The Great Depression IntroVideo6:09

Economic Causes The increase in printing money to pay off reparations leads to severe

war inflationGermany was forced to pay $33 Billion in war

reparations over 30 years for World War I ($768 Billion in today’s

money)

Economic Causes The cost of World War I and a decline

in the labor forceCombined, the Allied Powers spent $125 Billion on World War I (the US spent $22 Billion alone). The

Central Powers spent $60 Billion combined. As many as 25% of Americans were unemployed.

Economic Causes The Stock Market Crash of 1929

In total, $25 billion — some $319 billion in today's dollars — was lost in the 1929 crash.

Stocks continued to fall over subsequent weeks, finally bottoming out on November 13,

1929.

Political CausesAfter World War I, the U.S. emerged as a major creditor and financier of

post-war restoration

Even before entering World War I, the US had already loaned $2.25 Billion to the Allies by

January 1917

Political CausesIssues with the Treaty of Versailles

anger the German people and throw the country into chaos

Desperate people begin to follow leaders like Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party

Great Depression & Germany

Video6:10

Political CausesWhen banks began to fail the US

stopped loans and asked for its money back. This leads to the global

economic downturn.

Response of Governments to

Great Depression

United StatesFranklin Roosevelt’s New Deal – government spending would create jobs and start a recovery through public works projects

• The creation of government agencies that gave financial help to businesses and farms (USDA)

• The creation of the welfare system and relief programs including Social Security

The New Deal in Three Minutes

Video2:39

Germany• The rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party

• Militarism and mobilization of the military helped to reduce high unemployment (in violation of the Treaty of Versailles)

• German Jews were allowed to leave the country if they paid the next year’s taxes in advance and surrendered their property to the state

Hitler RiseVideo2:39

Russia (Soviet Union)• Stalin’s government emphasized rapid industrialization and “collectivization” (farms under government control)

• Millions were exiled to Siberia in labor camps

Stalin CollectivizationVideo4:19

Emergence and Characteristics of

Totalitarianism

Stalin Total PowerVideo

:54

Totalitarianism Defined:A political system in which the

state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all

aspects of public and private life whenever necessary

Benito Mussolini

Benito MussoliniMussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was the

fascist dictator of Italy from 1925-1943. He sided with Hitler and the Axis Powers in World War II.

Fascism – government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people and in which people are not

allowed to disagree with the government

Mussolini IntroVideo1:08

Characteristics of Totalitarianism

1. Dictatorship and absolute rule • The state is led by a dynamic leader who

unites the people toward a common goal, expecting unconditional loyalty and non-critical support

Adolf Hitler

Adolf HitlerHitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) rule Germany

from 1933-1945 and plunged the world into the Second World War. He is the main author of a war

leaving over 50 million dead and millions more grieving their lost ones

Hitler Seizes Control of Germany

Video2:04

Characteristics of Totalitarianism

2. Ideology glorifies the aims of the state and justifies government actions• Whatever the government does – no matter how discriminatory, violent or ruthless – is justified if it meets the goals of the state (the ends justify the means)

Joseph Stalin

Joseph StalinStalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) ruled the Soviet Union from 1922-1952. After initially signing a

non-aggression pact with Hitler, he would lead Russia to defeat the Nazis.

Because of this, he was somewhat shielded from the fact that he was one the greatest mass murders in

history

Stalin TotalitarianismVideo4:31

Characteristics of Totalitarianism

3. State control over all aspects of society – business, religion, family life, etc.• A Totalitarian state can and will deny civil liberties – freedom of speech, press and assembly – to ensure complete control over its people

Hideki Tojo

Hideki TojoTojo (December 30, 1884 – December 23, 1948) was

Prime Minister of Japan from 1941-1944 and was primarily responsible for the successful Japanese

attack on Pearl Harbor – which brought the United States into World War II.

He allied Japan with Germany and Italy in World War II and was later executed for war crimes after

attempting suicide.

Trial By Fire; Rise of JapanVideo2:28

Characteristics of Totalitarianism

4. Dependence on mass communication to spread propaganda • A Totalitarian state monopolizes (controls) the media to send its message and its message alone. • Foreign newspapers, television, etc. are not available to the people.

Characteristics of Totalitarianism

5. Organized violence in form of police terror and the targeting of national minorities and political opponents• An organization like the Secret Police can keep the people in line through fear, but can also be used to eliminate perceived enemies.

• Mussolini's Black Shirts • Hitler’s SS and Gestapo• Stalin’s NKVD

Examples of Police Terror

The Black ShirtsOrganized by Mussolini in 1921, the Black Shirts terrorized and killed political opponents enforcing Mussolini’s rule in

Italy. They numbered around 200,000.

One of their favorite ways of making people conform was to tie a ‘troublemaker’ to a tree, force a pint or two of castor oil down the victim’s throat and force him to eat a live toad/frog etc. This punishment was enough to ensure people kept their

thoughts to themselves.

But they weren’t as feared as Hitler’s SS

Blackshirts Motto: "Me ne frego" (I do not give a damn")

Hitler’s SS

Chosen to implement the Nazi "Final Solution" for the Jews and other groups deemed inferior (and/or enemies of the state),the SS was the lead branch in carrying out the killing, torture and enslavement of approximately 12 million

people. Most victims were Jews or of Polish or other Slavic extraction.

Hitler’s GestapoThe Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and also of

German-occupied Europe.

It was the Nazi’s main tool of oppression and destruction, which persecuted

Germans, opponents of the regime, and Jews. It later played a central role in

helping carry out the Nazi's "Final Solution.”

The GestapoVideo2:46

Heinrich HimmlerIn 1936, both the Gestapo and SS were put under the

control of Heinrich Himmler.

On Hitler's behalf, Himmler formed the Einsatzgruppen and built extermination camps. As facilitator and overseer of the concentration camps, Himmler directed the killing of some

six million Jews, between 200,000 and 500,000 Romani people, and other victims; the total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at eleven to fourteen million people. Most of them were Polish and Soviet

citizens.

Stalin’s NKVDThe NKVD or People's Commissariat for

Internal Affairs conducted mass extrajudicial executions, ran the Gulag (prison) system

of forced labor camps and suppressed underground resistance.

At the height of Josef Stalin’s Great Purge in 1937 and 1938 alone, at least 1.3 million were

arrested and 681,692 were shot for “crimes against the state.”

Stalin Secret PoliceVideo2:10

Gestapo-NKVD ConferenceAfter signing a non-aggression pact in

1939, the German Gestapo and the Russian NKVD met in Poland to discuss

how they planned to occupy Poland and deal with Polish resistance movements.

Top 10 Ruthless DictatorsVideo6:47

Name:_____________________ Period:___Due Date: April 30, 2013

The Rise of the Totalitarians

in the 20th Century

• You must answer the following on each slide:– The name of the country the totalitarian leader is

from and a picture of the leader (2 points)– The leader’s role in government (4 points)–Describe two political actions the leader took (4

pts)–Describe two of the leader’s actions that involved

violence (4 points)• The last slide asks you to answer a question worth

18 points. (3 sentences minimum)

Directions

Place Picture HereCountry: In charge from _____ to _____Role in Government:

Two Political Actions:

Two Violent Actions:

Totalitarian: Benito Mussolini

Country: In charge from _____ to _____Role in Government:

Two Political Actions:

Two Violent Actions:

Place Picture Here

Totalitarianism: Joseph Stalin

Country: In charge from _____ to _____Role in Government:

Two Political Actions:

Two Violent Actions:

Place Picture Here

Totalitarian: Adolf Hitler

Place Picture HereCountry: In charge from _____ to _____Role in Government:

Two Political Actions:

Two Violent Actions:

Totalitarian: Hideki Tojo

What is your perception of these leaders?

Why are they called totalitarians?

What was the overall impact of these leaders? (minimum of 3 sentences)

(18 points)