The Health of Women Prisoners: Global Challenges and Solutions Nancy Stoller University of...
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![Page 1: The Health of Women Prisoners: Global Challenges and Solutions Nancy Stoller University of California, Santa Cruz.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da65503460f94a92122/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Health of Women Prisoners: Global Challenges and Solutions
Nancy StollerUniversity of California,
Santa Cruz
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Health Problems for Women in California Prisons
• Very long sentences• Overcrowding• Lack of preventive care, mental health
services, drug rehabilitation, access to children
• Poor nutrition• Delayed access to medical care• Poor dental services• High levels of psychotropic medication
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Health Problems on Release
• Loss of rights
• Continuity of care challenges
• Housing, income, identity, employment
• Family reunification
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Reproductive and mothering rights of prisoners across the U.S…
PRENATAL CARE• 38 states -have no or inadequate policies on prenatal care
• 43 states -do not require a medical exam as part of prenatal care
• 41 states do not require nutritional counseling or pregnancy diet
• Source: Mothers Behind Bars: Report from National Women’s Law Center and Rebecca Project for Human Rights (October, 2010)
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Reproductive and mothering rights of prisoners across the U.S… cont’d.
SHACKLING• 33 states -do not adquately limit shackling during
labor and delivery, recovery, or transport when in labor
• 22 states have no policy at all on shackling pregnant women
Source: Mothers Behind Bars: Report from National Women’s Law Center and Rebecca Project for Human Rights (October, 2010)
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U. S. DOJ Bureau of Statistics
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Federal Prisons
Women in custody in federal prisons: 14,000
• 2008: announced ban on shackling during pregnancy
• Limited (58 women p. year) mother-child alternative program
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ICE (Immigration and Customs
Enforcement) • No unified medical services• Uses private prisons, local jails, state prisons• Contracts medical services in its own units• No consistent standards or services for care
for women
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World Health Organization Health in Prisons Project
• Founded in 1995
• 44 countries, west, south, east and northern Europe
• Yearly meetings
• Special reports
• Declarations
• Awards
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WHO HIPP
Philosophical and action base:
• “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
• UN declarations of rights of prisoners, women, children.
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A global view from WHO
Women in prison have more health problems than men
• Multiple chronic conditions• Higher rates of drug dependency and co-
morbidity; mental health issues; physical and sexual abuse histories
• Reproductive health needs: menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, reproductive cancers, breastfeeding
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WHO-HIPP Declaration concerning women’s health in prison
• 1. A gender-sensitive criminal justice system is an essential first step to ensure that all stages of the criminal justice system take into account gender-specific needs and circumstances.
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• 2. A gender-sensitive prison policy has to be developed for every prison system to meet the basic health and welfare needs of women in prison
• Meeting women’s special health care needs- including for girls and women.
• Gender-sensitive training.• Appropriate female-male staff balance
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• 3. The human rights of women and of their children must always be dominant; principles of equivalence and of appropriateness of facility and and health care must be recognized. The needs of any child involved must be dominant.
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• 4. Specialist health care must be provided: for instance, for mental health, including help with a legacy of abuse; for HIV, hepatitis C, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases; for drug and alcohol dependence; for learning disabilities; and for reproductive health.
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• 5. Pre-release preparations must be planned and provided to ensure continuity of care, and access to health and other services after release must be a clear part of the programme preparing for release.
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Strategies of improvement
• Independent Monitoring • Source of health care is from a health-focused
agency, e.g. public health departmentPrioritize and advocate for health as more important than
custodyBreaking down isolation of prisoners and of medical staffRemove the profit motive by rejecting privatization
Examples: National Health Service - Britain; San Francisco Dept. of Health; US BOP Public Health Service
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Current California Projects
• Transitions clinic - San Francisco, focus on continuity of care for chronic health problems after release
• Community Health Worker training and placement with ex-prisoner focus
• Legal Services for Prisoners with Children-advocacy training, research reports, family connections
• A New Way of Life- housing, referrals, mental health services on release, advocacy
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Current California Projects, continued…
• Litigation… Shumate, Plata, current receivership, overcrowding challenges
• All of Us Or None- advocacy and activism for released prisoners
• CURB (Californians United for a Responsible Budget)
* Stop All Prison and Jail Construction. * Reduce Overcrowding and Release our Tax Dollars. * Stop the Cuts and Invest in Our Future.
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Public Health Initiatives• APHA
– Prisoner Health Committee-- links public health professionals working in correctional settings, research, advocacy throughout the U.S.
– Women’s Caucus– International Human Rights Committee– Standards for Health Services in Correctional
Institutions • World Federation of Public Health Associations initiative
– Goal: Prioritize the health of the marginalized,especially those in jail and prison
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From 1979 slide show on women’s health in prison
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Women prisoners at FCI Lexington after a discussion about activism and change -1979
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Women at Valley State Prison, California, 2008