The History of Medicine & Healthcare
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Transcript of The History of Medicine & Healthcare
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The History of
Medicine &
Healthcare
HST 12010 - 2011
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Ancient Times• Prevention of injury from
predators
• Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits
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Ancient Times• Herbs and plants were used as
medicine.Examples:– Digitalis from foxglove
plants•Then, leaves were chewed to strengthen and slow heart
•Now, administered by pills, IV, or injections
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Ancient Times–Quinine from bark of cinchona
tree •Controls fever and muscle spasms
•Used to treat malaria
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Ancient Times–Belladonna and atropine from
poisonous nightshade plant• Relieves muscle spasms
especially gastrointestinal (GI)–Morphine from opium poppy
• Relieves severe pain
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Egyptians• Earliest to keep accurate health
records• Superstitious• Called upon gods• Identified certain
diseases• Pharaohs kept many
specialists
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Egyptians• Priests were the doctors
–Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals.
–Only the priests could read the medical knowledge from the god, Thoth.
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Egyptians• Magicians were also healers.
• Believed demons caused disease.
• Prescriptions were written on papyrus.
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Egyptians• Embalming
–Done by special priests (NOT the doctor priests)
–Advanced the knowledge of anatomy
–Strong antiseptics used to prevent decay
–Gauze similar to today’s surgical gauze
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Egyptians • Research on mummies has
revealed the existence of diseases:–Arthritis–Kidney stones–Arteriosclerosis
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Egyptians • Some medical practices still
used today.–Enemas–Circumcision (4000 BC)
preceded marriage–Closing wounds–Setting fractures
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Egyptians • Eye of Horus
–5000 years ago–Magic eye–Amulet to guard against disease,
suffering, and evil–History: Horus lost vision in attack
by Seth; mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help; eye restored
–Evolved into modern day Rx sign
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Jewish Medicine• Avoided medical practice• Concentrated on health rules concerning
food, cleanliness, and quarantine• Moses: pre-Hippocratic medical practice
– Banned quackery (God was the only physician)
– enforced Day of Rest – greatest contribution to human welfare
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Greek Medicine• First to study causes of diseases• Research helped eliminate
superstitions.• Sanitary practices were associated
with the spread of disease.• Galen
– recognized the fundamental importance of the organs and their effective role in the body
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Greek Medicine• Hippocrates –No dissection, only
observations –Took careful notes of
signs/symptoms of diseases –Disease was not caused by
supernatural forces.• Father of Medicine
–Wrote standards of ethics; the basis for today’s medical ethics
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Greek Medicine• Aristotle
–Father of comparative anatomy and physiology (comparing animals to humans)
–Proposed the theory of Four Basic Qualities • Hot• Cold• Wet• Dry
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Greek Medicine• Aesculapius
–Staff and serpent symbol of medicine
–Temples built in his honor became the first true clinics and hospitals
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Roman Medicine• Learned from the Greeks and
developed a sanitation system–Aqueducts and sewers–Public baths
• Beginning of public health
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Roman Medicine• First to organize medical care• Army medicine• Room in doctors’ house
became first hospital• Public hygiene
–Flood control–Solid construction of homes
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Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and
Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)• Medicine practiced only in
convents and monasteries
• Custodial care
• Life and death in God’s hands
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Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and
Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)• Terrible epidemics
–Bubonic plague (Black Death)–Small pox–Diphtheria–Syphilis–Measles–Typhoid fever–Tuberculosis
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Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and
Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)• Crusaders spread disease• Cities became common• Special officers to deal with
sanitary problems• Realization that diseases are
contagious• Quarantine laws passed
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Renaissance Medicine (1350-1650 A.D.)
• Universities and medical schools for research
• Dissection• Book publishing
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16th and 17th Century• Leonardo da Vinci
–Anatomy of the body
• Anton van Leeuwekhoek (1676)– Invented
microscope–Observed
microorganisms
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16th and 17th Century• William Harvey
–Circulation of blood • Gabriele Fallopian
–Discovered fallopian tube• Bartholomew Eustachus
–Discovered the eustachian tube
• Some quackery exists
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18th Century• Edward Jenner 1796
–Smallpox vaccination
• Joseph Priestly –Discovered oxygen
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18th Century• Benjamin Franklin
–Invented bifocals–Found that colds could be
passed from person to person• Laennec
–Invented the stethoscope
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19th and 20th Century• Inez Semmelweiss
– Identified the cause of puerperal fever which led to the importance of hand washing
• Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895)–Discovered that microorganisms
cause disease (germ theory of communicable disease)
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19th and 20th Century• Joseph Lister
–First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery
• Ernest von Bergman–Developed aseptic practices
• Robert Koch–Father of Microbiology – Identified germ causing TB
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19th and 20th Century• Wilhelm Roentgen
–Discovered X-rays• Paul Ehrlick
–Discovered effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms (syphilis)
• Anesthesia discovered–Nitrous oxide, ether,
chloroform
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19th and 20th Century• Gerhand Domagk
–Discovered sulfonamide drugs –First medicine effective in killing
bacteria• Ivanoski
–Discovered viruses (for example polio, rabies, measles, influenza, chickenpox, German measles, herpes zoster, mumps
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19th and 20th Century• Alexander Fleming
–Discovered penicillin• Jonas Salk
–Discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio
• Alfred Sabin–Discovered that a live virus
provided more effective immunity
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19th and 20th Century• Sigmund Freud
– Theory of Psychoanalysis for modern psychology
• Florence Nightingale– Founded modern nursing– Helped improve care provided by
hospitals• Clara Barton
– Founded the American Red Cross
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1900 to 1945• Acute infectious diseases (diphtheria,
tuberculosis (TB), rheumatic fever)• No antibiotics, DDT for mosquitoes,
rest for TB, water sanitation to help stop spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria vaccination
• Hospitals were places to die.• Most doctors were general
practitioners.
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1945 to 1975• Immunization common• Antibiotic cures• Safer surgery• Transplants• Increased lifespan• Chronic degenerative diseases
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1945 to 1975• New health hazards
–Obesity–Neuroses–Lung cancer–Hypertension
• Disintegrating families• Greatly increasing medical
costs
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1975 to Present • Artificial parts• Bioengineering• Cloning• Bioethical issues• AIDS
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1975 to Present • Drug Resistant Organisms (MRSA,
TB)• Laser Surgeries• Laproscopic Surgeries• Robotic Surgeries• Managed Health Care (HMO, PPO)
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A timeline of interesting facts:• 1670- diabetes linked to sugar in the
urine…• 1900- different blood types were
discovered• 1937- lung Cancer was linked to SMOKING • 1967- first successful heart transplant• 1969- first artificial heart transplant• 1978- the first “test-tube” baby was born.• 1981- AIDS is diagnosed as a disease.• 1984- first baby born from a frozen
embryo.• 1984- virus that causes AIDS is identified.• 1993- human embryo cloned.• 1997- “Dolly” first cloned animal