The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose...
-
Upload
antonia-york -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose...
![Page 1: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The History of Evolutionary Thought
![Page 2: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Biological definition of a species
• A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
![Page 3: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Isolating Mechanisms
•Behavioral
•Geographic
•Temporal
THE PROCESS OF SPECIATION
![Page 4: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sciurus aberti kaibabensis Sciurus aberti aberti
Allopatric speciation – Geographic Isolation
![Page 5: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sympatric speciation (not geographically isolated)
These 2 species of toads are similar but are (somewhat) reproductively isolated by different mating seasons.
Fowler’s toad(Bufo fowleri)
American toadBufo americanus
Pre-or postzygotic???
![Page 6: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sympatric Speciation These 2 species of meadowlarks look alike but do not
sing the same song
Eastern Meadowlark(Sturnella magna)
Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
Pre- or Postzygotic?
![Page 7: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
• Ladder of Life» 2 types of animals –
those w/ blood & those w/o
• Animals classified by their way of life
• Plants by structure
• Observation of various marine life anatomy was remarkably accurate
• Distinguished whales from dolphins
![Page 8: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
•Linnaeus was classifying organisms based on what they looked like.
•This made it difficult to classify organisms that seemed to share characteristics with both kingdoms that Linnaeus proposed, Plants and Animals.
• For example, fungi including mold and mushrooms do not move (or do they?) so they seem to be plants but, unlike plants…..?????
![Page 9: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Lion Cat Dog Man Catbird
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Aves
Order Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora Primata Passeriformes
Family Felicidae Felicidae Canidae Hominidae Minidae
Genus Felis Felis Canus Homo Dymetella
Species leo domesticus carolinensis sapiens familiaris
![Page 10: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Homologous Structures
• Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues.
![Page 12: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
BATWHALE
HORSE
CAT
MAN
![Page 13: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Analogous Structures
• Structures that have same function in different organisms but the organisms are not closely related and the structures are not closely derived.
![Page 14: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chordate Characteristics
1.Dorsal hollow nerve cord2.Notochord3.Postanal tail4.Pharyngeal pouches (Gill slits)
![Page 16: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Plica luminaris
Arrector Pili
coccyx
Human Vestigial Stuctures
![Page 17: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Classifying organisms often starts at the cellular level
![Page 20: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cladistics (phylogeny)
A system of classification based on the study of evolutionary relationships/ history of groups of organisms.
![Page 21: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
legs
internal fertilization
produce milk
placenta
![Page 23: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
An Example of Cladogram Construction for VertebratesOutgroup(lobed-finned fish)
Trait Turtle Kangaroo Mouse Human
Dorsal Nerve Cord
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Legs NO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nature of Egg
Requires water
Requires water
Hard shell prevents drying
Develops inside the
mother
Develops inside the
mother
Develops inside the
mother
Nature of development
In egg In egg In egg Marsupial Placental Placental
Hair No No No Yes Yes reduced
Presence of pouch
No No No Yes No No
Bipedal posture
No No No Yes No Yes
![Page 24: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: The History of Evolutionary Thought. Biological definition of a species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee65503460f94bf5d68/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)