The High Middle The High Middle Ages- 1000- 1300 Ages- 1000- 1300 The High Middle The High Middle

Ages- 1000- 1300 Ages- 1000- 1300

Monarchs, Nobles, & the Monarchs, Nobles, & the ChurchChurch

Monarchs, Nobles, & the Monarchs, Nobles, & the ChurchChurch

Feudal monarchs at this time enjoyed limited power.

Nobles and Church leaders interfered with efforts of monarchs to expand their power.

Power struggle develops….

Monarchs, Nobles, & the Monarchs, Nobles, & the ChurchChurch

Monarchs, Nobles, & the Monarchs, Nobles, & the ChurchChurch

Monarchs’ response to power struggle:

•Centralize their power by strengthening armies, developing system of taxes, and improving relations with the middle class.

Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings

• 1066- Anglo-Saxon King Edward dies w/ no heir

• Duke William of Normandy fights those who try to put king’s brother-in-law Harold on throne- Battle of Hastings

• Result: William the Conqueror now rules England- blending of French/Anglo-Saxon customs

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

Norman Conquest Norman Conquest Norman Conquest Norman Conquest

• How does William control his kingdom?

- Takes complete, exhaustive census (Domesday Book)

- Creates royal exchequer to collect taxes

Henry II Henry II Henry II Henry II

• Inherits throne in 1154

• His justice system forms basis of English common law- applies to all of England

• jury system develops- earliest model of today’s jury system

• His extension of royal power caused tension w/ the Church

Henry II Henry II Henry II Henry II

Magna Carta (Great Charter) Magna Carta (Great Charter) Magna Carta (Great Charter) Magna Carta (Great Charter)

• Developed in 1215 in response to England’s King John’s abuse of power/mismanagement of power

Impact of Magna Carta (Great Impact of Magna Carta (Great Letter) Letter)

Impact of Magna Carta (Great Impact of Magna Carta (Great Letter) Letter)

• Greatly limited king’s rights- he must obey the law!- cannot issue random taxes!

• Established that nobles had rights

• Over time, such rights would be granted to all citizens

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

Beginnings of Beginnings of British ParliamentBritish Parliament

Beginnings of Beginnings of British ParliamentBritish Parliament Great Council-early lawmaking body eventually called Parliament

Set up framework for England’s modern Parliament- checks, limits power of king, has some control over tax laws

The Magna Carta can be described as a

(1) journal about English feudal society(2) list of feudal rights limiting power of English monarchy (3) census of all tax-paying nobility in feudal England (4) statement of grievances of middle class in England

Monarchs of FranceMonarchs of FranceMonarchs of FranceMonarchs of France Louis IX- rose to power in 1226, became most admired ruler of the time

-deeply religious, made a saint

-ended serfdom, strengthened Christianity, & expanded royal courts

succeeded in making France an efficient, centralized monarchy

Monarchs of FranceMonarchs of FranceMonarchs of FranceMonarchs of FrancePhilip VI- grandson of Louis IX- clashed violently w/ Pope Boniface VIII over taxation issues

Estates General set up under Philip’s rule

Lawmaking body of clergy, nobles, townspeople- never gained same role/power as English Parliament

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman EmpireHoly Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire10th century- Charlemagne’s empire in present-day France and Germany dissolves after his death

Otto I- (German) crowned emperor; his successors took title “Holy Roman Emperor”

German monarchs- and emperors- struggled to control their kingdoms and vassals- never truly successful

Battles w/ popes and clergy continue, esp over appt of bishops

Emperors & PopesEmperors & PopesEmperors & PopesEmperors & PopesPope Gregory VII- most controversial medieval pope

Why?

banned lay investiture- result: only popes can appoint bishops-

Henry IV- completed opposed to decision, excommunicated for his views (later welcomed back to church)

Concordat of WormsConcordat of WormsConcordat of WormsConcordat of Worms-Conflict over lay investiture (who has right to appoint popes) drags on for decades

Concordant of Worms- treaty signed in 1122

-Church can elect bishops; emperors can give bishops fiefs

Popes & The Battle for Popes & The Battle for Power Power

Popes & The Battle for Popes & The Battle for Power Power Pope Innocent III- purest example of

papal power during medieval times

Placed kingdoms under interdict for various

offenses

12th, 13th centuries- tides start to turn in favor of English & French monarchies….

Spain and the Crusades Spain and the Crusades Spain and the Crusades Spain and the Crusades Christians had been battling Muslims in Spain for centuries; the conflict dated back to the 700s

Reconquista, or ‘reconquest’: Christian campaign to drive, remove Muslims from Spain (Moor population)

Reign of Isabella & Reign of Isabella & Ferdinand Ferdinand

Reign of Isabella & Reign of Isabella & Ferdinand Ferdinand Marriage of Isabella &

Ferdinand- very strategic- paved the way for a more unified Christian state in Spain

Isabella launched brutal assault against Muslims (Spanish Moors) w/ support of the Inquisition – a Church court that tried those accused of heresy

Results of the Results of the Reconquista Reconquista Results of the Results of the Reconquista Reconquista Religious unity achieved at very

high price.

Policy of religious toleration of all faiths ended; those who refused to convert to Christianity were often burnt at the stake.

Over 100,000 people fled in fear for their lives.

European Culture Post-European Culture Post-Crusades Crusades

European Culture Post-European Culture Post-Crusades Crusades Crusades inspired

interest in learning and intellectual development, paving way for Revival of Learning, or European Renaissance beginning in the 1300s in Italy

European Culture Post-European Culture Post-Crusades Crusades

European Culture Post-European Culture Post-Crusades Crusades Church recognized need for an

educated, more literate clergy

Universities sprung up in cities across Europe (Salerno, Bologna, Italy among 1st examples)

Modern-day universities follow this early model of ‘liberal arts’ learning- learning across various subjects

European Culture Post-European Culture Post-Crusades Crusades

European Culture Post-European Culture Post-Crusades Crusades Women not allowed to attend

university

Exception- Christine de Pizan

Cultural diffusion- Europeans absorbed ideas, achievements of other cultures, esp Muslim translations of texts, writings of ancient Greeks

Scholasticism gained popularity- philosophy attempting to bring faith and reason together

European Culture Post-European Culture Post-Crusades Crusades

European Culture Post-European Culture Post-Crusades Crusades Key primary source from High

Middle Ages- Summa Theologica- St. Thomas Aquinas’ attempt to combine Christian faith and logic (scholasticism)

Little scientific advancements made during Middle Age due to idea that knowledge must fit w/ Christian teachings

Arabic numerals- modern-day #s- adopted by Europeans

Medieval Literature, Art, Medieval Literature, Art, Architecture Architecture

Medieval Literature, Art, Medieval Literature, Art, Architecture Architecture Latin- language of learning & the

Church

vernacular (everyday language of people) - Italian, German, etc, began to be used in writing and some universities

Key examples of early medieval literature:

-Chaucer’s epic poem The Canterbury Tales (1st great English poem actually written in English)

-Dante’s Divine Comedy (Italy)

Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture “In the Middle Ages, men had no great thought that they did not write down in stone.”

- Victor Hugo

•Roman influences (Romanesque) in High Middle Ages architecture

•Dark, gloomy, heavy vaulted ceilings

•Gothic architecture grew up in Paris

-Key features: flying buttress (dramatic stone supports), huge stained glass windows, stone sculptures

Cathedral of Notre Dame Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris in Paris

Cathedral of Notre Dame Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris in Paris

Cathedral of Notre Dame Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris in Paris

Cathedral of Notre Dame Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris in Paris

Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture & Art & Art

Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture & Art & Art Stained glass windows & illuminated

manuscripts (beautifully painted books, much decorative detail) helped the illiterate (majority of population) learn about their faith.

Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture & Art & Art

Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture & Art & Art

Book of Kells- perhaps most famous example of medieval illuminated manuscript, on permanent display in Trinity College in Dublin