The Great Lakes: An Environmental Historynre301/greatlakes.pdf · Great Lakes Science Center...
Transcript of The Great Lakes: An Environmental Historynre301/greatlakes.pdf · Great Lakes Science Center...
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The Great Lakes:An Environmental History
Great Lakes Science Center
Jeffrey S. Schaeffer
Great Lakes Science Center
1451 Green Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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The Great Lakes
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A Primeval landscape
Vast wetlands,fisheries
Loss of Marshlands
The WellandCanal
FirstCommercial
Fishing
The loggingera
1800 1810 1823 1830 1850
The GreatBlack
Swamp
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The great abundance of fish … is a daily manna, whichnever fails... Moreover, better fish can not be eaten, andthey are bathed and nourished in the purest water …you could see anywhere.
Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (1658-1730)
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There were a lot of fish
No quantitativeestimates
Many anecdotalaccounts
High catches usingprimitive methods
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Wetlands
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Agricultural dikes
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The Great Black Swamp
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Wetland Drainage
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Saginaw Bay, early 1800’sData from Mackay,Lake Huron GIS project
WetlandForestWet Prairie
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Saginaw Bay, 1983Data from Mackay,Lake Huron GIS project
WetlandForestWet Prairie
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Ship Canals
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Welland Canal: 1829
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Dams
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Whitewater, Ausable River
Circa 1910
Photo Courtesy of Troy Zorn,Michigan Dept. of NaturalResources
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Dam Impacts- whitewater
Miles from River Mouth0 10 20 30 40 50
Elev
atio
n (fe
et)
450
500
550
600
650
700
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NowThen
Dam Impacts: migration
Map courtesy of Troy Zorn,Michigan Dept. of NaturalResources
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Watershed impacts: logging
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Primeval Forests
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Old Growth White Pine
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Efficiency Rules
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Log Drive at Grand Rapids
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Michigan Grayling
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A barren landscape
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Fire!
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The Great Peshtigo Fire
October 8, 1871
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PeshtigoOctober 8, 1871
3,780,000 acres burned
Worst natural disaster in U.S.history in terms of loss of life(1500?)
Until Titanic, worst U.S.disaster from any cause
Why have you never heardabout this?
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The Great Chicago Fire
October 8, 1871
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First problems apparent
The GreatPeshtigo Fire
Swedes DiscoverLake Sturgeon
Spencer Baird’sBig Mistake
CommercialFishing
becomesIndustrialized
The BigSmelt Escape
1871 1880 1885 1900 1912
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Lake Sturgeon
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Lake Sturgeon landings
Year1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950
Land
ings
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
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Spencer Baird’s Big Mistake
The Common Carp
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Sport fishing
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Commercial Fishing
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Commercial Fishing
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The big smelt escape of 1912
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A wave of invaders
Sea lamprey inLake Erie
Lake Herring collapse
First fish kill fromPollution
Sea lampreyIn Lake Huron
SeaLampreys
everywhere
Alewivesproliferate
1921 1925 1932 1940 1949
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Sea Lamprey
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Year1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Land
ings
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Lake trout landings
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Alewife invades
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Exploitation followed a pattern
High value Low value
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A decade of change
HexageniaExtirpated
Nylon nets
Alewife ,Rainbow smelt
proliferate
Lake trout collapse
Blue PikeExtinct
AlewifeDominate
L. Michigan
1953 1955 1960 1962 1963
Notice anything?
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Hexagenia extirpated
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Nylon Nets
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An Environmental Catastrophe!
MassiveAlewifeDie-off
Overfishing
CuyahogaRiver burns
Lake ErieDeclared
Dead
DDT LampreyControl
CleanWater
Act
1966 1967 1969 1970 1972
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Alewife die-off
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1960’s Pollution!
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Lamprey control
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Recovery!
Salmon surprise
EPA created
Walleyesreturn
SalmonControl
Alewives
Lake troutreturn
StillMore
walleyes
Sport FishingIndustrycreated
1972 1974 1976 1977 1979
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Great Fishing
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Salmon Surprise!
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Invasions: round 2
White perch
EuropeanWaterflea
Zebramussels
Ruffegobies
1980 1985 1988 1989 1990
Non-Point
Sources
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Ballast water introductions
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Zebra mussels
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Yet more invadersRound Goby Ruffe
Bythotrephes
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Habitat Loss
• Wetland loss
• Dams
• Watershed changes
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Overfishing
• Industrialization, technology advances
• Lack of regulation (sturgeon)
• Specific Exploitation pattern
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Exotics
Introduced deliberately
Invaded through ship canals
ballast water introductions
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Water quality
• Point sources• Nutrients, industrial wastes• Greatly reduced
• Non-point sources• Nutrients, toxics• May be worse than ever
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Consequences
• Loss of Native Species
• Replacement by exotics
• Instability, fluctuating populations
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Human Solutions
• Reaction• Money• Technology
Throw money at the problem …
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Human Challenges
• Prevention• Restoration• Money• Technology
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Help! We are being eaten by agiant Muskellunge!