Willis H. WagnerProfessor EmeritusIndustrial TechnologyUniversity of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls

Howard Bud SmithTechnical Author and EditorLee Howard AssociatesBlack River Falls, WI

ConsultantsJim MaddoxSt. Paul Technical CollegeSt. Paul, MN

John M. MurphyMaster BuilderMilford, MI

PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.Tinley Park, Illinoiswww.g-w.com

Modern CarpentryModern CarpentryEssential Skills for the Building TradesEssential Skills for the Building Trades

Copyright 2008by

The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.

Previous editions copyright 2003, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1987, 1983, 1979, 1976, 1973, 1969

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without

the prior written permission of The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2005056701

978-1-59070-648-0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 – 08 – 12 11 10 09 08 07

The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Brand Disclaimer: Brand names, company names, and illustrations for products and services included in this text are provided for educational purposes only and do not represent or imply endorsement or recommendation by the author or the publisher.

The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Safety Notice: The reader is expressly advised to carefully read, under-stand, and apply all safety precautions and warnings described in this book or that might also be indicated in undertaking the activities and exercises described herein to minimize risk of personal injury or injury to others. Common sense and good judgment should also be exercised and applied to help avoid all potential hazards. The reader should always refer to the appropriate manufacturer’s technical information, directions, and recommenda-tions; then proceed with care to follow specific equipment operating instructions. The reader should understand these notices and cautions are not exhaustive.

The publisher makes no warranty or representation whatsoever, either expressed or implied, including but not limited to equipment, procedures, and applications described or referred to herein, their quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any changes, errors, or omissions in this book. The publisher specifically disclaims any liability whatsoever, including any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use or reliance upon the information, instructions, procedures, warnings, cautions, applications or other matter contained in this book. The publisher assumes no responsibility for the activities of the reader.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wagner, Willis H.Modern carpentry: building construction details in easy-to-understand form / Willis H. Wagner, Howard Bud Smith. p. cm.

Includes index.ISBN 1-59070-648-X1. Carpentry. I. Smith, Howard Bud II. Title.

TH5604.W34 2006694--dc22 2005056701

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Modern Carpentry is a colorful, easy-to-understand source of authoritative and up-to-date information on building materials, tools, and construction methods. It provides detailed coverage of all aspects of light construction. Included are site development, print reading, site layout, excavating, foundation work, framing, sheathing, insulating, roofing, window and door installation, exterior finishing, interior finishing, and mechanical systems.

Chapters are arranged in a logical sequence similar to the order builders use to complete various phases of home construction. Special emphasis is given to the carpenter’s workplace and what is expected of a new carpenter on a job site. The workplace chapter covers basic skills, attitudes, and relationship to coworkers. It strongly focuses on safe work habits in handling tools, materials, and prefabricated components.

An introductory chapter discusses the entire scope of materials—old and new—that are available. This chapter includes size and grade descriptions as well as technical infor-mation covering physical properties and other important characteristics. Scientific and tech-nical discoveries have led to the development of many new materials including engineered lumber, better insulation, and more-energy-efficient doors and windows.

The proper use and application of these materials depends on craftspersons with consid-erable knowledge of the products and mate-rials and how those materials should function in a completed structure. Use of prefabricated components, or even entire prefabricated struc-

tures, is having a significant impact on how homes are constructed on the building site. The market for housing partly or entirely built in a factory is expected to show continued growth beyond the 30% market share witnessed in recent years.

Beyond a solid discussion of building basics, Modern Carpentry covers special topics such as constructing stairs, chimneys, fireplaces, and decks. Systems-built (prefabricated) houses, remodeling, cabinet installation, solar construc-tion, and painting and decorating are also covered.

Modern Carpentry also provides chap-ters introducing mechanical systems: electrical wiring, plumbing, and heating and cooling (HVAC). More than cursory discussions of principles, these chapters explain how to install such systems.

Supplementing the text materials are more than 1600 photographs and line art illustra-tions. These are coordinated with step-by-step instructions and clear descriptions.

Modern Carpentry is designed as a compre-hensive text for carpentry students at various levels, including high schools, vocational-technical schools, colleges, and apprentice training programs. It also serves as a valuable reference for students in architectural drafting and for journeymen carpenters and construction super-visors. The book will enable do-it-yourselfers to handle many construction projects they may otherwise be reluctant to undertake. This edition incorporates input of consultants in both resi-dential and light commercial construction.

Willis H. WagnerHoward Bud Smith

Introduction

Section 1 Preparing to Build

1. Building Materials 172. The Carpenter’s Workplace 593. Plans, Specifications, and Codes 734. Hand Tools 1035. Power Tools 1216. Building Layout 149

Section 2 Footings, Foundations, and Framing

7. Footings and Foundations 1698. Floor Framing 2239. Wall and Ceiling Framing 253

10. Roof Framing 28311. Framing with Steel 329

Section 3 Closing In12. Roofing Materials and Methods 34313. Windows and Exterior Doors 39514. Exterior Wall Finish 435

Section 4 Finishing15. Thermal and Sound Insulation 48516. Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish 53117. Finish Flooring 57118. Stair Construction 59719. Doors and Interior Trim 61920. Cabinetry 64721. Painting, Finishing, and Decorating 677

Section 5 Special Construction22. Chimneys and Fireplaces 70523. Post-and-Beam Construction 72124. Systems-Built Housing 74125. Passive Solar Construction 75726. Remodeling, Renovating, and Repairing 77727. Building Decks and Porches 803

Section 6 Mechanical Systems28. Electrical Wiring 82129. Plumbing Systems 84330. Heating, Ventilation, and Air

Conditioning 871

Section 7 Scaffolds and Careers31. Scaffolds and Ladders 89132. Carpentry—A Career Path 903Appendix A: Carpentry Math Review 917Appendix B: Technical Information 925Glossary of Technical Terms 955Index 992

Brief Contents

Section 1 Preparingto Build1. Building Materials 171.1 Lumber 181.2 Wood Structure and Growth 181.3 Kinds of Wood 191.4 Cutting Methods 201.5 Moisture Content and Shrinkage 211.6 Lumber Defects 231.7 Softwood Grades 251.8 Hardwood Grades 271.9 Lumber Stress Values 271.10 Lumber Sizes 271.11 Calculating Board Footage 271.12 Metric Lumber Measure 291.13 Panel Materials 291.14 Wood Treatments 371.15 Handling and Storing Lumber 391.16 Engineered Lumber 401.17 Nonwood Materials 431.18 Metal Structural Materials 441.19 Concrete 511.20 Adhesive Bonding Agents 51

2. The Carpenter’s Workplace 592.1 Skill Development and Job

Competency 592.2 Conduct on the Job 602.3 General Safety Rules 622.4 Decks and Floors 662.5 Excavations 662.6 Scaffolds and Ladders 662.7 Fall Protection 672.8 Falling Objects 682.9 Handling Hazardous Materials 682.10 Lifting and Carrying 692.11 Fire Protection 692.12 First Aid 69

3. Plans, Specifications,and Codes 73

3.1 Set of Plans 743.2 How to Scale a Drawing 903.3 Changing Plans 923.4 Specifications 923.5 Modular Construction 923.6 Metric Measurement 953.7 Building Codes 95

4. Hand Tools 1034.1 Measuring and Layout Tools 1044.2 Saws 1094.3 Planing, Smoothing, and Shaping

Tools 1114.4 Fastening Tools 1134.5 Prying Tools 1154.6 Gripping and Clamping Tools 1164.7 Tool Belts and Storage 1184.8 Care and Maintenance of Tools 118

5. Power Tools 1215.1 Power Tool Safety 1225.2 Portable Circular Saws 1245.3 Saber Saws 1275.4 Chain Saws 1295.5 Portable Electric Drills 1305.6 Rotary Hammer Drills 1315.7 Power Planes 1325.8 Portable Routers 1335.9 Portable Sanders 1355.10 Staplers and Nailers 1365.11 Radial Arm Saws 1385.12 Table Saws 1405.13 Special Saws 1425.14 Jointers 1435.15 Specialty Tools 1445.16 Power Tool Care and Maintenance 146

Contents 6. Building Layout 1496.1 Plot Plan 1496.2 Measuring Tapes 1516.3 Establishing Building Lines 1516.4 Laying Out with Leveling

Instruments 1526.5 Using the Instruments 1576.6 Laser Systems 164

Section 2 Footings, Foundations, and Framing

7. Footings and Foundations 1697.1 Clearing the Site 1707.2 Laying Out Building Lines 1707.3 Excavation 1727.4 Foundation Systems 1737.5 Erecting Wall Forms 1817.6 Concrete 1887.7 Ordering Concrete 1927.8 Placing Concrete 1937.9 Concrete Block Foundations 1947.10 Insulating Block Walls 2007.11 Backfilling 2027.12 ICF Foundation and Wall Systems 2037.13 Slab-on-Grade Construction 2057.14 Basement Floors 2097.15 Entrance Platforms and Stairs 2117.16 Sidewalks, Steps, and Drives 2127.17 Wood Foundations 2137.18 Cold Weather Construction 2157.19 Insect Protection 2167.20 Estimating Materials 218

8. Floor Framing 2238.1 Types of Framing 2248.2 Girders and Beams 2278.3 Sill Construction 2328.4 Joists 2358.5 Special Framing Problems 2428.6 Open-Web Floor Trusses 2448.7 Solid-Web Trusses 2458.8 Subfloors 2478.9 Estimating Materials 250

9. Wall and Ceiling Framing 2539.1 Parts of the Wall Frame 2549.2 Plate Layout 2589.3 Wall Sections 2619.4 Erecting Wall Sections 2639.5 Partitions 2659.6 Tri-Level and Split-Level Framing 2719.7 Special Framing 2719.8 Wall Sheathing 2739.9 Multistory Floor Framing 2739.10 Strongbacks 2779.11 Housewrap and Building Paper 2779.12 Estimating Materials 279

10. Roof Framing 28310.1 Roof Types 28410.2 Roof Supports 28510.3 Parts of Roof Frame 28610.4 Layout Terms and Principles 28710.5 Unit Measurements 28910.6 Framing Plans 28910.7 Rafter Sizes 29010.8 Laying Out Common Rafters 29010.9 Erecting a Gable Roof 29410.10 Gable End Frame 29610.11 Hip and Valley Rafters 29810.12 Erecting Jack Rafters 30610.13 Special Problems 30710.14 Roof Openings 30810.15 Roof Anchorage 30810.16 Collar Ties 30810.17 Dormers 31010.18 Framing Flat Roofs 31110.19 Gambrel Roof 31210.20 Mansard Roofs 31210.21 Special Framing 31310.22 Roof Truss Construction 31410.23 Bracing of Truss Rafters 31710.24 Roof Sheathing 31810.25 Estimating Materials 32410.26 Model and Small-Scale Construction 325

11. Framing with Steel 32911.1 Steel Framing 32911.2 Framing Floors 33311.3 Framing Walls and Ceilings 33611.4 Framing Roofs 339

Section 3 Closing In

12. Roofing Materials and Methods 343

12.1 Types of Materials 34412.2 Roofing Terminology 34512.3 Preparing the Roof Deck 34612.4 Asphalt Roofing Products 34612.5 Flashing 35012.6 Strip Shingles 35612.7 Hips and Ridges 36112.8 Wind Protection 36112.9 Individual Asphalt Shingles 36212.10 Low-Slope Roofs 36212.11 Roll Roofing 36212.12 Reroofing 36512.13 Built-Up Roofing 36612.14 Ridge Vents for Asphalt Roofing 36812.15 Wood Shingles 36912.16 Wood Shakes 37512.17 Tile Roofing 37812.18 Metal Roofing 38312.19 Gutters 38712.20 Estimating Material 388

13. Windows and Exterior Doors 395

13.1 Manufacture 39613.2 Parts of Windows 39713.3 Types of Windows 39813.4 Window Heights 40113.5 Window Glass 40113.6 Energy-Efficient Windows 40313.7 Screens 40413.8 Windows in Plan and Elevation

Drawings 40413.9 Window Sizes 40413.10 Detail Drawings 40613.11 Jamb Extensions 41013.12 Aligning Tops of Windows 41013.13 Installing Windows 41013.14 Installing Fixed Units 41213.15 Glass Blocks 41313.16 Replacing Windows 41613.17 Skylights 41713.18 Installing Bow and Box Bay

Windows 41813.19 Exterior Doors and Frames 420

13.20 Sliding Glass Doors 42613.21 Garage Doors 429

14. Exterior Wall Finish 43514.1 Cornice Designs and Terms 43614.2 Prefabricated Cornice Materials 44014.3 Wall Finish 44214.4 Wall Sheathing and Flashing 44214.5 Horizontal Wood Siding 44414.6 Vertical Siding 45114.7 Wood Shingles 45314.8 Plywood Siding 45814.9 Hardboard Siding 46014.10 Fiber-Cement Siding 46314.11 Aluminum and Vinyl Siding 46314.12 Stucco 47014.13 Exterior Insulation and Finish

Systems 47114.14 Brick or Stone Veneer 47614.15 Shutters 480

Section 4 Finishing15. Thermal and Sound

Insulation 48515.1 Building Sequence 48615.2 How Heat Is Transmitted 48715.3 Thermal Insulation 48815.4 Terminology 48815.5 How Much Insulation? 49215.6 Types of Insulation 49215.7 Where to Insulate 49815.8 Condensation 50215.9 Vapor Barriers 50215.10 Ventilation 50315.11 Safety with Insulation 50715.12 Installing Batts and Blankets 50715.13 Installing Loose and Foamed

Insulation 51115.14 Installing Rigid Insulation 51315.15 Insulating Basement Walls 51415.16 Insulating Existing Structures 51415.17 Stopping Air Infiltration 51515.18 Estimating Thermal Insulation

Materials 51515.19 Acoustics and Sound Control 51715.20 Noise Reduction within a Space 52415.21 How Acoustical Materials Work 524

16. Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish 531

16.1 Drywall Construction 53316.2 Single-Layer Construction 53516.3 Double-Layer Construction 54216.4 Special Backing 54316.5 Moisture-Resistant (MR) Wallboard 54516.6 Veneer Plaster 54516.7 Predecorated Wallboard 54616.8 Wallboard on Masonry Walls 54716.9 Installing Plywood Paneling 54716.10 Hardboard 55116.11 Plastic Laminates 55116.12 Solid Lumber Paneling 55116.13 Plaster 55516.14 Plastering Materials and Methods 56016.15 Ceiling Tile 56116.16 Suspended Ceilings 56416.17 Estimating Materials 566

17. Finish Flooring 57117.1 Wood Flooring 57217.2 Installing Wood Strip Flooring 57417.3 Estimating Strip Flooring 58017.4 Wood Block (Parquet) Flooring 58017.5 Prefinished Wood Flooring 58117.6 Laminated Wood Strip Flooring 58217.7 Underlayment for Nonwood Floors 58417.8 Resilient Floor Tile 58617.9 Self-Adhering Tiles 58817.10 Estimating Tile Flooring and Adhesive 58917.11 Sheet Vinyl Flooring 58917.12 Ceramic Floor Tile 590

18. Stair Construction 59718.1 Types of Stairs 59818.2 Stair Parts 60018.3 Stairwell Framing 60018.4 Stair Design 60218.5 Stair Calculations 60418.6 Stairwell Length 60518.7 Stringer Layout 60618.8 Treads and Risers 60718.9 Types of Stringers 60818.10 Winder Stairs 60918.11 Open Stairs 61118.12 Using Stock Stair Parts 61118.13 Spiral Stairways 61418.14 Disappearing Stair Units 615

19. Doors and Interior Trim 61919.1 Mouldings 61919.2 Interior Door Frames 62119.3 Panel Doors 62519.4 Flush Doors 62719.5 Sizes and Grades 62819.6 Door Installation 62919.7 Door Locks 63219.8 Thresholds and Door Sweeps 63319.9 Sliding Pocket Doors 63519.10 Sliding Bypass Doors 63719.11 Bifold Doors 63819.12 Multifold Doors 63919.13 Window Trim 63919.14 Baseboard and Base Shoe 64219.15 Installing Baseboard and Base Shoe 642

20. Cabinetry 64720.1 Drawings for Cabinetwork 64820.2 Standard Sizes 65020.3 Types of Construction 65120.4 Factory-Built Cabinets 65220.5 Cabinet Materials 65420.6 Cabinet Installation 65420.7 Cabinets for Other Rooms 65820.8 Building Cabinets 65920.9 Doors 66620.10 Counters and Tops 66920.11 Cabinet Hardware 67220.12 Other Built-In Units 672

21. Painting, Finishing, and Decorating 677

21.1 Painting and Finishing Tools 67821.2 Painting, Finishing, and Decorating

Materials 68321.3 Color Selection 68521.4 Preparing Surfaces for Coating 68621.5 Choosing Paint Applicators 68721.6 Using Proper Brushing Technique 68821.7 Roller and Pad Application 68821.8 Spray Painting 68921.9 Painting Wood Exteriors 68921.10 Problems with Coatings 69021.11 Interior Painting 69121.12 Working with Stains and Clear

Finishes 69421.13 Wallcoverings 696

Section 5 Special Construction

22. Chimneys and Fireplaces 705

22.1 Masonry Chimneys 70622.2 Masonry Fireplaces 70822.3 Prefabricated Chimneys 71422.4 Prefabricated Fireplaces 71622.5 Glass Enclosures 718

23. Post-and-Beam Construction 721

23.1 Advantages of Post-and-Beam Construction 721

23.2 Foundations and Posts 72323.3 Floor Beams 72523.4 Beam Descriptions 72623.5 Roof Beams 72623.6 Fasteners 72623.7 Partitions 73023.8 Planks 73023.9 Stressed-Skin Panels 73123.10 Box Beams 73223.11 Laminated Beams and Arches 73423.12 Prefabricating Post-and-Beam

Structures 735

24. Systems-Built Housing 74124.1 Factory-Built Components 74224.2 Types of Systems-Built Homes 74424.3 Modular Homes 74524.4 Panelized Homes 74624.5 Precut Homes 74724.6 Log Homes 74824.7 On-Site Building Erection 74824.8 Assembling a Panelized Home 75024.9 Manufactured Homes 754

25. Passive Solar Construction 757

25.1 How Radiation and Heat Act 75725.2 Types of Solar Energy Systems 75925.3 Passive Solar Construction 76125.4 Passive Solar Advantages 76325.5 Passive Solar Disadvantages 764

25.6 Solar Heat Control 76425.7 Building Passive Solar Structures 76825.8 Sizing Thermal Storage Systems 76925.9 Designing an Isolated-Gain System 77125.10 Passive Thermosiphon System 77325.11 Insulating Passive Solar Buildings 773

26. Remodeling, Renovating,and Repairing 777

26.1 What Comes First? 77726.2 Design of Old Structures 78026.3 Replacing Rotted Sills 78326.4 Hidden Structural Details 78426.5 Removing Old Walls 78526.6 Providing Shoring 78726.7 Framing Openings in a Bearing Wall 78826.8 Small Remodeling Jobs 79226.9 Building Additions onto Homes 79726.10 Solar Retrofitting 79726.11 Responsible Renovation 798

27. Building Decks and Porches 803

27.1 Structural Materials 80527.2 Decking Materials 80627.3 Fasteners and Connectors 80727.4 Deck Planning and Layout 80827.5 Constructing the Deck 81027.6 Pergolas 81627.7 Porches 817

Section 6 Mechanical Systems28. Electrical Wiring 82128.1 Tools and Equipment 82228.2 Electrical System Components 82428.3 Basic Electrical Wiring Theory 82628.4 Installing the Service 82828.5 Grounding and Ground Faults 82928.6 Reading Prints 83228.7 Running Branch Circuits 83328.8 Device Wiring 83528.9 Electrical Troubleshooting 83828.10 Home Security and Automation

Wiring 839

29. Plumbing Systems 84329.1 Plumbing Codes 84529.2 Two Separate Systems 84629.3 Tools 84829.4 Plumbing Supplies 85029.5 Fixtures 85429.6 Sealing Plumbing Systems 85429.7 Reading Prints 85529.8 Installing Plumbing 85529.9 Replacing Plumbing Parts 86229.10 Other Drain Problems 86729.11 Wells and Pumps 867

30. Heating, Ventilation, andAir Conditioning 871

30.1 Heating and Cooling Principles 87130.2 Conservation Measures 87230.3 Heating Systems 87430.4 Air Cooling Systems 88130.5 Ducts 88230.6 Controls 88230.7 Air Exchangers 88430.8 Heat Pumps 884

Section 7 Scaffolds and Careers

31. Scaffolds and Ladders 89131.1 Types of Scaffolding 89131.2 Brackets, Jacks, and Trestles 89531.3 Ladders 899

32. Carpentry—A Career Path 903

32.1 Economic Outlook for Construction 90432.2 Employment Outlook 90432.3 Working Conditions 90632.4 Job Opportunities 90632.5 Training 90732.6 Personal Qualifications 90932.7 Entrepreneurship 91132.8 Teaching as a Construction Career 91232.9 Related Occupations 91232.10 Organizations Promoting Construction

Training 914

Appendix A: Carpentry Math Review 917

Appendix B: Technical Information 925

Glossary of Technical Terms 955

Index 992

ABTco, Inc., Troy, MIAce Hardware, Sister Bay, WI Acoustical and Board Products Assn., Palatine, ILAgricultural Extension Service, University of

Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Gene Ahnen, Bayfield, WIAlcoa Building Products, Pittsburgh, PAAlum-A-Pole Corp., Scranton, PAAmerican Building Components, Omaha, NE American Institute of Timber Construction,

Englewood, COAmerican Olean Tile Co., Lansdale, PAAmerican Standard, Chicago, ILAmerican Tool, Dewitt, NE Amerock Corp., Rockford, ILAmoco Foam Products Co., Atlanta, GAAndersen Corp., Bayport, MEAPA-The Engineered Wood Association,

Tacoma, WA Architectural Woodwork Institute, Arlington, VA Arcways, Inc., Neenah, WI Ark Seal, Inc., Denver, COArmstrong World Industries, Inc., Lancaster, PAArxx Building Products, Cobourg, ON, Canada Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Assn.,

New York, NYBaldwin Hardware Corp., Reading, PABayfield Lumber Company, Bayfield, WIBenjamin Obdyke, Inc., Warminster, PABird Division, CertainTeed Corp., Norwood, MAHarry Black, Animosa, IABlack & Decker, Hunt Valley, MD Blandin Wood Products Co., Grand Rapids, MIBoen Hardwood Flooring, Inc., Martinsville, VABoise-Cascade Corp., Boise, IDBorden, Inc., New York, NYBosch Power Tool Corp., Mount Prospect, ILBrammer Mfg. Co., Chicago, ILBruce Hardwood Floors, Dallas, TXBullard-Haven Technical School, Bridgeport, CT Calculated Industries, Inc., Yorba Linda, CA

Caradon Peachtree, Inc., Duluth, GACardinal Industries, Inc., Columbus, OHCarol Electric, Los Alamitos, CACascade Precast Concrete Products, Cascade, IA C-E Morgan, Oshkosh, WICedar Shake and Shingle Bureau, Sumas, WACella Barr Associates, Tucson, AZCemco, Louisville, KY CertainTeed Corp., Valley Forge, PAColonial Stair and Woodwork Co.,

Jeffersonville, OHColumns, Inc., Pearland, TXConstruction Training School, St. Louis, MOCouncil of Forest Industries of British Columbian

North Vancouver, BC, Canada Crown Aluminum Industries, Pittsburgh, PACurran & LaPointe, Bayfield, WIDal-Tile Corp., Dallas, TXDaniel Woodhead Co., Northbrook, ILDavid White Instruments, Watseka, IL DeckmasterDeft, Inc., Irvine, CADel Webb’s Sun City, Tucson, AZ Delta International Machinery Corp.,

Pittsburgh, PA Dennis C. Christensen and SonDes Moines, Iowa, Public Schools, Des Moines, IADeVilbiss Co., Toledo, OH DeWALT Industrial Tool Co., Baltimore, MDDexter Industries, Inc., Windsor Locks, CTDickinson Homes, Inc., Kingsford, MIDistrict 1 Technical Institute, Eau Claire, WI Duo-Fast Corp., Franklin Park, ILDutcher Glass and Paint, Cedar Falls, IAE.I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DEEaton Yale & Towne, Inc., White Plains, NYEkco Building Products Co., Canton, OHEnercept, Inc., Watertown, SDEstwing Mfg. Co., Rockford, ILForest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI Formica Corp., Cincinnati, OH

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the individuals and organizations listed below for the valuable information, photographs, and line illustrations they so willingly provided.

Forslund Bldg. Supply, Inc., Ashland, WIFrank Paxton Lumber Co., Des Moines, IAGAF Building Materials Corp., Wayne, NJGang-Nail Systems, Inc., Miami, FLThe Garlinghouse Company, Chantilly, VAGB Electrical, Inc., Milwaukee, WIGeneral Products, Inc., Fredericksburg, VAGeorgia-Pacific Corp., Atlanta, GAGold Bond Building Products, Charlotte, NC Goldblatt Tool Co., Kansas City, KSGorrell Windows and DoorsGory Associated Industries, Inc., North Miami, FLGreco Painting, Tucson, AZHenry Brothers Co.Grimes-Port-Jones-Schwerdtfeger Architects, Inc.,

Waterloo, IAGrosse Steel Co., Cedar Falls, IAGypsum Assn., Evanston, ILH.L. Stud Corporation, Columbus, OHHaas Cabinet Co., Inc., Sellersburg, INHadley-Hobley Construction, Kansas City, MOHarrington, Los Angeles, CA Headlee Roofing, Phoenix, AZHenry Brothers Co.Homewood Scavenger Services, Inc.,

East Hazelcrest, ILIdeal Co., Waco, TXIndependent Nail and Packing Co.,

Bridgewater, MAInsulspan, Nashville, TN International Code Council, Falls Church, VAIowa Energy Policy Council, Des Moines, IAITW Paslode, Lincolnshire, ILI-XL Furniture Co. Goshen, INJames Hardie Building Products, Fontana, CA Jeld-Wen, Inc., Klamath Falls, ORJohns Manville, Denver, COJohnson-Manley Lumber Co., Tucson, AZJournal of Light Construction, Williston, VTKasten-Weiler Construction, Fish Creek, WIKCPL, Kansas City, MO Kentron Div., North American Reiss,

Belle Mead, NJ Klein Tools, Chicago, ILKraftMaid Cabinetry, Inc., Cleveland, OHKunkle Valve Co., Inc., Fort Wayne, INKwikset, Lake Forest, CAL. J. Smith, Inc., Bowerstown, OHL. S. Starrett Co., Athol, MALennox Industries, Inc., Dallas, TXLibby-Owens-Ford Co., Glass Div., Toledo, OHLifetile, Irvine, CA Lite-Form International, Sioux City, IALoren LaPointe Drywalling, Bayfield, WILouisiana-Pacific Corp., Portland, OR LTL Home Products, Inc., Schuylkill, PA

Luxaire Heating and Air Conditioning, York, PAMaclanburg-Duncan, Oklahoma City, OKMajestic Co., Huntington, INMakita USA, Inc., La Mirada, CAMalm Fireplaces, Inc., Santa Rosa, CAManufactured Housing Institute, Arlington, VA Manville Building Products, Inc., Denver, COMarshfield Homes, Inc., Marshfield, WIMarvin Windows and Doors, Warroad, MN Masonite Corp., Chicago, ILMcDaniels Construction Co., Inc. Columbus, OHMcRae True Value Hardware, Ashland, WI Mellin Well Service, Ashland, WI Memphis Hardwood Flooring Co., Memphis, TNMerillat Industries, Inc., Adrian, MIMet-Tile Inc., Ontario, CAMiller Electric Mfg. Co., Appleton, WIMilwaukee Electric Tool Corp., Brookfield, WIMoen Incorporated, North Olmstead, OHMonday Construction, Dauphin Island, ALMonier Roof Tile, Irvine, CA Montachusett Regional Vo-Tech School,

Fitchburg, MANational Concrete Masonry Assn., Herndon, VANational Decorating Products Assn., St. Louis, MONational Forest Products Assn., Washington, DCNational Gypsum Co., Dallas, TXNational Lock Hardware, Milwaukee, WINational Solar Heating and Cooling Center,

Rockville, MDNorth Bennett Street School, Boston. MAOak Flooring Institute, Memphis, TNOmni Products, Addison, IL Orem Research, Hinsdale, ILOwens-Corning, Toledo, OHPacific International Tool and Shear, Kingston, WA Panel Clip Co., Farmington, MIPaslode Co., Div. of Signode, Vernon Hills, ILPatent Scaffolding Co., Long Island City, NYPease Industries, Inc., Fairfield, OHPella Corp., Pella, IAPemko Manufacturing, Inc., Ventura, CAPergo, Inc., Raleigh, NCPerlite Institute, Inc., New York, NYPierce Construction, Ltd., Green Valley, AZPittsburgh Corning Corp., Pittsburgh, PAPorter-Cable Corp., Jackson, TNPortland Cement Assn., Skokie, ILPPG Industries, Pittsburgh, PA Preway, Inc., Wisconsin Rapids, WIRECON —Reconstruction Unlimited, Inc.,

Columbus, OHRedman Industries Inc., Dallas, TXReed Manufacturing Co., Erie, PARick PomerlouRidge Tool Company, Elyria, OH

Riviera Kitchens, Evans Products Co.,Colorado Springs, CO

Riviera Marmitec, Dallas, TXRobbins/Sykes, Warren, ARRoberto’s Roofing, Tucson, AZRock Island Millwork, Waterloo, IARollex Corp., Elk Grove Village, ILRonthor Plastics Div., U.S. Mfg. Corp.,

Social Circle, GASanta Rita High School, Tucson, AZ Schlage Lock Company, Olathe, KS Schulte Distinctive Storage, Cincinnati, OHSenco Fastening Systems, Cincinnati, OH Shakertown Corp., Cleveland, OHSherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland, OHShip and Shore General Store, Dauphin Island, GA Simplex Product Division, Adrian, MISimpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc.,

San Leandro, CASkillsUSA, Leesburg, VA Slant/Fin Corp., Greenvale, NYSolatube North America, Ltd., Vista, CASouthern Forest Products Assn., New Orleans, LASouthern Pine CouncilSpectra-Physics Laserplane, Inc., Dayton, OHSpeed Cut, Inc. Corvallis, OR St. Paul Technical College, St. Paul, MNStan Greer Millwork, Sierra Vista, AZ Stanley Door Systems, Farmington, MI Stanley Tools, Covington, GA Sto Finish Systems Division, Atlanta, GA Structural Board Association, Markham,

ON, Canada Superior Fireplace Co., Fullerton, CAT. W. Lewis Construction Company, Tempe, AZTapco International, Plymouth, MITECO, Hayward, CAThe Burke Co., San Mateo, CAThe Flintkote Co., New York, NYTherma-Tru, Bowling Green, OH Tibbias Flooring Inc., Oneida, TN

Tilley Ladder Co., Davenport, IATimber Engineering Co., Washington, DCTimberpeg, Claremont, NHTony’s Construction, Inc., Tucson, AZTrex Company, Inc.Trudeau Construction Co., Bayfield, WITruecraft Tools, Somerset, NJTrus Joist MacMillan, Boise, ID Truss Plate Institute, Madison, WITrussworks, Inc., Hayward, WITrusWal Systems Corp., Troy, MIU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Develop-

ment, Washington, DCUSG Acoustical Products Co.U.S. Gypsum Co., Chicago, ILUnited Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of

America, Washington, DCUnited States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, PAUnited Technologies Carrier, Indianapolis, INUniversal Form Clamp Co., Chicago, ILVermiculite Institute Minneapolis, MNVermont American Tool Co., Lincolnton, NCVillage of Flossmoor, Flossmoor, ILVisador Co., Jacksonville, FLWaterloo-Cedar Falls Daily Courier, Waterloo, IAWausau Homes, Inc., Wausau, WIWestern Forms, Kansas City, MOWestern Wood Products Assn., Portland, ORWeyerhaeuser Co., Tacoma, WAWhirlpool Corp., Benton Harbor, MIWilliam Powell Co., Cincinnati, OHWiss, Division of Cooper Tools, Raleigh, NCWitkowski Construction, Bayfield, WIWolmanized Wood, Smyrna, GAWood Conversion Co., St. Paul, MNWood Flooring Manufacturers Assn. (NOFMA),

Memphis, TNWood Frame House Construction, U.S. Dept. of

Agriculture, Washington, DCYankee Barn Homes, Inc., Grantham, NH