The Grid of the Future Farrokh Albuyeh, Ph.D Farrokh...
Transcript of The Grid of the Future Farrokh Albuyeh, Ph.D Farrokh...
1 Smart Grid Conference 2014 (SGC’14) - Grid Renovation Workshop
The Grid of the Future Farrokh Albuyeh, Ph.D Farrokh Rahimi, Ph.D. Smart Grid Conference 2014 Grid Renovation Workshop December 8, 2014 Session 3
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Agenda • Session 1 75 Minutes
– Introductions
– Driving forces changing the electric utility landscape
– The impacts of the proliferation of Variable Energy Resources (VER)
– Operational challenges at the wholesale/transmission and at retail/distribution levels
– Increased visibility and situational awareness requirements at the distribution level
– Using AMI and customer data to increase visibility to last mile distribution circuits
– Managing Demand Response (DR) and Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
• Break 15 Minutes
• Session 2 75 Minutes – A new construct: Distribution System Operator (DSO)/Distrusted System Platform (DSP)
• Overall Description
• Implementation
– The emerging Transactive Energy paradigm and its convergence with DSO/DSP constructs
• Break 15 Minutes
• Session 3 60 Minutes – Illustrative examples and case studies
– Concluding Remarks/Question and Answer
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Case Studies
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First Energy-Integrated Distributed Energy Resource (IDER) Management Project
• Create an infrastructure based on Smart Grid principles to enhance distribution system reliability and operations and leverage opportunities for participation in regional power markets.
• An Integrated Control Platform and two-way communication system for distribution system monitoring and support, peak load shifting and optimum resource and asset usage.
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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First Energy
• Project approach: – Direct Load Control
• Direct control devices and temperature sensors on 24000 residential central air conditioning systems ( total curtailable load 38MW), 2.4 GHz wireless mesh communications
– Permanent Peak Load Shifting • Four Ice Energy’s Ice Bear units
– Distribution line sensors using cellular communications • 10 sets of PowerSense three phase sensors
– Measures current, power, voltage, distance to fault
• 21 single phase Grid Sentry line sensors – Measures current, outages, faults
• 34 existing Satec substation meters integrated
– Integrated Control Platform • Centralized data collection, analysis, and control system
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Case Study- First Energy: Integrated DER Management Project
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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First Energy- Integrated Distributed Energy Resource (IDER) Management
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Permanent Peak Load Shifting
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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First Energy
• Results – Successful Direct Load Control events to address
distribution issues – Demonstrated ability of aggregated loads to
participate in market (PJM) – Achieved high levels of customer participation (17%
through door to door solicitation) – Permanent peak load shifting effective. Can allow
deferment of infrastructure investments (18kW reduction at site=20.4kW at PJM bus)
– Distribution line sensor data enhanced visibility greatly
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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First Energy-Lessons Learned
• Density of DLC devices important for Mesh communications
• Web based and map based visualization tools very effective
• Substation and circuit condition data, presented in near real-time via web based visualization tools is very effective in optimizing maintenance schedules and projects
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Case Study- Con ED : Transforming the Grid Through Integration
• Developing the technology necessary to integrate distributed resources into utility’s distribution system and distribution control center.
• One of several projects
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Consolidated Edison
• Project Approach – Developed a Demand Response Command Center
(DRCC) interface that provides the link between Distribution Control Center (DCC) and customer-owned distributed resources
– DRCC provides the distribution operator with increased visibility and access to DR, DER, and Storage assets
– Resources are used to alleviate congestion and respond to other potential issues
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Consolidated Edison
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Consolidated Edison
• Results
– Time from distribution operator’s trigger to transfer of facility load to distributed generators about three minutes, under the initial 10 minute target required for market based programs
• Actual startup and transfer under 30 seconds
• Facility managers to receive SMS/Phone messages, log into the system, acknowledge the requests took several minutes
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Case Study- Con ED : Transforming the Grid Through Integration
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Case Study- Con ED : Transforming the Grid Through Integration- Contd.
• Project Successes: – Distribution Line Sensor visualization providing data in graph or Table Format – Line Sensor and substation meter data inform distribution system operations – Direct Load Control Used for operation support and for RTO Market Programs – Distribution line sensor data confirms historical data
– Better Forecasting of DR/DER in Real Time
– Ability to Visualize DR/DER Effects on Utility Distribution System – Platform to Support DSP
• Challenges – Reliable two-way Communications- 2.4 Ghz Wireless Mesh does not provide
adequate coverage.
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
Key Requirement to future use of DR/DER
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Kansas City Power & Light
Key Statistics Customers 830,000 Meters Generation 6,100 MW
– 9 plant sites
– 26 generating units
– 10 peaking facilities
Distribution Subs 315 Distribution Circuits 1600
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Case Study-Kansas City Power & Light: A True End-to-End Smart Grid
• ~$50M project
– Half from DoE
– Half from KCP&L and vendor partners
• End-to-end Smart Grid technologies
• Keen focus on interoperability and industry standards
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KCP&L- Smart Grid Demonstration Project
• Project Objectives
– Provide Interoperability
– Cyber Security
– Use of DR/DER Resources to Address Distribution Grid Operational Issues
– Aggregate DR/DER Resources for Participation in the SPP Market
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KCP&L- A True End-to-End Smart Grid
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KCP&L
• Deployed 14,000 AMI meters
• Overhauled Midtown substation and implemented 61850
• Installed automated field devices
• Deployed home area network devices
• Installed a 1 MWh Lithium Ion battery
• Installed 100 kW of solar
• Over-arching focuses:
– Interoperability and emerging smart grid standards
– Cyber security
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KCP&L- Systems Integration
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DERM In Overall Smart Grid Architecture
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DR Architecture D
R/D
ER
Co
ntr
ol
Au
tho
rity
DE
RM
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KCP&L- Lessons Learned
• Development/maintenance tools are helpful: – Heartbeat messages
– System logs
• Data synchronization between systems is challenging: – Model propagation
– Customer, program, asset enrollment
• Industry standards don’t equal plug-and-play – Industry needs to push for profile creation
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American Electric Power
• Assessing Distributed Energy Resources (DR, DER, Storage) and technologies that can serve collectively in a manner similar to a physical Power Plant (VPP)
• One of several projects
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American Electric Power
• Project Approach – Installed 80 Community Energy Storage (CES) batteries
on a distribution circuit and is controlling them as an aggregated fleet for a total of 2MWh of storage
– Each unit is small (25kVA, 25 kWh) connected to the secondary of a transformer serving 2-5 Houses
– Study System • 13.2 kV circuit serving residential loads, peak demand 5.8
MW, 1795 smart meters with 15 minute interval data
– Focus on Storage Units and Controllers – Studied Three Types of discharge algorithms: Peak
Shaving, Load Following, Schedule Based
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American Electric Power
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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American Electric Power-Results
Qualitative Control Strategy Summary
Attributes Issues
Peak Shaving • Fixed kW peak • Operations directly
targets peak demand periods
• Risk that required kWh will exceed the stored kWh
• Requires periodic review of control settings
Load Following • Operations directly targets peak demand periods
• Reduced risk that the required kWh exceeds stored kWh
• Peak demand limit is variable
• Dependent on load shape characteristics
• Requires periodic review of control settings
Schedule Based • Control settings require minimal periodic updates
• No additional monitoring • Central control not
required
• No preset demand limit • Battery fully discharged
each day to ensure reduction of the peak
• Long shallow discharge profile required to confidently reduce peak
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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American Electric Power
• Lessons Learned – Peak demand reduction can be achieved with any of
the discharge strategies
– To manage the risk of insufficient storage when required, review and update of algorithms are required
– Direct dispatch of energy storage based on monitored kWs (peak shaving) will reduce the number of charge/discharge cycles
– Minimal impacts to voltage profiles were observed
– Negligible impacts on customer voltages
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Dispatchable Voltage Reduction (DVR)
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About the Project
• Utility Company: – A Cooperative (COOP) that receives energy from G&T (
Duke Energy) – Is Charged a Demand Component based on the
COOP’s peak load that is coincident with the G&T’s Load
• Objective of the Project: – Forecast G&T’s Load – Reduce Own demand though dropping voltages
during G&T’s Peak Load Time – Use DVR to Address Grid Reliability Issues
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DVR Definition • DVR (a.k.a. CVR) is the deliberate and active control of
electrical network devices to reduce consumption through
voltage changes on the network
• CVR may be performed as an event or on a continuous basis to
reduce peak demand or total energy consumption
©2014 OATI, Inc.
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Leveraging AMI Data
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Bellwether Meters and Regulation Zones
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Direct Voltage Control
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Sample Test results
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Ameren Illinois
• Two Projects Focused on determining the effects of Conservation Voltage Reduction on two Distribution Systems
• CVR: Reduction of Voltage Along Distribution Feeder for the Purpose of Reducing Electric Power Demand and Energy (126-114 Volt)
• CVR Factor= % ∆ Load/ % ∆ Voltage
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Ameren Illinois
• Project Approach:
– Installation of New Regulator Controller with two-way Radio Communications
– Installation of Voltage Sensors and End-of-line Locations
– Modifications to LTC Controller to Provide Remote Control Capability
– Implementation of Automatic Voltage Control in SCADA
– Implemented Baselining Method using historical data
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Ameren Illinois
• Results – Demand Reduction Varies by Time and by Type of
Load
• Lessons Learned – Understanding load characteristics
– Need Additional testing
Estimated CVRf
Feeder Summer Fall
Urban .78 1.24
Rural/Urban .97 .44
Source: EPRI/DOE- The Smart Grid Experience Conference- Charlotte, NC, October 27-29 2014
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Concluding Remarks
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Concluding Remarks
• The electric power industry is experiencing fundamental changes – Fuel economics, renewables, customer-side DR/DER, changing business
Models, New Technologies, ..
• More Reliance on Distribution/Customer-Side Assets for Grid Operation • Requirements for Measurability, Predictability, Controllability, and
Verifiability of Last Mile Assets • DSO/DSP Constructs and Transactive Energy seen as the Wave of the
Future • Implementing Smart Grid Projects:
– Multi-Vendor Projects – Cyber Security: Customer Side Assets as the points of Security Breach – Interoperability: Standards a Must, but Not Sufficient – Geo-Spatial Presentation of Assets – Need for Heartbeat Signals
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Questions