The conquest of WalesMap of Wales circa 1100

• Hywel Dda, d. 950– Cyfreith Hywel Dda (the Law of

Hywel the Good)• English overlordship in the

10th century– From king (brenhin) to prince

(tywysog) and lord (arglwydd)• Gruffudd ap Llywelyn,

d. 1063– Ruled Gwynedd, Deheubarth,

Powys, Ceredigion, and Gwent• William the Conqueror,

r. 1066-1087• Marcher lords

The conquest of WalesModern illustration of Owain Gwynedd

• Henry I, r. 1100-1135• Powys

– Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, d. 1075

– Maredudd ap Bleddyn, r. 1116-1132

• English Civil War, 1135-1154• Gwynedd

– Owain Gwynedd, r. 1137-1170

– Dafydd ab Owain, r. 1170-1194

• Deheubarth– Gruffudd ap Rhys, r. 1120-1137

– Maredudd ap Gruffudd, r. 1137-1155

– Rhys ap Gruffudd, r. 1155-1197• Yr Arglwydd Rhys

• Eisteddfod

The conquest of WalesFuneral effigy of Rhys ap Gruffudd, St. David’s, Wales

• Henry II, r. 1154-1189– Campaign in Wales in 1157– Submission of Owain Gwynedd

and Rhys ap Gruffudd– Revolt of Welsh princes in

1165• Rhys established as Henry’s

justiciar in South Wales in 1170s

– Dafydd ab Owain, r. 1170-1194• Marries Emma, an illegitimate

daughter of Henry II

The conquest of WalesStone likeness of Llywelyn Fawr, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

• Richard I, r. 1189-1199• John, r. 1199-1216• Llywelyn ab Iorwerth ab Owain

Gwynedd, aka Llywelyn Fawr (the Great), r. 1194-1240– Marriage to Tangwystl, daughter of

the king of Mann• One son, Gruffudd

– Marriage to Joan, illegitimate daughter of John

• One son, Dafydd

• John’s Welsh campaign in 1210• Henry III, r. 1216-1272• Dafydd ap Llywelyn, r. 1240-1246

The conquest of WalesModern stone monument to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Cilmeri, Wales.

• The four sons of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr– Owain, Llywelyn, Rhodri,

Dafydd• Llywelyn ap Gruffudd,

r. 1255-1282– Treaty of Montgomery, 1267

• Llywelyn recognized as Prince of Wales

• Edward I, r. 1272-1307– Treaty of Aberconwy, 1277

• The last Welsh War, June-December 1282

• Dafydd ap Gruffudd, d. 1283

Wales in 1267 (l) and 1284 (r)

Edward I holding parliament in 1278 (Edward center, Alexander III of Scotland to his right and Llywelyn ap

Gruffudd to his left)From the Garter Book, circa 1524

The conquest of Wales• Cultural change

– From killing of political opponents to castration and blinding– From partible inheritance to primogeniture– Princes as makers of law instead of professional jurists– Dafydd ap Llywelyn and changes to the law of feud (galanas)– Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and the jury system

• The Statute of Rhuddlan, 1284– Rhingyll– Pencenedl– Galanas– Amobr and amobrwyr

• Edward’s castles • The revolt of Owain Glyndwr, 1400-1408

– A descendant of the dynasty of Powys, d. 1408

Beaumaris Castle (Anglesey, north Wales), outer ward, built 1295-1330

Beaumaris Castle, inner ward

Caernarvon Castle (Caernarvon, north Wales), built 1283-1330

Conwy Castle (Conwy, north Wales), built 1283-1289

The conquest of Scotland, almostIllustration from a charter to Kelso Abbey, 1159. David I (left) and

Malcolm IV (right). National Library of Scotland.• Kenneth Mac Alpin, r. 843-858• Duncan I, r. 1034-1040• Macbeth MacFindlay, r. 1040-1057• Malcolm III r. 1058-1093

– Margaret, granddaughter of Aethelred Unraed, r. England 978-1016

– St. Andrew• David I, r. 1124-1153

– Mathilda, daughter of Henry I of England, was David’s niece

– Henry II of England, son of Mathilda, was David’s great-nephew

• Malcolm IV, r. 1153-1165– Nicknamed “the Maiden”– Forced to do homage to Henry II as

overlord, 1163• William I, the Lion, r. 1165-1214

– Treaty of Falaise

Twelfth-century Scotland

The conquest of ScotlandGreat seal of Alexander II of Scotland, 1229. British Library.

• Alexander II, r. 1214-1249• Alexander III, r. 1249-1286• Margaret, the Maid of

Norway, d. 1290• The succession crisis

– Edward I’s “Great Cause”– John Balliol, r. 1292-1296– Robert Bruce, r. 1306-1329

The conquest of ScotlandModern statue of William Wallace, National Wallace Monument, Stirling.

• The first Scottish war, 1296-1307– The Stone of Scone

• William Wallace, d. 1305• Battle of Stirling Bridge, 1297• Battle of Falkirk, 1298• Robert Bruce, r. 1306-1329• Battle of Bannockburn, 1314• David II, r. 1329-1371

– Recognized as king of Scotland by Edward III of England in 1357

• Declaration of Arbroath, 1320• England, Scotland, and France

– The “Auld Alliance”

The Declaration of Arbroath, 1320• To the most Holy Father and Lord in Christ, the Lord John, by

divine providence Supreme Pontiff of the Holy Roman and Universal Church…

• Most Holy Father and Lord, we know and from the chronicles and books of the ancients we find that among other famous nations our own, the Scots, has been graced with widespread renown. They journeyed from Greater Scythia by way of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Pillars of Hercules, and dwelt for a long course of time in Spain among the most savage tribes, but nowhere could they be subdued by any race, however barbarous. Thence they came, twelve hundred years after the people of Israel crossed the Red Sea, to their home in the west where they still live today. The Britons they first drove out, the Picts they utterly destroyed, and, even though very often assailed by the Norwegians, the Danes and the English, they took possession of that home with many victories and untold efforts; and, as the historians of old time bear witness, they have held it free of all bondage ever since.

• The Most Holy Fathers your predecessors gave careful heed to these things and bestowed many favours and numerous privileges on this same kingdom and people... Thus our nation under their protection did indeed live in freedom and peace up to the time when that mighty prince the King of the English, Edward [Edward I], when our kingdom had no head and our people harboured no malice or treachery and were then unused to wars or invasions, came in the guise of a friend and ally to harass them as an enemy. The deeds of cruelty, massacre, violence, pillage, arson, imprisoning prelates, burning down monasteries, robbing and killing monks and nuns, and yet other outrages without number which he committed against our people, sparing neither age nor sex, religion nor rank, no one could describe nor fully imagine unless he had seen them with his own eyes…

• But from these countless evils we have been set free, by the help of Him Who though He afflicts yet heals and restores, by our most tireless Prince, King and Lord, the Lord Robert [Robert Bruce]…

• Yet if he should give up what he has begun, and agree to make us or our kingdom subject to the King of England or the English, we should exert ourselves at once to drive him out as our enemy and a subverter of his own rights and ours, and make some other man who was well able to defend us our King; for, as long as but a hundred of us remain alive, never will we on any conditions be brought under English rule. It is in truth not for glory, nor riches, nor honours that we are fighting, but for freedom — for that alone, which no honest man gives up but with life itself…

• May it please you to admonish and exhort the King of the English, who ought to be satisfied with what belongs to him since England used once to be enough for seven kings or more, to leave us Scots in peace, who live in this poor little Scotland, beyond which there is no dwelling-place at all, and covet nothing but our own…

• But if your Holiness puts too much faith in the tales the English tell and will not give sincere belief to all this, nor refrain from favouring them to our prejudice, then the slaughter of bodies, the perdition of souls, and all the other misfortunes that will follow, inflicted by them on us and by us on them, will, we believe, be surely laid by the Most High to your charge…

Stone of Scone, taken by Edward I in 1296 and returned to Scotland in 1998

Stone of Scone under coronation chair of English monarchs, Westminster Abbey

Edinburgh Castle