The Harmonies of Community Health & Health Care · Health Disparities “Of all the forms of...
Transcript of The Harmonies of Community Health & Health Care · Health Disparities “Of all the forms of...
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The Harmonies of Community Health & Health Care
Five Levels of Integration to Achieve Optimal & Equitable Outcomes
in Chronic Disease
Center for Medicine & Public HealthFSU College of Medicine
George Rust, MD, MPH, FAAFP, FACPMFather of Dan & Christina, Husband of Cindy,
Grandfather of GracieProfessor of Behavioral Sciences & Social Medicine
Director, FSU-COM Center for Medicine & Public Health
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Cook County Hospital
Farmworker Health Assoc
Morehouse School of Medicine
HondurasCook County Hospital
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• Uninsured Patients
• Limited Resources
• Cultural & Linguistic Barriers
• Professional Isolation
Limitations of a Primary Care Clinician Serving High-Disparity Populations
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Health Behaviors
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Social “Determinants”
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Poor Outcomes are Rooted in Clinical & Social Complexities
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Upstream Downstream “Determinants” of Health
• A Cascade of Causation, but not Unidirectional
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Health Disparities“Of all the forms of inequality,
injustice in health care is the
most shocking and inhumane.”
Am J Public Health. 2006 Aug;96(8):1478-84. Epub 2006 Mar 29.
A nationwide population-based study identifying health disparities between American
Indians/Alaska Natives and the general populations living in select urban counties.
Castor ML1, Smyser MS, Taualii MM, Park AN, Lawson SA, Forquera RA.
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American Indian Disparities
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Racial Disparities are Severe and Persistent
1.472 1.454 1.410 1.4961.412
1.0001.1001.2001.3001.4001.5001.6001.7001.8001.9002.0002.1002.2002.3002.4002.500
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Black-White Standardized Mortality Ratios, 1960-2000
all
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• Black-White racial inequalities in health outcomes cost Fulton County 28,022 excess years of potential life lost due to premature deaths.
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Unequal Benefit: Breast Cancer
Disparities Widen
BY HALLIE D. MARTIN, MEDILL REPORTS
CHICAGO FEB 28, 2008
HTTP://NEWS.MEDILL.NORTHWESTERN.EDU/
CHICAGO/NEWS.ASPX?ID=79861
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Determinants Deficits Disparities Despair
3 D’s
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Believe in the Possible!
“Living through the Civil Rights movement showed me that I could be a part of change. I realized then that you don’t have to accept things the way they are.”
-- David Satcher, MD, PhD
The Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta;
http://www.cfgreateratlanta.org/Giving/Donor-Stories/The-
David-Satcher-Fund1.aspx
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% Decline in Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates
Two Questions:•For what leading causes of death did the U.S. achieve a successful reduction in mortality (>50% in 50 years)?
•What accounted for the success in most of these conditions?
Triangulating on Success to Improve America’s Health Rust G, Satcher D, et al . AJPH, 2010
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• Cardiovascular:
– Heart Disease
– Stroke
• Cancer:
– Uterine/Cervical Cancer
– Gastric (Stomach) Cancer
• Traumatic Injuries
– Unintentional Injuries
Triangulating on Success to Improve America’s Health Rust G, Satcher D, et al . AJPH, 2010
Infectious Disease: HIV-AIDS
Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Influenza / Pneumonia
What accounted for the successful reduction in mortality (>50% in 50 years) for most of these conditions?
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• Racial Disparities are not Inevitable!
Local Area Variation: Evidence that Equality
Is Achievable
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Conference Title 18
Converging to Equality
Sustaining Equality
Persistent Inequality
Diverging (increasing Inequality)
Trends in disparities are not the same in all communities
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Stretching the Boundaries of Health Care & Health Outcomes Management
Primary Care / Specialty
Care
Behavioral Health (Mental Health & Substance Use)
Public Health / Health
Promotion/ Health
Behaviors
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Why Blend Primary Care & Community Health?
Example: To prevent complications of obesity and
diabetes, all you have to do is modify a
person’s health beliefs and attitudes, daily habits, eating preferences, daily activities, exercise habits, grocery stores, neighborhood walk-ability, food advertising, self-care, employability, economic empowerment, access to medical care, clinical inertia, provider quality, and medication adherence, all in the context of his or her family and social relationships.
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Two Seemingly Contradictory Ideas
Focusing on OnePerson at a Time
Focusing on the Whole
Community
Community
Health
Primary
Care
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Five Levels of IntegrationPopulation Outcomes
Community
Healthcare System
Practice
Person
Find the Beauty in Achieving Harmony!
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Integration! Population Outcomes
Community
Healthcare System
Practice
Person
Person-LevelIntegrating Behavioral Health & Primary Care
• Behavior Change
• Mental Health
• Substance Use
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Managing Clinical and Social Complexities for Whole Persons
ip op md ot m2 dg total
$217,657 $7,105 $29,756 $10,498 $3,155 $12,182 $280,353
One Diabetic Patient:• Diabetes
• Arthritis
• COPD
• CHF
•Stroke
• Pneumonia
• Cancer
• Depression
•Alcohol / substance abuse
* 21 ER Visits * 143 hospital bed-days
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Mental Health Physical Health
• “Baseball is 90% mental -- the other half is physical."
-- Yogi Berra
• Stress • Depression• Anxiety • Substance Abuse • Domestic Violence• Schizophrenia• Bipolar Illness
• Nervios• Susto• Mal de Pelea• Social Isolation • Migration Stress • Acculturation Stress
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Behavioral Health + Primary Care Continuum of Integration
Separate Referral Coordinated Collaborative Integrated
Separate Co-Located Common
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Relational Integration = Collaborative Team
Cherokee Health Systems “Integrated Care” Model:
– Biopsychosocial approach
– Addresses the whole person by integrating behavioral services into primary care.
– Combines the best traditions of primary care and mental health services in an integrated health care team to treat the whole person
– Services include education, behavioral management, assessments, brief interventions, as well as treatment for mental health disorders.
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Integration! Population Outcomes
Community
Healthcare System
Practice
Person
Practice-LevelPatient-Centered, Panel-based, Team-Driven Care & Outcomes Management
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Primary Care -- Healing Whole Persons with our “Radical Human Presence”
• Listening
• Touching
• Affirming
• Comforting
• Diagnosing
• Treating
• Grieving
• Supporting
• Healing
“Radical Human Presence”, phrase used in a presentation called “How
the Heart Learns” by Landon Saunders; AAMFT, 2004 annual mtg.
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Doctor-Centered Medical Home: the Exam Room and the
Doctor-Patient Visit
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Personalismo, Familismo, & Confianza
Trusted Relationships Trump Evidence-Based Arguments
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Teamwork: Everyone works up to the Level of their License
• McCarthy BD, Yood MU, Bolton MB, Boohaker EA, MacWilliam CH, Young MJ. Redesigning primary care processes to improve the offering of mammography. The use of clinic protocols by nonphysicians. Gen Intern Med 1997 Jun;12(6):357-63
• Example: Empower
More Clinical Staff
to Initiate Preventive
Services • Medical assistants and
Licensed Practical Nurses
offer mammography as a
routine part of the clinic
encounter
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Staffing Models:(8,000 patient panel)
• 5 MD’s
• 2 PA’s
• 1 RPH
• 2 MD’s
• 3 PA’s
• 1 NP/Care Mgr
• 1 LCSW or Psychol/Behav
• 1 RPH /Pharm D (+ pharm tech)
• 3 Promotoras
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• Who says group visits have to happen in the clinic?
Group Visits and Panel-Based Care Mgt
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Integration! Population Outcomes
Community
Health Systems
Practice
Person
Healthcare Systems Level: •Information Systems
•Delivery Systems (Pharmacy, Specialty Care, Emergency Dept, Hospital, etc.)
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Health Information Systems
• Practice Level:
• Average A1c level in all diabetics
• % of Patients with A1c > 8
• Lists of patients with A1c > 8 for outreach / action
Individual Level:
• Flags or triggers to promote compliance at each visit and to decrease missed opportunities
• Evidence-based guideline alerts
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From Uncoordinated Care to
Full Information Exchange
• Jane Doe -- 37 y/o F w/ Bipolar Disorder
– Lithium (Lithobid®)
– Aripiprazole (Abilify®)
– Divalproex Sodium (Depakote®)
• Jane Doe – 37 y/o fertile female smoker with HTN & two-weeks of productive cough
– Azithromycin (Zithromax Z-Pack®)
– ACE + HCTZ (Zestoretic®)
– OCP’s (Yaz®)
– Bupropion (Zyban®)
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Guideline-
concordant
prescribing
Patient Rx-
Adherence
DiabetesMulti-
Morbidity
Depres-
sion
Preven-
tive Care
CV-
Risk
Action Alerts
J Smith Elevated A1c
Mary Lin Rx not refilled
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Cohesive, Comprehensive, Integrated Local Health Systems
Emergency
Room
Primary Care
Mental
Health
Business &
Community
Leaders
Hospitals
Public
Health
Faith
Communities
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The Power of Integration
What would
happen if all
the health
folks came
together and
created a
therapeutic
community of
healers for
whole
people?
Faith
Communities
Mental
Health
Substance
Abuse
Treatment Primary
Care
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Integration! Population Outcomes
Community
Healthcare System
Practice
Person
Community-Level:
• Patient at home
• Family and culture
• Social Determinants
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Free-Range Humans
(when patients escape from the
exam room!)
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Cultural Relevance / Community Ownership / Team-Based Care
South Central Foundation – Anchorage, Alaska
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Promotores / Promotoras & Community Health Workers
Enhanced Use of Complex Health Systems (Navigators)
Immunization Rates
Healthy Eating & Exercise
Control of Household Asthma Triggers
Farmworkers Eye Safety
Compliance with TB Treatment
Breast & Cervical Cancer Screening
Blood Pressure Control
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Healthy People NeedHealthy Communities
The Continuum of Community Health
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Community Health as
Community Development
https://www.slideshare.net/JimBloyd/phyisicans-health-reform-and-health-equity-when-we-fight-we-win
• Leadership Development
• Economic Development
• Health Development
• Educational
Empowerment
• Political Empowerment
Addressing Social “Determinants” of Health,
Community Cohesiveness, Health Behaviors,
Behavioral Health, and Medical Care
all at the same time!
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Beyond Deficits: Asset-Based Community
DevelopmentTrue partnership builds on community strengths to work seamlessly together on a shared agenda!
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Integration! Population Outcomes
Community
Healthcare System
Practice
Person
Population Level Outcomes
• Clinical
• Economic
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Tying it All Together in a Rapid-Cycle Improvement Process
How Do We Tie it All Together? Can we
continuously improve interventions in
each domain and in the spaces in-
between the practice and the community
or between the hospital and home, with a
rapid-cycle outcomes feedback loop and
provider-community coalitions all
working together to keep improving
connections and processes and
outcomes until we achieve more optimal
and equitable outcomes for all?
Clinic (PCMH)
Home & Community
Outcomes (Hospital Bed-Days,
Disability, Death)
1 2
3
4
576
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Holding Ourselves Accountable to Achieve Equality in Outcomes
• Community Level Metrics • Mortality
• Hospital Bed-Days
• Preventable Adverse Events (e.g., amputations)
• Practice-Level Data• ED Visits
• Hospital Bed-Days
• Person-Level Feedback• Missed refills
• Inadequate Care
• ED Visit yesterday!
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Social Determinants
of Health
Community Leadership
& Resiliency
Community Health & Economic
Development
Health Outcomes
Health Behaviors
Health Care
Tying it All Together to Achieve Health Equity
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Collective Action = Collective ImpactJohn Kania & Mark Kramer first wrote about collective impact in the Stanford Social
Innovation Review in 2011 and identified five key elements:
http://www.collaborationforimpact
.com/collective-impact/
Operationalizing real-world
hope requires an
affirmative vision, an
expectation of success,
broad coalitions taking
action cohesively, and
frequent measures of
collective impact to drive
rapid-cycle improvement.Rust G. Hope for Health Equity.
Ethnicity & Disease, 2018.
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Moving Toward Optimal Health for Allin the Agalto Valley, Honduras
In the 1980’s, Infant Mortality
in the Olancho state of
Central Honduras was over 70
per 1,000 (7%); Since 2006,
there have been no infant
deaths in the 27 villages
covered by the comprehensive
community development
work of Honduras Outreach
(Rancho Paraiso)
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What Accounts for Success in the Agalto Valley, Honduras?
Economic &
Community
Development
Prenatal Care / Primary Care
Public Health / SanitationEducation / Nutrition
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Humility in Working Together
“We are all as angels,
with only one wing;
We can only fly
when we embrace each other.
-- Luciano de Crescenzo