The History and Development of the European Therapeutic Communities Eric Broekaert University...
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Transcript of The History and Development of the European Therapeutic Communities Eric Broekaert University...
The History and The History and Development of the Development of the
European Therapeutic European Therapeutic CommunitiesCommunities
Eric BroekaertEric Broekaert
University Växjö, Sweden, November 2009University Växjö, Sweden, November 2009
Broekaert, E., Vanderplasschen, W., Temmerman, I., Broekaert, E., Vanderplasschen, W., Temmerman, I., Ottenberg, D., & Kaplan, C. (2000). Ottenberg, D., & Kaplan, C. (2000). Retrospective study of Retrospective study of similarities and relations between the American drug-free similarities and relations between the American drug-free and the European therapeutic communities for children and and the European therapeutic communities for children and adults. adults. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(4), 407-417.(4), 407-417.
Eric Broekaert, Kathy Colpaert, Veerle Soyez, Wouter Eric Broekaert, Kathy Colpaert, Veerle Soyez, Wouter Vanderplasschen, Stijn Vandevelde. Transatlantic Vanderplasschen, Stijn Vandevelde. Transatlantic Dialectics:Dialectics: A study on similarities and dissimilarities in A study on similarities and dissimilarities in approaches to substance abuse problems in the United approaches to substance abuse problems in the United States and Europe. Submitted to: States and Europe. Submitted to: Therapeutic Communities: Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive The International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive Organizations.Organizations.
Early TC’s In EuropeEarly TC’s In Europe
World War II: Innovation of World War II: Innovation of psychiatrypsychiatry ‘‘Northfield experiments’Northfield experiments’
Treatment of psychiatric casualties of warTreatment of psychiatric casualties of war Dealing with psychiatric problems in social settingsDealing with psychiatric problems in social settings
““A transitional A transitional
space of space of
experienceexperience””
HaroldHarold BridgerBridger
Maxwell JonesMaxwell Jones
“ Social learning is Social learning is
complicated and complicated and
painfull painfull ””
The drug-free TCThe drug-free TC
The Oxford- groups, Moral The Oxford- groups, Moral Rearmement, AA-movementRearmement, AA-movement
Synanon Synanon American Behavioristic American Behavioristic
CommunitiesCommunities Integrated European Communities: Integrated European Communities:
behaviorists, psychopedagogues, behaviorists, psychopedagogues, humanist Christianshumanist Christians
French CommunitiesFrench Communities
The Oxford-groups, The Oxford-groups, Moral Rearmement, Moral Rearmement, AA-movementAA-movement
Dr. Frank N.D. BuchmanDr. Frank N.D. Buchman
“ “ A search for A search for
spiritual authority spiritual authority ””
SynanonSynanon
Charles DederichCharles Dederich
““Today is the first Today is the first
day of the rest of day of the rest of
your lifeyour life””
SynanonSynanon
The cradle of the drug-free TC
Msgr William Msgr William O’BrienO’Brien
Charles J. DevlinCharles J. Devlin
““You can not do You can not do it aloneit alone””
American Behavioristic CommunitiesAmerican Behavioristic Communities
Integrated European Integrated European Communities: BehavioristsCommunities: Behaviorists
The NetherlandsThe Netherlands
EmiliehoeveEmiliehoeve
““My house, My house, is a very very is a very very nice housenice house!”!”
Martien KooymanMartien Kooyman
Integrated European Integrated European Communities: psychopedagoguesCommunities: psychopedagogues
BelgiumBelgiumGeorges van der Straten Georges van der Straten
TrempolineTrempoline
““European companionshipEuropean companionship in education, the formation in education, the formation
trough the journeytrough the journey””
““Progetto per l’ Progetto per l’ UomoUomo””
Don Mario PicchiDon Mario Picchi
““ I am like a sail, I I am like a sail, I catch the wind catch the wind ””
Yuan Parés y PlansYuan Parés y Plans
Integrated European Communities: Integrated European Communities: humanist Christianshumanist Christians
Dr. Donald Dr. Donald OttenbergOttenberg
““Taking decisions in Taking decisions in
a life that is valueda life that is valued
””
French CommunitiesFrench Communities
FranceFrance
Lucien Lucien
EngelmajerEngelmajer
‘‘Le Patriarche’Le Patriarche’
La BoèreLa Boère
“ “ A life without A life without
drugs drugs ””
Chronology of American Chronology of American predecessors and European predecessors and European
TC’sTC’sYearYear NameName FoundersFounders
19581958 Synanon, USASynanon, USA Chuck DederichChuck Dederich
19641964 Daytop Village NY, USADaytop Village NY, USA
William O’BrienWilliam O’Brien
Charles DevlinCharles Devlin
David DeitchDavid Deitch
19671967 Phoenix House NY, USAPhoenix House NY, USAMitchell RosenthalMitchell Rosenthal
George De LeonGeorge De Leon
19681968
Pink Villa Huts (Saint-James Pink Villa Huts (Saint-James Hospital), which was later called Hospital), which was later called Phoenix House, Alpha Unit and Phoenix House, Alpha Unit and ultimately was re-launched as ultimately was re-launched as
Alpha House, UKAlpha House, UK
Ian Christie Ian Christie
David Warren-HollandDavid Warren-Holland
Jane GreenJane Green
Robert StoreyRobert Storey
Year ‘69 – ‘71Year ‘69 – ‘71
YearYear NameName FoundersFounders
19691969Featherstone Lodge Project Featherstone Lodge Project (FLP), which later became (FLP), which later became
Phoenix House, UKPhoenix House, UK
Griffith EdwardsGriffith Edwards
Denny YusonDenny Yuson
Madeleine MaldoMadeleine Maldo
David Warren-HollandDavid Warren-Holland
David TomlinsonDavid Tomlinson
19691969 L’Incontro, ItalyL’Incontro, Italy Don Piero GelminiDon Piero Gelmini
Beginning of Beginning of 1970s1970s Klinik Bad Herrenalb, GermanyKlinik Bad Herrenalb, Germany Walter LechlerWalter Lechler
19711971 Le centre du Levant, Le centre du Levant, SwitzerlandSwitzerland Pierre ReyPierre Rey
Year ‘71 – ‘72Year ‘71 – ‘72
YearYear NameName FoundersFounders
19711971 Ley Community (Littlemore Ley Community (Littlemore Hospitall), UKHospitall), UK
Bertram MandelbroteBertram Mandelbrote
John McCabeJohn McCabe
19711971 Synanon, GermanySynanon, Germany CollectiveCollective
19721972 Emiliehoeve, The NetherlandsEmiliehoeve, The Netherlands
Martien KooymanMartien Kooyman
Denny YusonDenny Yuson
Brian DempseyBrian Dempsey
19721972 Daytop, GermanyDaytop, GermanyUllrich Osterhues Ullrich Osterhues
Martin Lutterjohann Martin Lutterjohann
Year ‘73 – ‘74Year ‘73 – ‘74
YearYear NameName FoundersFounders
19731973 Vallmotorp, later Daytop, Vallmotorp, later Daytop, SwedenSweden
Lars BrembergLars Bremberg
Paul d’AndreaPaul d’Andrea
19731973 Aebi Hus, SwitzerlandAebi Hus, Switzerland Karl DeisslerKarl Deissler
19731973 Coolmine Lodge, IrelandCoolmine Lodge, IrelandLord RossmoreLord Rossmore
James CombertonJames Comberton
19741974 De Sleutel, BelgiumDe Sleutel, BelgiumJohan MaertensJohan Maertens
Jos LievensJos Lievens
19741974 La Boère, FranceLa Boère, FranceLucien Engelmajer Lucien Engelmajer
(Le Patriarche)(Le Patriarche)
Year ‘76 - ‘79Year ‘76 - ‘79
YearYear NameName FoundersFounders
19761976 De Kiem, BelgiumDe Kiem, BelgiumEric BroekaertEric Broekaert
Rudy BrackeRudy Bracke
19781978 San Patrignano, ItalySan Patrignano, Italy Vincenzo MuccioliVincenzo Muccioli
19781978 Choisis! and later Trampoline, Choisis! and later Trampoline, BelgiumBelgium
George Van der StratenGeorge Van der Straten
Ruud BruggemanRuud Bruggeman
19791979 De Spiegel, BelgiumDe Spiegel, BelgiumPaul van Deun Paul van Deun
Johan MartensJohan Martens
19791979 Tannenhof, GermanyTannenhof, Germany Horst BrömerHorst Brömer
Year ‘79 – ‘82Year ‘79 – ‘82
YearYear NameName FoundersFounders
19791979 San Carlo (CeIS), Progetto San Carlo (CeIS), Progetto per l’uomo, Italyper l’uomo, Italy
Don Mario PicchiDon Mario Picchi
Juan CorelliJuan Corelli
19791979 Pellas community, later Kisko Pellas community, later Kisko community, Finlandcommunity, Finland
Kalliolan KannatusyhdistysKalliolan Kannatusyhdistys
Katriina PajupuroKatriina Pajupuro
End 1970’s End 1970’s – beginning – beginning
1980’s1980’s
Programmas Libres de Programmas Libres de Drogas, SpainDrogas, Spain
Juan Francisco OrsiJuan Francisco Orsi
Aitor ArestiAitor Aresti
19821982 Veksthuset, later Phoenix Veksthuset, later Phoenix House Haga, NorwayHouse Haga, Norway
Rafael AseplundRafael Aseplund
Dag FuruholmenDag Furuholmen
Stuart RoseStuart Rose
Inger VennerodInger Vennerod
Anthony SlaterAnthony Slater
Year ‘83 – ‘90Year ‘83 – ‘90
YearYear NameName FoundersFounders
19831983Ithaka/ Kethea, GreeceIthaka/ Kethea, Greece
Phoebus ZafiridisPhoebus Zafiridis
Babis PoulopoulosBabis Poulopoulos
In the years In the years 19901990
Dianova, Belgium and other Dianova, Belgium and other countriescountries
Lucien Engelmajer Lucien Engelmajer
(Le Patriarche)(Le Patriarche)
Swedish FriendsSwedish Friends
Jan HenningJan Henning " "MoltasMoltas" " EriksonErikson, född 29 november 1932, död 1 juni 1988, var en svensk , född 29 november 1932, död 1 juni 1988, var en svensk underhållare samt psykiater vid Ulleråkers sjukhus i Uppsalaunderhållare samt psykiater vid Ulleråkers sjukhus i Uppsala
Swedish FriendsSwedish Friends
Lars Bremberg was an important person within the TC movement. He arranged the first Lars Bremberg was an important person within the TC movement. He arranged the first Eupropean TC meeting in Sweden 1976. He started Vallmotorp 1973 and Daytop Eupropean TC meeting in Sweden 1976. He started Vallmotorp 1973 and Daytop
Sweden some years later.Sweden some years later.
European IdentityEuropean Identity
American Behaviourist traditionAmerican Behaviourist traditionPsycho-analytical-based milieutherapyPsycho-analytical-based milieutherapy1970’s-ideologies, marxism and critical 1970’s-ideologies, marxism and critical
theorytheory Integration of democratic and hierarchical TC Integration of democratic and hierarchical TC
approaches.approaches.Social learningSocial learning
Adaptation of American Adaptation of American models into own culture:models into own culture:
Evolution towards more empathic Evolution towards more empathic behaviour modification and dialogue.behaviour modification and dialogue.
Traditional European educational theories, Traditional European educational theories, new school movement and reform new school movement and reform pedagogy.pedagogy.
Integration of humanistic therapy into TC Integration of humanistic therapy into TC methodology.methodology.
Introduction of existentialist family therapyIntroduction of existentialist family therapy
More professionalismMore professionalism Health care professionals and priestsHealth care professionals and priests ResearchersResearchers Less important role of ex-addictsLess important role of ex-addicts
Scientific ResearchScientific Research Counterweight against spiritual and self-Counterweight against spiritual and self-
confirming tendenciesconfirming tendencies Transition towards integrative recovery and Transition towards integrative recovery and
integrated treatment systemsintegrated treatment systems
EFCT EFCT collaboration and information exchangecollaboration and information exchange Links with EWODOR, European universitiesLinks with EWODOR, European universities
What can we expect from What can we expect from the futurethe future ? ?
Post Modern TimesPost Modern Times
Michel FoucaultMichel Foucault
“ “ To change To change
something in the something in the
minds minds
of people of people ””