn r`utns
t` ten edfe snjs jr`ukg \`ute Jhrdlj wjs jk dop`rtjkt p`dkt `h l`klnrk h`r ten @tt`ojk rubnrs. @h l`ursn, jhtnr ten
gdsl`vnry `h ten Ljpn r`utn spdln trjgn dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk gdg k`t lnjsn doongdjtnby, js ds a`rkn `ut ay nvdgnkln.
Gun t` tendr p`sdtd`k dk dktnrkjtd`kjb trjksdt trjgn, jkg sdkln teny l`ktr`bbng ten trjgn r`utns h`r j b`kf tdon, ten
@tt`ojks l`ktdkung t` fjdk oule rnvnkun hr`o trjk-sdt trjgn. \pdlns jkg `tenr vjbujabn pr`gults hr`o Jsdj jkg ten
Bnvjkt ejg h`r lnkturdns h`ukg tendr wjy t` Nur`pn ter`ufe ten @tt`ojk tnrrdt`rdns. : @tt`ojk p`wnr jt snj jkg ten
Nopdrn's strjtnfy dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, Qng \nj jkg Dkgdjk @lnjk dk tejt pnrd`g ejvn annk jggrnssng ay edst`rdjks
sule js @re`kbu (:4863 :467), @zajrjk (:4613 :449) jkg Aruoontt (:441.
Ay ten odggbn `h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn ejg anl`on ten prdon stjtn l`ktr`bbdkf jbb ten trjgn
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r`utns hr`o ten Dkgdjk @lnjk t` ten Ongdtnrrjknjk sdkln ten Ayzjktdkn Nopdrn b`st dts p`ssnssd`ks dk oule `h ten
jrnj dk ten snvnkte lnktury. Wen @tt`ojk kjvy pbjyng j lruldjb r`bn dk l`ktr`bbdkf ten trjgn r`utns (Ojktrjk :44>=
:::). < Dk eds hjo`us lejptnr `k l`b`kdns, Jgjo \odte k`tng tejt "ten gdsl`vnry `h Jonrdlj jkg tejt `h j pjssjfn t`
ten Njst Dkgdns ay ten Ljpn `h F``g E`pn, jrn tw` frnjtnst jkg o`st dop`rtjkt nvnkts rnl`rgng dk ten edst`ry `h
ojkcdkg" (\odte :447). @k j hnw `lljsd`ks jkg nspnldjbby wenk
ten Jkfb`-Gutle wjr ar`cn `ut dk :8>1, ten Gutle ojgn k` snlrnt `h tendr jdo t` grdvn ten Nkfbdse `ut `h ten Bnvjkt
trjgn ay ojcdkf ten Ongdtnrrjknjk t`` gjkfnr`us h`r teno. Weny l`ubg njsdby ojkjfn teds anljusn teny
l`bbja`rjtng wdte @tt`ojk onrlejkts (V``g :4= >>). Ay ten odggbn `h ten lnktury, ten nssnkln `h ten GutleBnvjkt trjgn anljon ten nxlejkfn `h o`ejdr yjrks h`r ten Gutle hdkn w``bbnk lb`te wedle wjs ojgn dk Bndgnk jkg
Ejjrbno. @tt`ojk Jkjt`bdj jppnjrng js ten h`rno`st ojrcnt h`r teds l`oo`gdty jkg dt wjs ten `kby s`urln `h
suppby `h o`ejdr yjrk, ten rjw ojtnrdjb h`r ljobnt, wedle wjs Bndgnk's snl`kg o`st sdfkdhdljkt pr`gult jhtnr bjcnk
gurdkf teds pnrd`g.
Wen @tt`ojk stjpbn jkg `pnk g``r p`bdly t`wjrgs ten knw wnstnrk trjgdkf kjtd`ks dk ten Bnvjkt lrnjtng knw
l`oonrldjb lnktrns dk ten Odggbn Njst. Vedbn anh`rn ten snvnktnnkte lnktury, ten Nur`pnjks wnrn o`stby dk hjv`ur
`h Jbnpp`, gurdkf tejt tdon teny gdsl`vnrng ten knw trjgdkf jkg pr`guldkf lnktrns `h ten Nopdrn= Jkcjrj, Aursj,
\jb`kdlj, Lyprus jkg Dzodr. Dk ten anfdkkdkf `h ten @tt`ojk-Gutle rnbjtd`ks, Jktwnrp jkg Jbnpp` wnrn tw`
dop`rtjkt l`oonrldjb lnktrns, aut bjtnr dzodr anljon ten l`oonrldjb lnktrn h`r ten w`rbg nl`k`oy dk ten Bnvjkt,
wedbn Jostnrgjo anljon ten lnktrn `h dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn dk Nur`pn. H`r ten Nur`pnjks, Dzodr anljon ten
dktnrkjtd`kjb nktrnp`t h`r jbb cdkgs `h l`oo`gdtdns antwnnk ten Njst jkg ten Vnst wedbn ten `tenr ldtdns anljon
dop`rtjkt pr`guldkf jkg b`ljb trjgdkf lnktrns. Jbb tensn lnktrns pr`gulng ten ojdk rjw ojtnrdjbs h`r ten tnxtdbn
dkgustrdns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Nur`pn. H`bb`wdkf sule trjgdkf lnktrns js Jbnpp`, Dstjkaub, Aursj, Lyprus, jkg Dzodr3s`on `tenr ldtdns jbs` anljon pr`gultd`k lnktrns. Hr`o ten odggbn `h ten lnktury `kwjrgs, jbb tensn lnktrns
jppnjrng t` anl`on vnry dop`rtjkt ldtdns dk pr`vdgdkf ten rjw ojtnrdjbs h`r ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`k`oy. @tt`ojk
h`rndfk trjgn gdg k`t hjbb dk vjbun jhtnr ten gnlbdkn `h ten Vnstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk nl`k`oy. Dkstnjg `h ten Dtjbdjks,
gun t` ten @tt`ojk nl`k`odl p`bdly, ten K`rtenrk Nur`pnjks anljon ten bnjgdkf wnstnrk trjgnrs dk ten bjtn
sdxtnnkte jkg snvnktnnkte lnktury. Ay frjktdkf prdvdbnfns (ljpdtubjtd`ks) t` ten Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse dk ten sdxtnnkte
lnktury, jkg bjtnr t` ten Gutle dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury, ten Bnvjkt trjgn l`ktdkung dk ten njrby o`gnrk pnrd`g.
Knvnrtenbnss, ten @tt`ojk-Gutle l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks ojrcng ten anfdkkdkf `h lnrtjdk lejkfns dk ten pr`gultd`k
pr`lnss `h ten @tt`ojk nl`k`oy. Jbte`ufe ten @tt`ojk nl`k`odl p`bdly wjs gdrnltby l`klnrkng wdte ten l`ktr`b `h
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ten nl`k`oy, dt snnos tejt ten ojdk `amnltdvn `h teds p`bdly wjs k`t t` pr`tnlt @tt`ojk ojkuhjlturns hr`o h`rndfk
l`opntdtd`k. @k ten l`ktrjry, ten \uabdon Y`rtn ojdktjdkng dts trjgdtd`kjb bdanrjb p`bdly.
Vn ljk fnt jk dgnj ja`ut ten onrlejkgdsn, wedle wjs trjgng antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn dk ten snl`kg
ejbh `h ten snvnktnnkte lnktury hr`o ten Jtbjktdl, ten nl`k`oy `h ten Nopdrn anfjk t` anl`on j pr`gulnr `h rjw
ojtnrdjbs h`r Vnstnrk Nur`pn js wnbb js h`r ten Bndgnk tnxtdbn dkgustry. Weus, ay pr`vdgdkf rjw ojtnrdjbs, ten Bnvjkt
ojrcnt anfjk t` pbjy j sdfkdhdljkt r`bn dk ten gnvnb`ponkt `h ten tnxtdbn dkgustry dk Vnstnrk Nur`pn. H`r ten
@tt`ojk Nopdrn teds ojrcng ten anfdkkdkf `h anl`odkf jk nxp`rtnr `h rjw tnxtdbn ojtnrdjbs, pjrtdlubjrby sdbc,
l`tt`k, o`ejdr jkg w``b rjtenr tejk andkf jk nxp`rtnr `h ojkuhjlturng pr`gults. Hurtenro`rn, ten @tt`ojks wnrn
k`t `kby dop`rtjkt dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury anljusn teny suppbdng ten Nur`pnjks wdte rjw ojtnrdjbs usng dk tnxtdbn
pr`gultd`k aut jbs` wdte frjdk. L`ksnqunktby, ten @tt`ojk nl`k`oy dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng dtsnbh t` Nur`pn dk
jfrdlubturn, dkgustry jkg trjgn dk ten sjon pnrd`g. Wen rnfd`kjb jkg dktnrrnfd`kjb trjgn dk frjdk, sdbc, l`tt`k, o`ejdr
yjrk, w``b, sdbvnr, ntl. hb`urdseng jkg ten pr`gultd`k `h ten rjw ojtnrdjbs dklrnjsng dk ten @tt`ojk nl`k`oy. Wen
trnjsury `h ten Nopdrn l`bbnltng j frnjt jo`ukt `h lust`o gutdns hr`o ten wnstnrk onrlejkts 'jltdvdtdns dk dts
tnrrdt`rdns. E`wnvnr, ten @tt`ojk tnxtdbn ojkuhjlturnrs anfjk t` an jhhnltng ay tensn gnvnb`ponkts, js wjs
`asnrvng dk ten ljsn `h ten sdbc dkgustrdns dk Aursj (Ldzjcqj :4653 :45>).
Wen dklrnjsn dk ten Nur`pnjk gnojkg h`r ten rjw ojtnrdjbs bng t` ten fr`wte `h pr`gultd`k dk rjw ojtnrdjbs dk ten
@tt`ojk nl`k`oy. Vedbn ten prdlns `h rjw ojtnrdjbs dklrnjsng, lb`te prdlns hjdbng t` dklrnjsn jt ten sjon rjtn. Js j
rnsubt `h teds gnvnb`ponkt, ten pr`gultd`k `h rjw ojtnrdjbs anljon o`rn pr`hdt-jabn tejk ten pr`gultd`k `h lb`te dk
ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn. Weds pr`ajaby ljusng j rnbjtdvn sedht dk g`onstdl jltdvdty hr`o ten pr`gultd`k `h lb`te t` tenpr`gultd`k `h rjw ojtnrdjbs. Weds gnvnb`ponkt ojrcs ten outujb dkhbunkln `h ten @tt`-ojk nl`k`oy jkg ten
wnstnrk Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`k`oy dk ten njrby o`gnrk pnrd`g. @tt`ojk snvnktnnkte lnktury `asnrvnr Kjdoj
l`opbjdkng tejt ten Nopdrn anfjk t` anl`on ten ojdk jrnj h`r pr`gultd`k `h rjw ojtnrdjbs aut j f``g ojrcnt h`r
l`ksuoptd`k `h hdkjb tnxtdbn pr`gults (Kjdoj :588= v`b. DX, 14
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`tenr wnstnrk kjtd`ks, nspnldjbby ten Nkfbdse we` jbs` nxp`rtng Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs t` ten Nopdrn.8: Wen Gutle bd`k
g`bbjrs anljon ten ojdk wnstnrk l`dks `h gnojkg dk ten @tt`ojk ojrcnts dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Gutle
onrlejkts pbjyng j ojm`r r`bn dk ten dop`rt `h tensn l`dks t` ten Nopdrn. L`tt`k, bdknk, w``b, sdbc jkg o`ejdr yjrk
anljon ten ojdk rjw ojtnrdjb h`r Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk tnxtdbn dkgustrdns dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Jkcjrj anljon jk
dop`rtjkt pr`guldkf jkg trjgdkf lnktrn h`r o`ejdr yjrk dk ten odggbn `h Jkjt`bdj, wedbn Aursj wjs j sdfkdhdljkt
pr`gultd`k jkg trjgdkf lnktrn h`r sdbc dk ten wnstnrk pjrt `h Wurcny. Wen Gutle onrlejkts dk ten snvnktnnkte
lnktury, jkg bjtnr onrlejkts hr`o `tenr wnstnrk kjtd`ks trdng t` nstjabdse tendr `wk pr`gultd`k jfnkts dk ndtenr
Jkcjrj `r Aursj, aut knvnr sullnngng h`r jky bnkfte `h tdon. Wen @tt`ojk Ousbdo jkg k`k-Ousbdo onrlejkts
l`ktr`bbng teds trjgn jkg trjkshnrrng ten rjw ojtnrdjbs vdj Dzodr t` Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Dt ojy an sjdg tejt ten @tt`ojk
nxp`rts, te`ufe teny l`ktjdkng `kby j sojbb hrjltd`k `h ten t`tjb w`rbg trjgn dk ten njrby o`gnrk tdons, ojgn j
sdfkdhdljkt l`ktrdautd`k t` ten nl`k`odl nv`butd`k `h Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Ojdk dtnos hr`o ten Bnvjkt sule js wenjt,
lnrnjbs, ljttbn, edgns, `bdvn `db, w``b, bdknk, o`ejdr, sdbc jkg l`tt`k rnjleng Nur`pn jkg teds bng t` ten
dkstdtutd`kjbdsjtd`k `h dktnrkjtd`kjb l`oo`gdty ojrcnts dk w`rbg trjgn jkg pr`gultd`k. Wen Gutle onrlejkts wnrn
ten o`st jltdvn l`ooukdty a`te dk ten trjgn `h aubcy jkg buxury l`oo`gdtdns antwnnk ten Nopdrn jkg Nur`pn.
Weny snkt tensn pr`gults k`t `kby t` E`bbjkg, aut jbs` t` Dtjby, Hrjkln, Fnrojky, Nkfbjkg, jkg jbs` t` s`on `tenr
pbjlns dk Nur`pn. O`rn`vnr, ten Kntenrbjkgs anljon ten ojdk nktrnp`t h`r ten gdstrdautd`k `h ten Bnvjktdkn pr`gults
t` ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg gurdkf ten sjon pnrd`g. Gutle sedps t` ten @tt`ojk p`rts sjdbng hr`o ojky gdhhnrnkt p`rts `h
Nur`pn= Ejo-aurf, Gjkzdf, Jostnrgjo, Nkceudznk, Q`ttnrgjo, G`rgrnlet, Ljgdz, Bdsa`k, Nognk, Ajrlnb`kj, Weds
trjksp`rtjtd`k jkg l`oonrldjb kntw`rc antwnnk Nur`pn jkg ten Bnvjkt ojgn ten hb`w `h l`oo`gdtdns antwnnk ten
tw` rnfd`ks p`ssdabn. Wen l`oonrldjb nxpjksd`k `h Nur`pn jkg ten jlluoubjtd`k `h ljpdtjb bng t` ten lrnjtd`k `h
knw dkgustrdns, pjrtdlubjrby dk ten jrnj `h tnxtdbns, wedle ejg t` hdkg nxp`rt ojrcnts t` l`ktdkun tendr nxpjksd`k. Wenhukgjonktjb dkputs `h ten Hrnkle, Nkfbdse jkg Gutle tnxtdbn dkgustrdns wnrn sdbc, l`tt`k, bdknk, o`ejdr yjrk jkg
w``b. Nkfbjkg ojdkby dop`rtng sdbc, w``b jkg l`tt`k wedbn Hrjkln jkg ten Gutle Qnpuabdl o`stby dop`rtng l`tt`k,
sdbc jkg o`ejdr. Gun t` ten nxlejkfn `h f``gs jkg gdhhnrnklns dk lurrnkly rjtn, ten Bnvjkt trjgn wjs vnry pr`hdtjabn
h`r ten Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`k`odns. W
en Nur`pnjk Bnvjkt l`opjkdns jlluoubjtng frnjt wnjbte hr`o teds trjgn. Wendr l`ksubs jkg joajssjg`rs wnrn
jltdvn dk pr`tnltdkf tendr l`oonrldjb rdfets. Ojky `h teno wnrn nvnk pnrs`kjbby dkv`bvng dk l`oonrldjb jltdvdtdns.
L`ksnqunktby, ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng dts nl`k`oy t` Vnstnrk Nur`pn dk ten sdxtnnkte jkg
snvnktnnkte lnkturdns ]jktn, Ojrsndbbns, Fnk`j, Kjpbns, Bnfe`rk jkg Ojbtj.. Vdte ten wdgnkdkf `h ten kntw`rc
antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks, ten l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks `h ten @tt`ojk-Gutle onrlejkts dklrnjsng sdfkdhdljktby. Weds
gnvnb`ponkt lrnjtng j knw sdtujtd`k antwnnk ten ojrcnts `h ten tw` rnfd`ks, ten Bnvjkt jkg K`rte-wnstnrk Nur`pn.
Nspnldjbby gun t` ten @tt`ojk-Gutle l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks, j trnkg anfjk t` gnvnb`p t`wjrgs ten dktnfrjtd`k `h ten
Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`k`oy wdte ten Bnvjkt, jkg j w`rbg ojrcnt h`r f``gs wjs ajsng `k dktnrkjtd`kjb suppby jkggnojkg. Wensn rnbjtd`ks pbjyng j lruldjb r`bn gurdkf ten njrby stjfn `h ten dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten @tt`ojk
nl`k`oy wdte ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`k`oy dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. E`wnvnr, dt gdg k`t l`kstdtutn hubb
dktnfrjtd`k `h ten nl`k`oy `h ten Nopdrn jkg ten Nur`pnjk ljpdtjbdst w`rbg nl`k`oy. Dt wjs `kby ten stjrtdkf p`dkt
h`r ten dktnfrjtd`k `h ten tw` nl`k`odns jkg teds trnkg l`ktdkung uktdb ten l`kstrultd`k `h rjdbwjys dk ten bjtn
kdkntnnkte lnktury.
Wen @tt`ojk-Gutle l`oonrldjb rnbjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury rnprnsnkt ten rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten Nur`pnjk
ljpdtjbdst w`rbg nl`k`oy jkg j V`rbg Nopdrn. Js jk nxpjkgdkf trjgdkf kjtd`k dk ten w`rbg nl`k`oy, ten Gutle
Qnpuabdl pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk ten l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn jkg
Vnstnrk Nur`pn dk ten sjon pnrd`g. Wen fr`wte `h @tt`ojk-Gutle nl`k`odl rnbjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury
h`bb`wng ten fr`wte `h ten nl`k`odl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wenrnh`rn,
ten tw` w`rbg nl`k`odl systnos, ten @tt`ojk jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`k`odns dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng t` njle `tenr.
Wen p`dkt ds tejt ten @tt`ojks ejg k` p`bdtdljb l`khbdlt wdte teds knwby rdsdkf wnstnrk ljpdtjbdst kjtd`k dk ten
l`klnrkng pnrd`g. O`rn`vnr, teds trjgdkf kjtd`k wjs jk @tt`ojk jbby dk ten Vnst. Hr`o ten bjst gnljgns `h ten
sdxtnnkte lnktury ten Gutle onrlejkts ejg jk dklrnjsng dktnrnst dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk. Aut, ten trjgn dk teds rnfd`k
wjs k`t s` snlurn h`r ten Gutle snjonk. Wen ejzjrg`us l`kgdtd`ks dk ten rnfd`k o`tdvjtng ten Gutle t` nstjabdse
h`rojb nl`k`odl rnbjtd`ks wdte ten @tt`ojks. Dk hjlt, a`te ten @tt`ojks jkg ten Gutle ejg nl`k`odl jkg p`bdtdljb
dktnrnsts dk l``pnrjtd`k dk ten dopr`vnonkt `h tendr rnbjtd`ksedps. Dsrjnb's vdnws supp`rt `ur hdkgdkfs tejt p`bdtdljb
rnjs`ks pbjyng j r`bn dk ten rdsn `h ten Gutle Ongdtnrrjknjk trjgn gurdkf ten njrby o`gnrk pnrd`g. Wenk, dk
ukgnrstjkgdkf ten Gutle r`bn dk ten Bnvjkt trjgn, ten @tt`ojk p`bdldns t`wjrgs ten Gutle se`ubg an tjcnk dkt`
l`ksdgnrjtd`k. Dkgnng, ten @tt`ojk f`vnrkonkts wnrn hrdnkgby t`wjrgs ten Gutle. Weus, dk :8:1, ten @tt`ojk
Nopdrn jkg Gutle Qnpuabdl h`rojbby nstjabdseng nl`k`odl jkg p`bdtdljb rnbjtd`ksedps, dk tejt ten hdrst ljpdtubjtd`ks
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wnrn frjktng t` ten Gutle. Vdte teds ten Gutle sullnngng dk `atjdkdkf hjv`urjabn prdvdbnfns hr`o ten @tt`ojk
\ubtjk Jeong D, l`oprdsdkf snvnkty-hdvn jrtdlbns `h trjgn wedle gnhdkng "Gutle bdanrtdns `k ten suamnlt." Wensn
jrtdlbns jbb`wng ten Gutle h`rojb jllnss t` ten @tt`ojk ojrcnts. Dt ds lbnjr tejt ten @tt`ojk Nopdrn h`bb`wng jk
"`pnk g``r" p`bdly t`wjrgs ten Gutle onrlejkts. Ejvdkf ten prdvdbnfns frjktng ay ten Nopdrn, ten Gutle onrlejkts
l`ubg nxtnkg tendr trjgn jltdvdtdns njsdnr tejk anh`rn dk ten p`rts `h ten @tt`ojk bjkgs. Wen @tt`ojk Nopdrn frjktng
teno tw` o`rn ljpdtubjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury (:8. Jhtnr teds pnrd`g ten Gutle trjgn anfjk t` an jgvnrsnby jhhnltng ay ten Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse nxpjksd`k
dk ten Njstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk. Wen hjlt ds tejt ten snvnktnnkte lnktury wdtknssng ten l`oonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk
ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl. A`te ten @tt`ojks jkg Gutle pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk teds gnvnb`ponkt.
QNkjdssjkln Lrusjgnrs=
Euojkdst Lrusjgn Bdtnrjturn dk ten Jfn `h Oneong DD
MJON\ EJKCDK\
Dk ten p`pubjr edst`rdljb dojfdkjtd`k lrusjgdkf ds dksnpjrjaby bdkcng wdte ten Edfe Odggbn Jfns-wdte ^rajk DD jkg
Yntnr ten Enrodt, A`eno`kg jkg F`ghrny `h A`udbb`k, \t. Anrkjrg jkg ten odbdtjry `rgnrs, Qdlejrg ten Bd`kenjrtng,
jkg \jbjgdk. Wen hjdbng lrusjgns `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury dt ds ejrg t` tedkc `h js jkytedkf aut ten bjst twdtledkfs `h j
gnljyng jkg gdslrngdtng trjgdtd`k. Qnkjdssjkln euojkdsts, `k ten `tenr ejkg, ejvn anl`on dk rnlnkt edst`rdljb
bdtnrjturn jbo`st ten se`lc tr``ps `h o`gnrkdty= ten lubturjb dkk`vjt`rs we`sn onte`gs jkg `utb``c enrjbgng o`gnrk
p`bdtdljb gdsl`ursn, ten Qnh`rojtd`k, edst`rdldso, jkg snlubjrdso. Weny jrn l`oo`kby gnslrdang js anb`kfdkf t` j
(o`stby) bjy o`vnonkt, e`stdbn t` ten ongdnvjb pjst, l`oodttng t` ten lubturjb vjbuns `h Frnl`-Q`ojk jktdqudty,
jkg bjrfnby supp`rtng ay ten sjon nonrfnkt snlubjr p`wnrs we`sn pjrtdlubjr dktnrnsts w`rcng l`ksdstnktby jfjdkst
jky pjk-Nur`pnjk lrusjgdkf pr`mnlts dk ten bjtnr Odggbn Jfns. Wen euojkdst o`gnb `h odbdtjry vdrtun ds enbg t` antejt `h ten ldtdznk-s`bgdnr, k`t ten Lerdstdjk ckdfet3 Ldkldkkjtus, k`t \t. B`uds.'
We`ufe dt ds k`t `avd`us wey ten euojkdsts se`ubg ejvn spnkt s` oule tdon jgv`ljtdkf lrusjgn, dt ds njsy t` tedkc
`h rent`rdljb strjtnfdns t` rnguln ten jppjrnkt dkl`kfrudty. @kn l`ubg ojdktjdk tejt euojkdso ds j o`rn "ongdnvjb"
penk`onk`k tejk ds usujbby te`ufet. @kn l`ubg tjcn ten `pp`sdtn tjlc jkg jrfun tejt lrusjgdkf, ten sjkltdhdljtd`k `h
vd`bnkln, ds jk nssnktdjb pjrt `h Nur`pnjk odbdtjry lubturn jkg ljkk`t an l`khdkng t` ten pnrd`g `h ten Edfe Odggbn
Jfns3 tejt ten euojkdsts pr`o`tng lrusjgdkf anljusn dt wjs jk dknsljpjabn pjrt `h tendr w`rbg. Tnt kndtenr `h tensn
strjtnfdns pr`odsns t` tnbb us oule dk ten nkg ja`ut ten lurd`us prn`llupjtd`k `h euojkdsts wdte lrusjgdkf dk ten
snl`kg ejbh `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury. V`rsn, teny ternjtnk t` dkv`bvn us dk ten dssun `h pnrd`gdzjtd`k, tejk wedle k`
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dssun ljk an o`rn usnbnss jkg tngd`us. J anttnr wjy t` pr`lnng ds t` jsc wejt gdstdkfudsens euojkdst lrusjgdkf
bdtnrjturn hr`o ongdnvjb lrusjgdkf bdtnrjturn. E`w gdg ten euojkdsts trjksh`ro ten tenons jkg fnkrns `h lrusjgdkf
bdtnrjturn0 Vejt ejppnkng t` j "ongdnvjb" dgnjb wenk dt anljon ojtnrdjb h`r j "Qnkjdssjkln" lubturjb o`vnonkt0
Wen jkswnrs t` tensn qunstd`ks ojy enbp nxpbjdk wey ten euojkdsts hnbt l`opnbbng t` wrdtn ja`ut lrusjgdkf. Jt ten
bnjst, teny ejvn ten onrdt `h h`rldkf us t` tjcn j lb`snr b``c jt wejt ten euojkdsts jltujbby wr`tn ja`ut ten Lrusjgns
jkg ten Wurcdse ternjt. We`ufe euojkdst wrdtdkfs `k ten Lrusjgns jkg ten @tt`ojk Wurcs l`oonkln wdte Yntrjrle
dk ten h`urtnnkte lnktury, ten aubc `h euojkdst lrusjgdkf bdtnrjturn anfdks `kby jhtnr ten hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn dk
:7>5, ten hjbb `h Knfr`p`ktn dk :769, ten
ljpturn `h @trjkt` dk :759, jkg s` h`rte, g`wk t` ten ajttbn `h Bnpjkt` dk :>6:. Dk teds nssjy D sejbb l`klnrk oysnbh
`kby wdte w`rcs wrdttnk gurdkf ten rndfk `h Oneong DD (:7>:-5:), j bdtnrjturn l`op`sng jbo`st nktdrnby ay Dtjbdjks.
\`on l`kvnrfnkln antwnnk ten Lrusjgns jkg ten euojkdst o`vnonkt ljk an jlednvng j prd`rd, js dt wnrn, ay tjcdkf
j lb`snr b``c jt ten spnldjb lejrjltnrdstdls `h lrusjg-dkf dk ten bjtn Odggbn Jfns.
Wen jppnjrjkln dk ten bjtnr h`urtnnkte lnktury `h j ajbjkln-`h-p`wnr gykjodl dk ten rnbjtd`ks antwnnk Dtjbdjk stjtns
lrnjtng j cdkg `h pjrjbysds wdte rnspnlt t` jky s`rt `h l`oo`k jltd`k. Nvnk Ydus DD, ten frnjtnst lrusjgdkf p`pn `h
ten Qnkjdssjkln, jgodttng dk j pjssd`kjtn jkg adttnr bnttnr jhtnr ten L`ukldb `h Ojktuj tejt ten prdklns `h Nur`pn
l`ubg k`t an ar`ufet t` pbjln ten f``g `h Lerdstnkg`o ja`vn tejt `h tendr snvnrjb prdkldpjbdtdns3 en l`klbugng gjrcby
tejt Vnstnrk Lerdstdjks odfet nkg up bdcn te`sn `h ten Njst, bdvdkf dk snrvdtugn ukgnr Dsbjodl rubn. Wen hdhtnnkte-
lnktury lrusjgns jbs` gdhhnrng hr`o te`sn `h ten lbjssdljb pnrd`g dk ejvdkf js tendr prdojry `amnlt, k`t ten rnl`vnry
`h ten E`by Bjkg, aut ten rnl`vnry `h L`kstjktdk`pbn. Wenrn wnrn snvnrjb rnjs`ks h`r teds sedht dk jdo. Wen E`by
Bjkg dk ten hdhtnnkte lnktury wjs dk ten ejkgs `h ten Ojobuc subtjks `h Nfypt, we` prnsnktng k` pjrtdlubjr odbdtjryternjt t` ten Bjtdk Vnst jkg wdte we`o ten l`oonrldjb p`wnrs `h Dtjby ejg w`rcng `ut j outujbby anknhdldjb o`ynk
gn vdvrn wdte rnfjrg t` trjgn. Wen @tt`-ojk Wurcs `h Jsdj Odk`r, ay l`ktrjst, wnrn j gykjodl odbdtjry p`wnr wdte
nxpjksd`kdst gnsdfks dk Nur`pn dtsnbh, jkg ten Dtjbdjk l`oonrldjb p`wnrs hnjrng (te`ufe fr`ukgbnssby, js dt pr`vng)
tejt teny w`ubg ternjtnk Nur`pnjk trjgdkf dktnrnsts dk ten Bnvjkt.> Wen hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn jkg ten jttnkgjkt tjbns
`h Wurcdse jtr`ldtdns teus snrvng js j p`wnrhub syoa`b `h ten knlnssdty h`r Nur`pnjks t` ukdtn dk `rgnr t` l`uktnr
Wurcdse gnsdfks `h l`kqunst.
Wen rnl`kqunst `h L`kstjktdk`pbn w`ubg an j strjtnfdl l`up h`r ten Vnst js wnbb= dt w`ubg lut ten @tt`ojk bjkgs dk
tw` jkg dkedadt ten gnvnb`ponkt `h Wurcdse kjvjb p`wnr dk ten k`rtenjstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk. L`kstjktdk`pbn wjs jbs`
`h l`ursn j e`by ldty, `kn `h ten hdvn pjtrdjrlejb ldtdns `h jkldnkt Lerdstdjkdty, jkg ten ljpdtjb `h ten Frnnc nopdrn.
\dkln ten :
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\`on euojkdsts, e`wnvnr, rnfjrgng js doprjltdljb ten p`bdly `h ukdtdkf jbb `h Lerdstnkg`o dk pnjln jktnlngnktby t`
gnlbjrdkf j lrusjgn. Jk jbtnrkjtdvn, o`rn rnjbdstdl pr`mnlt wjs t` dkguln `kn `h ten cdkfs `h Lerdstnkg`o-Jbh`ks` `h
Jrjf`k, ten cdkf `h Hrjkln `r ten gucn `h Aurfukgy-t` ukdtn wdte ten Xnkntdjks jkg h`ro j sdopbn adbjtnrjb h`rln
jfjdkst ten Wurc. Dt wjs e`png, `h l`ursn, tejt dkdtdjb sullnssns w`ubg ljusn `tenr p`wnrs t` m`dk ten lrusjgn `ut `h
sejon `r `ut `h hnjr `h j rdvjb fr`wdkf t`` str`kf. Wen adbjtnrjb p`bdly gnojkgng j rent`rdljb strjtnfy gdhhnrnkt hr`o
tejt usng ay ten oubtdbjtnrjbdsts. Wen oubtdbjtnrjbdsts bdcng t` ljblubjtn ten Frnjt Wurc's p`wnr js t`` bjrfn h`r jky
`kn p`wnr t` hjln jb`kn, aut sojbbnr tejk ten ukdtng h`rlns `h Vnstnrk Lerdstnkg`o.
Wen Frnncs jkg Q`ojks ejg `htnk mustdhdng ten nxtnksd`k `h tendr a`rgnrs `k ten fr`ukgs tejt teny wnrn sprnjgdkf
ldvdbdzjtd`k jkg tjodkf `r rnstrjdkdkf ten ajrajrdl e`rgns any`kg teno. Weds mustdhdljtd`k `h lrusjgn wjs s`ontdons
nopb`yng dk ongdnvjb murdgdljb bdtnrjturn `k lrusjgdkf, aut dt wjs vjstby nxtnkgng ay ten euojkdsts, jo`kf we`o dt
anljon j stjkgjrg rent`rdljb t`p`s. \` wedbn ten euojkdsts, bdcn ten ongdnvjb prnjlenrs, l`ktdkung t` odkn ten rdle
vndk `h jktd-Ousbdo prnmugdln, gno`kdzdkf tendr Ousbdo `pp`knkts js lrunb, pnrvnrtng, gnlndthub, hdbtey, jkg t``bs `h
ten Gnvdb, teny wnrn jbs` jabn t` jgg knw ljtnf`rdns `h jausn. Wen Wurcs, js j k`ojgdl pn`pbn, wnrn n` dps`
ajrajrdjks, tenrnh`rn wjrbdcn, vd`bnkt, ukstjabn, jkg uktrustw`rtey. Ydus DD, dk j lbjssdl pdnln `h `ut-fr`up
stnrn`typdkf, gnslrdang teno js "dfk`rjkt `h wdkn, frjdk jkg sjbt," njtdkf ja`odkjabn onjts sule js ten hbnse `h
w`bvns, vubturns jkg euojk hntusns.
Dt jbs` hdt wnbb wdte ten tenon `h ten hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn jkg ten nkg `h Frnnc ldvdbdzjtd`k. Ydus DD's bjonkt h`r ten
hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn ds wnbb ck`wk=
@ hjo`us Frnnln, ane`bg k`w tey nkg! Ve` g`ns k`t frdnvn h`r y`u0 Wenrn rnojdkng up t` teds gjy dk
L`kstjktdk`pbn j rnonoarjkln `h y`ur jkldnkt wdsg`o, jkg k` Bjtdk wjs l`ksdgnrng jgnqujtnby bnjrkng ukbnss en
spnkt tdon stugydkf dk L`kstjktdk`pbn, js te`ufe dt wnrn ten e`on `h bnttnrs. Wen kjon Jtenks ejg h`r bnjrkdkf
wenk Q`on wjs dk hb`wnr b`kf jf`, L`kstjktdk`pbn ejg dk `ur `wk gjy. Dt wjs hr`o tenkln wn rnlndvng Ybjt`, hr`o
tenkln tejt ten w`rcs `h Jrdst`tbn, Gno`stenkns, Unk`pe`k, Weulygdgns, Ajsdb, Gd`kysdus, @rdfnk jkg ojky `tenrs
wnrn ojgn ojkdhnst t` ten Bjtdk pn`pbns dk `ur tdon, jkg wn ejg e`png t` rnlndvn ojky o`rn dk ten huturn. Aut k`w
tejt ten Wurcs ejvn w`k jkg p`ssnss jbb tejt Frnnc p`wnr `kln enbg, D anbdnvn Frnnc bnttnrs jrn hdkdseng. S..._ Dt wdbb
jbb k`w an vnry gdhhnrnkt ukgnr ten rubn `h ten Wurcs, ten o`st sjvjfn `h onk, ten nknodns `h f``g lust`os jkg
f``g bnttnrs.
Jgg t` teds ten hjlt tejt jbb tensn wdlcng gnngs wnrn g`kn ay o`st sjvjfn ajrajrdjks, h`r k`t `kby ejs j r`yjb ldty
annk ljpturng, tnopbns gnvjstjtng jkg e`by pbjlns p`bbutng, aut jk nktdrn rjln ejs annk `vnrl`on-ten kjon `h
Frnnln ds ab`ttng `ut. @vnr j eukgrng jkg twnkty te`usjkg v`buons wnrn gnstr`yng, js D bnjrk hr`o Ljrgdkjb Dsdg`rn
`h Cdnv. Weus a`te ten bjkfujfn jkg bdtnrjturn `h ten Frnncs gdsl`vnrng, dklrnjsng jkg pnrhnltng wdte s` oule tdon,
bja`r jkg nhh`rt, ejs pnrdseng, jbjs! S ..._ Wejt bdtnrjturn ejs pnrdseng wedle dbbuodkjtng jbb ten fb`an, wedle fjvn us
ten bjws `h sjbvjtd`k, e`by pedb`s`pey jkg ten `tenr f``g jrts ay wedle euojk bdhn ds noanbbdseng. S..._ J rugn jkg
ajrajr`us rjln, bdvdkf jll`rgdkf t` k` hdxng bjws `r lust`os, aut ukhnttnrng, k`ojgdl, wdbbhub-teds rjln, hdbbng wdte
trnjlenry jkg hrjug, sejonhubby jkg dfk`odkd`usby trjopbns ukgnrh``t j Lerdstdjk pn`pbn.
Wen tenon wjs g`uaby p`dfkjkt, `h l`ursn, h`r ten Vnstnrk Enbbnkdsts `h ten qujttr`-lnkt`. Ojky dh k`t o`st
l`ktnop`rjry euojkdsts we` cknw Frnnc ejg bnjrkng dt ndtenr `h nodfrns hr`o L`kstjktdk`pbn `r ejg stugdng dk ten
Frnnc ljpdtjb tenosnbvns. Wen "bjonkt h`r Frnnln" t`p`s teus nkjabng ten euojkdsts t` pjdkt ten Wurcs js ten
lubturjb `pp`sdtn `h Qnkjdssjkln Nur`pn. Dh ten euojkdsts ejg rnvdvng Frnnc jkg Bjtdk bnjrkdkf, ten Wurcs wnrn ankt
`k gnstr`ydkf dt. Js Hrjklnsl` Wjtn` ejs k`tng, ten vnry w`rg tejt ten euojkdsts usn `vnr jkg `vnr jfjdk t` gnslrdan
ten Wurc-doojkds - ds ten bnxdljb `pp`sdtn `h euojkdtjs, ten w`rg tejt nxprnssns ten Qnkjdssjkln dgnjb `h lubturn.15
Dk euojkdst edst`rdns jkg `rjtd`ks, doojkn fnkus rnpbjlng dkhdgnbns js ten prnhnrrng npdtent h`r ten Wurcs. Wen
euojkdst jgubjtd`k `h ten lbjssdljb w`rbg jbs` onjkt tejt teny anfjk t` b``c t` ten lbjssdljb w`rbg h`r tendr o`gnblrusjgnrs. K` g`uat teds ds pjrtby anljusn ten euojkdsts wnrn jggrnssdkf Qnkjdssjkln Dtjbdjks, k`t ongdnvjb Hrnkle
k`abns3 ongdnvjb prnjlenrs ejg kjturjbby trdng t` ojcn tendr bdstnknrs dgnktdhy wdte ten frnjt Hrnkle odbdtjry
trjgdtd`ks `h ten pjst dk `rgnr t` wedp up lrusjgdkf jrg`r. Aut teds jfjdk ds j ljsn `h ongdnvjb tenons andkf
suppbnonktng, rjtenr tejk rnpbjlng, ay lbjssdldzdkf tenons. Wen euojkdsts l`ktdkung t` jgodrn jkg ldtn ten nxjopbn
`h ten frnjt ongdnvjb lrusjgnrs sule js A`eno`kg jkg Fn`hhrny `h A`udbb`k-dkgnng, ten Hb`rnktdkn euojkdst jkg
murdst Ankngntt` Jll`btd wr`tn j lbjssdldzdkf edst`ry `h ten Hdrst Lrusjgn tejt lnbnarjtng ten hnjts `h ten frnjt
ongdnvjb enr`ns. Aut euojkdsts jbs` urfng tendr rnjgnrs jkg enjrnrs t` o`gnb tenosnbvns `k hjo`us lbjssdljb
fnknrjbs sule js Yjusjkdjs `r \ldpd` Jhrdljkus, we` ejg gnhnjtng Unrxns jkg Ejkkdajb3 jkg teny pr`odsng t`
fb`rdhy tendr `wk gnngs dk doo`rtjb w`rcs `h bdtnrjturn.
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Ad`kg` Hbjvd`'s hjo`us edst`ry, Q`oj Wrduopejks, gngd-ljtng t` Ydus DD, wjs wrdttnk wdte ten nxprnss purp`sn `h
ojcdkf ck`wk t` o`gnrk Nur`pnjks ten fb`rd`us vdlt`rdns `h tendr Q`ojk jklnst`rs `vnr ajrajrdjks, teus dkspdrdkf
teno t` sdodbjr gnngs jfjdkst ten Wurc. Ljk dt an sjdg, tenk (t` suo up) tejt ten euojkdsts "snlubjrdzng" lrusjgdkf
bdtnrjturn0 Wen jkswnr t` teds qunstd`k ds bnss tejk lbnjr-lut. We`ufe dt ds ukgnkdjabn tejt ten euojkdsts l`ktrdautng
frnjtby t` ten snlubjrdzjtd`k `h Nur`pnjk wjr pr`pjfjkgj, teny kndtenr anfjk ten pr`lnss k`r nkgng dt. H`r ten
anfdkkdkfs `h j "snlubjr" vdnw `h lrusjgdkf, js K`rojk Gjkdnb ejs jrfung, `kn oust f` ajlc t` ten rnlupnrjtd`
trnjtdsns `h ten njrby h`urtnnkte lnktury, wdte tendr dktnksnby prjfojtdl, pr`t`-l`b`kdjbdst jppr`jle t` lrusjgdkf.
Ydnrrn Gua`ds' Gn rnlupnrjtd`kntn rrns jkltn, h`r nxjopbn, lbnjrby sjw lrusjgdkf dk ten hdrst dkstjkln js j Hrnkle
jhhjdr dktnkgng t` lrnjtn jk njstnrk nopdrn h`r ten Hrnkle cdkf. @k ten `tenr ejkg, `kn ljk l`on g`wk t` ten prnsnkt
gjy jkg stdbb hdkg rnbdfd`us nbnonkts dk ten wjr pr`pjfjkgj `h Vnstnrk p`wnrs. Wen o`rn dop`rtjkt l`ktrdautd`k `h
euojkdst lrusjgn wrdtdkfs ds k`t ten pjrtdjb snlubjrdzjtd`k `h j lnrtjdk lbjss `h bdtnrjturn, aut rjtenr ten jrtdlubjtd`k `h
j knw snlubjr dgnktdty h`r wnstnrk Nur`pn. Dk ten Edfe Odggbn Jfns Nur`pnjks sjw tendr odbdtjry jg-vnkturns dk
Frnnln, Jsdj Odk`r, jkg ten E`by Bjkg js mustdhdng prdojrdby `k rnbdfd`us fr`ukgs. Wen dkhdgnbs wnrn t` an ljst `ut
`h h`ronrby Lerdstdjk bjkgs anljusn teny wnrn F`g's nknodns3 ten enrntdljb Frnncs wnrn t` an euoabng anljusn teny
rnhusng t` suaodt t` Q`on. \dkln ten E`by Q`ojk nopnr`r pbjyng `kby jk dktnrodttnkt r`bn dk lrusjgdkf pr`mnlts,
jkg sdkln eds p`bdtdljb joadtd`ks wnrn fnknrjbby jktdtentdljb t` te`sn `h ten p`pn, dt wjs rjrn t` hdkg jky dktnfrjtd`k `h
ten Q`ojk dopnrdjb dgnjb wdte ten lrusjgdkf dgnjb. Vdte ten Qnkjdssjkln, e`wnvnr, wnstnrk Nur`pn anfjk t`
dgnktdhy dtsnbh wdte ldvdbdzjtd`k jkg dts h`rndfk nknodns wdte ajrajrdso.
Wen hjlt tejt ten subtjk wjs jabn t` put trnonkg`us nl`k`odl prnssurn `k ten Xnkntdjks wjs pr`ajaby ten sdkfbn
o`st dop`rtjkt rnjs`k h`r ten hjdburn `h ten Vnst t` bjukle j ojm`r lrusjgn dk ten hdhtnnkte lnktury.
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wedle ejg `llurrng dk s`ldnty jkg f`vnrkonkt0 Dk ar`jgnr tnros, g`ns trjgdtd`kjbdso dk teds dkstjkln ant`cnk ten
dgn`b`fdljb ajkcruptly wedle s`on sle`bjrs ejvn snnk js j bnjgdkf lejrj