The Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity
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Transcript of The Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity
The Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity
Speaker’s Slidesand Message Points
* Material Current as of June 16, 2005
Obesity is Still a Top Public Health Problem in America
• Obesity can be deadly• Obesity rates are soaring in America• Obesity is related to many chronic health
problems• Obesity increases the risks of problems
in pregnancy and childbirth• Overweight has important health
consequences in children• The costs associated with obesity are
high and growing
Obesity Can Be Deadly
• Newest estimate from CDC: 112,000 deaths each year
• ¾ of deaths occur in people younger than 70 years
The Science of Estimating Obesity-Related Deathsis Complex and Evolving• Scientists keep working to describe
full health effects of obesity• Role of obesity in death is complex• Obesity is not reported reliably on
death certificates• Scientists must use complex
modeling techniques to estimate obesity-related deaths
Estimates of Obesity-Related Deaths Have Changed Because of Newer Data, Different Methods
• Earlier CDC estimates were based on older data– Reflected health risks of 1970s– Led to estimate of 365,000 deaths
• New estimates used newer data, different methods – May better reflect current health status of U.S.
population– May reflect lower death rates for obesity-related
diseases like heart disease– Methods accounted for decrease in obesity-related
deaths among older adults
Risk Factors for Heart Disease Have Fallen Dramatically Over Past 40 Years (U.S. Adults 20 – 74):
HIGH TOTAL CHOLESTEROL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
NHES 1960-1962
NHANES I1971-1975
NHANES II1976-1980
NHANES III1988-1994
NHANES 1999-2000
<25
25.0-29.9
>=30
Overall
Hig
h to
tal c
hol
este
rol l
evel
(>
=24
0 m
g/dL
)
2005 American Medical Association JAMA, April 20, 2005-Vol293, No. 15
Risk Factors by BMI Group
Risk Factors for Heart Disease Have Fallen Dramatically Over Past 40 Years (U.S. Adults 20 – 74):
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
NHES 1960-1962
NHANES I1971-1975
NHANES II1976-1980
NHANES III1988-1994
NHANES 1999-2000
<25
25.0-29.9
>=30
Overall
Hig
h bl
ood
pre
ssur
e (s
ysto
lic
>=
140
mm
Hg
or d
iast
olic
>=
90 m
m H
g
2005 American Medical Association JAMA, April 20, 2005-Vol293, No. 15
Risk Factors by BMI Group
Risk Factors for Heart Disease Have Fallen Dramatically Over Past 40 Years (U.S. Adults 20 – 74):
SMOKING
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
NHES 1960-1962
NHANES I1971-1975
NHANES II1976-1980
NHANES III1988-1994
NHANES 1999-2000
<25
25.0-29.9
>=30
Overall
Smok
ing
2005 American Medical Association JAMA, April 20, 2005-Vol293, No. 15
Risk Factors by BMI Group
Obesity Rates are Soaring in America
• Adult obesity has doubled since 1980• Since 1990 rates have jumped in every state in
Nation1990 2003
Obesity Is Related to Many Chronic Health Problems
• Type 2 diabetes
• Hypertension
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Breast cancer
• Colon cancer
• Arthritis
• Gallbladder disease
• Physical disability
• Sleep disturbances
• Breathing problems
Obesity Increases Risks of Problems in Pregnancy and Childbirth
• Infant death• Infant birth defects• Delivery by cesarean section• Slow or difficult labor or delivery• Diabetes and high blood pressure in
pregnancy • Infertility• Menstrual problems
Percentage of Overweight U.S. Children and Adolescents is Soaring*
* >95th percentile for BMI by age and sex based on 2000 CDC BMI-for-age growth charts**Data from 1963-65 for children 6-11 years of age and from 1966-70 for adolescents 12-17 years of ageSource: National Center for Health Statistics
18
Ages 12-19
Ages 6-11
54
1616
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1963-70**
1971-74 1976-80 1988-94 1999-2002
Overweight Has Important Health Consequences in Children
• 70% chance of being overweight as adults• Childhood onset of type 2 diabetes
– Face future risk of serious complications: kidney disease, blindness, amputations
– Children born in 2000 have a high risk of getting diabetes in their lifetimes:
• 33% of males• 39% of females
• Risk factors for heart disease– 61% of overweight 5-10-year olds have at least
one risk factor– 26% have two or more risk factors
Costs Associated with Obesity are High and Growing
• Direct health costs attributable to obesity estimated to be– $52 billion in 1995 – $75 billion in 2003
• Hospital costs related to childhood overweight have tripled in last 20 years
Three Key Factors Are Related to the Onset of Obesity
• Poor dietary practices• Decreased physical activity• Increased inactivity
Americans’ Food Practices are Shifting Dramatically
• Reduced frequency of family meals • Increased fast food consumption• Increased portion size• Increased consumption of soft
drinks (from 27 to 50 gallons/year from 1972-1999)
• Restrained eating, meal skipping
Physical Education in High Schools is on the Decline
Participation in daily P.E. classes, 9-12th graders:
1991 42%2003 28%
Heavy TV Viewing Among Teens Has Increased Dramatically (NHES Youth Aged 12-17 in 1967-70 and NLSY Youth Aged 12-17 in 1990)
Heavy TV Viewing Among Teens Has Increased Dramatically (NHES Youth Aged 12-17 in 1967-70 and NLSY Youth Aged 12-17 in 1990)
0-10-1 1-21-2 2-32-3 3-43-4 4-54-5 5+5+
TV Hours (Youth Report)TV Hours (Youth Report)
As TV Time Increases, So Do Rates of Overweight in Teenagers (NHES Youth Aged 12-17 in 1967-70 and NLSY Youth Aged 10-15 in 1990)
As TV Time Increases, So Do Rates of Overweight in Teenagers (NHES Youth Aged 12-17 in 1967-70 and NLSY Youth Aged 10-15 in 1990)
TV Hours Per Day (Youth Report)TV Hours Per Day (Youth Report)
(0-1)(0-1) (1-2)(1-2) (3-4)(3-4) (4-5)(4-5) (>5)(>5)(2-3)(2-3)
Scientists Agree on Steps to Reduce Obesity and Promote Health
• Eat a healthy diet(e.g., 2 cups fruit and 2 and 1/2 cups vegetables each day, based on 2,000-calorie diet)
• Get regular physical activity(e.g., for adults, at least 30 minutes of moderate-
intensity activity 5 days per week, or at least 20 minutes of vigorous activity 3 days a week)
• Go for regular visits to the doctor – to monitor risk factors– if you have an obesity-related condition and are
trying to lose weight