The Global Information Society: a Statistical View - unctad

The Global Information Society:a Statistical View

FOR DEVELOPMENT

PARTNERSHIP ONMEASURING ICT

ESCWA UNCTADECONOMIC

COMMISSIONFOR AFRICA

United NationsE S C A P

The Global Information Society: a Statistical View was prepared by a consultant, Ms Sheridan Roberts, with substantive input from members of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development. Their contributions are described below.

Esperanza Magpantay and Vanessa Gray of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) provided general comments as well as data and other information on ICT infrastructure and access, and on use of ICT by households and individuals (Chapters 2 and 3).

Susan Teltscher, Scarlett Fondeur Gil and Diana Korka of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) provided comments on the publication, as well as data and other information on business use of ICT, the ICT sector, ICT trade and ICT impacts (chapters 4, 5 and 7).

Martin Schaaper from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) provided valuable comments on the draft. He also provided information on trade in ICT goods statistics (Chapter 5) and extracted data from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization’s INDSTAT4 database on ICT manufacturing statistics (Chapter 5).

Claude Akpabie, Georges Boade and Simon Ellis of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) provided the information used in Chapter 6 and for the section on the impact of ICT in educa-tion in Chapter 7.

The UN regional commissions provided information on their activities in measuring the information society. Thanks are due to Doris Olaya of UNECLAC, Jean-Michel Sadoul from UNESCAP, Mansour Farah from UNESCWA and Makane Faye of UNECA.

The OECD (Martin Schaaper and Brigitte van Beuzekom) and Eurostat (Albrecht Wirthmann) provided valuable informa-tion from their statistical repositories and on the ICT statistics work of their member countries.

Publications and other output of the Partnership and its members were used extensively and are shown in the Bibliography.

The publication was funded by the International Development Research Centre of Canada (IDRC) and the European Commission, through the @LIS project. Its production was coordinated by Martin Hilbert of the United Nations Regional Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC).

UNECLAC also formatted and printed the publication.

The views expressed in this document, which has been produced without formal editing or revision, are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of ECLAC, IDRC, the European Commission or the contributors listed above.

The electronic version of this document can be found at: http://www.eclac.org/SocInfo.

United Nations Publication

LC/W.190Copyright © United Nations, April 2008. All rights reservedPrinted in Santiago, Chile – United Nations

Applications for the right to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction.

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter1 .Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 . ObjectivesofTheGlobalInformationSociety:aStatisticalView . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 . Statisticalstandardsformeasuringtheinformationsociety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 . ThePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 .1 Historyandmajorachievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 .2 ObjectivesofthePartnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 .3 StructureofthePartnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 .4 Globalstocktakingexercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 .5 CorelistofICTindicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 .6 Capacity-buildingandtraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4 . Regionalmeasurementinitiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4 .1 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4 .2 Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4 .3 LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4 .4 WesternAsiaandtheArabregion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter2 .ICTinfrastructureandaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2 . Measurementstatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 . Statisticalsummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 .1 Infrastructureandaccessstatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 .2 Regionalanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Chapter3 .Accessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2 . Measurementstatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 . Statisticalsummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3 .1 HouseholdaccesstoICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3 .2 IndividualuseofICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3 .3 Regionalanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Chapter4 .UseofICTbybusinesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2 . Measurementstatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3 . Statisticalsummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3 .1 BusinessICTusestatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3 .2 Regionalanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Contents

Chapter5 .TheICT-producingsectorandinternationaltradeinICTgoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2 . Measurementstatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2 .1 TheICTsector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2 .2 TradeinICTgoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3 . Statisticalsummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3 .1 TheICTsector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3 .2 TradeinICTgoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3 .3 Regionalanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Chapter6 .ICTineducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2 . Measurementstatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3 . Statisticalsummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4 . Regionalactivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Chapter7 .MeasuringtheimpactofICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2 . StatisticalworkonmeasuringtheimpactofICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3 . TheimpactofICTineducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Chapter8 .Conclusionsandfuturework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1 . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1 .1 Thestateoftheinformationsociety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1 .2 Datagapsanddeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1 .3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2 . Futurework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2 .1 CreationofanICTindicatorsdatabase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2 .2 Developmentofe-governmentindicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2 .3 Regionalplans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Annexes

Annex1 .AvailabilityofcoreICTindicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Annex2 .CoreindicatorsonICTinfrastructureandaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Annex3 .Coreindicatorsonaccessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals . . . . . . 139Annex4 .CoreindicatorsontheuseofICTbybusinesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Annex5 .CoreindicatorsfortheICTsectorandtradeinICTgoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Annex6 .OECDlistofICTgoods(2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

5

Preface

Measurementisanimportantaspectofthedebateabout the information society and the role itplaysineconomicandsocialdevelopment .Thispublicationusesinformationandcommunicationtechnology statistics to provide a view of theinformation society in both developed anddevelopingeconomies .

Measuring information and communicationtechnology(ICT)fordevelopmentwasamajorconcern for the two World Summits on theInformation Society, held in Geneva in 2003andTunis in 2005 .The Geneva Plan of Actionhighlightedthedevelopmentof“…internationalperformance evaluation and benchmarking…through comparable statistical indicators andresearchresults…”andemphasizedmeasurementofthemagnitudeofthenationalandinternational‘digital divide’, growth of the ICT sector andthe impacts of ICT use on women and girls .Countrieswereaskedtodeveloptoolsthatwouldenable the provision of statistical informationon the information society, with priority for“coherent and internationally comparableindicatorsystems” .

The Partnership on Measuring ICT forDevelopmentwaslaunchedinJune2004,followingthefirstWorldSummitontheInformationSociety,

Preface

and members have worked collaboratively withstatisticalagenciesandpolicymakerstoestablishanagreedsetofstatisticalindicators(the‘corelist’)for measuring ICT .They also provide statisticalagencies with technical assistance that enablescollection of the statistics that underlie the coreindicators .ThemainobjectiveoftheseeffortsistheproductionofinternationallycomparableandreliableICTstatistics .

The2005Tunisphasereiteratedtheimportanceof measuring the digital divide and called forthe tracking of progress in the use of ICT toachieveagreedinternationalgoals .TheeffortsofthePartnershipindevelopingacorelistofICTindicators and promoting statistical capacity-building were noted and the internationalcommunitywasinvitedtoassistinstrengtheningthestatisticalcapacityofdevelopingeconomies .

As well as presenting available statistics, thispublication assesses progress in measuringthe information society by exploring the datagaps thatremain .Whilstavailabilityof thecoreindicatorsfordevelopedeconomiesisgood–andimprovingforsomedevelopingeconomies–formost of the core indicators, data availability inthe developing world is limited . In addition,more work is required by most countries that

6

The Global Information Society: a Statistical View

already collect core indicators to better aligntheir statisticalprogramswith the requirementsof the core indicators in order to improve theinternationalcomparabilityofICTstatistics .

The Partnership’s efforts in capacity-buildingand awareness raising, and the endorsementin 2007 of the core list of ICT indicators bythe UN Statistical Commission, should lead toimprovements in the number of countries thatcollectcoreICTindicatorsandthecomparabilityoftheindicators .

Noteontheaggregationsusedinthis

publication

Thepublicationpresentsinformationcategorizedoraggregatedbylevel of developmentandregion .Economies have been assigned to categoriesbasedontheUnitedNationsStatisticalDivision’sStandard country or area codes for statistical use (http://unstats .un .org/unsd/methods/m49/m49 .htm) .Aneconomyappearsonce(andonlyonce) ineach level of development andregionbroadcategory,forinstance,JapanisshowninDeveloped economies and in Asia (and in noothercategories) .

Taiwan, China has been added to the UNSDlistbecausesomeorganizationscollectrelevant

information for this economy (the name of theeconomyfollowsITUpractice) .

Nojudgementisimpliedinallocatingeconomiesto levels of development . In relation to theclassification, UNSD notes that “There is noestablished convention for the designation of“developed” and “developing” countries orareasintheUnitedNationssystem .Incommonpractice, Japan inAsia,Canadaand theUnitedStates in northernAmerica,Australia and NewZealandinOceania,andEuropeareconsidered“developed”regionsorareas .”

Therearedifferingpracticesamonginternationalorganizationsforclassifyingeconomiesbylevelof development .As all data in this publicationuse the list described above, some aggregateswilldifferfromthoseproducedbytheindividualorganizationsthatprovidedinformationforthispublication .

Thedesignationofsomeeconomiesas‘developed’or‘transition’hasrecentlychanged(asshowninthe 31 January 2008 revision) . However, thesechanges are not reflected in this publication asthe previous version was used .The economiesaffectedbytherevisionareCroatia,BulgariaandRomania .

7

Chapter 1. Introduction

1 . The aim of this publication is twofold .The first is to present a coherent pictureof the state of the information society intheworld .Toachievethis,thepublicationpresents available statistical data basedon a core set of internationally agreedinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)indicators .

2 . While some of these statistics have beencompiledbefore(forinstance,forasmallsetofcountriesorforalimitedsetofindicators),thisisthefirstattempttocompilecoreICTindicatorsforawiderangeofcountriesandacrossalltheareascoveredbythecoreICTindicators .Theseare:

• ICTinfrastructureandaccess;

• Accessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals;

• UseofICTbybusinesses;and

• TheICTsectorandtradeinICTgoods .

3 . Thesecondaimofthepublicationistoshowrecentdevelopments inICTmeasurementand,importantly,highlighttheconsiderablegapsthatremain .

4 . The publication has been produced bythe Partnership on Measuring ICT for

Development,whosemembership,historyand objectives are outlined later in thischapter .ThePartnership arosebecauseofa global recognition of the importance ofICTforsocialandeconomicdevelopment,especially in developing economies . Thepolicy interest in ICT was accompaniedby a need for measurement, which was amajorconcernforthetwoWorldSummitson the Information Society . The Genevaphase highlighted the importance ofbenchmarking and measuring progresstowards the information society throughinternationally comparable statisticalindicators .ItwasfollowedbytheformationofthePartnership,whichwaslaunchedinJune2004atUNCTADXIinBrazil .

5 . This introductory chapter will considerthebroaderstatisticalconceptsusedinthemeasurement of the information society .It will discuss the Partnership, lookingat its history, objectives, members andmajor achievements . The Partnership’sactivities in thedevelopmentofcore ICTindicators are explored in more depth asis its involvement in capacity-buildingfor developing and least developedeconomies .


1. Objectives of The Global Information Society: a Statistical View

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6 . The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)started developing statistical standardsfor information society measurementabout 10 years ago, through its WorkingParty on Indicators for the InformationSociety (WPIIS) . The WPIIS providesa forum for national statistical expertsto share experiences and collaborate onthe development of information societystatisticalstandards .Itsmainachievementstodateare:

• Industry-based definitions of the ICTsector and content and media sector(themostrecentversionsarebasedonISICRev .4);

• An ICT goods and an ICT servicesclassification(basedontheHarmonizedSystemandCPCVer .2respectively);

• Narrow and broad definitions ofelectroniccommercetransactions;and

• ModelsurveysofICTusebybusinessesandhouseholds/individuals .

7 . Aclassificationforallinformationeconomyproducts,basedonCPCVer .2, is almostcompleted . It will include updates to theICTgoodsandservicesclassifications,andanewclassificationforcontentandmediaproducts .

8 . The WPIIS has produced a conceptualmodelforinformationsocietymeasurementwhichincludes:

• ICTsupply(theICTsector);• ICTproducts,productionandtrade;

• ICTinfrastructure;

• ICTdemandbybusinesses,households,individuals and other entities such asgovernmentorganizations;

• The content and media sector and itsproducts;

• The impacts of ICT on society, theeconomyandtheenvironment;and

• The impacts of various factors, suchaspolicydecisions,onelementsoftheinformationsociety .

9 . Eurostat has also been active in the areaof developing standards for informationsociety measurement, mainly throughits community surveys on ICT use byhouseholds/individualsandbusinesses .Thesurveyshavebeenrunningsincetheearly2000sanduseharmonizedquestionnairesprovided tomember states touse in theirnationalsurveys .

10 . Other members of the Partnership havealsobeeninvolvedindevelopingstatisticalstandards for measuring the informationsociety . In particular, the InternationalTelecommunication Union has beenactivelydevelopingstandardsformeasuringinfrastructure and access indicators for anumberof years . ITU’s reference for thiswork is Telecommunication Indicators Handbook,which includesdefinitions foralltheirtelecommunication/ICTindicators(ITU,2007a) .

2. Statistical standards for measuring the information society

9


3.1 History and major achievements

11 . Following a WSIS statistical event inGeneva,1 the United Nations Conferenceon Trade and Development (UNCTAD)led the coordination of internationalagenciesintheareaofICTmeasurement,commencingpreparatoryworktocreateaglobal partnership on ICT measurementin January 2004 .The founding membersof the Partnership were UNCTAD, theInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU)andtheOECD .Discussionsquicklyfollowedwithotheragenciesinterestedinjoiningthegroup .

12 . TheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionfor Latin America and the Caribbean(UNECLAC) also followed through onthe recommendations of theWSIS event,producingadraftquestionnaireforstock-taking ICT statistics in its region ofresponsibility .2 After consultation withtheotherUNRegionalCommissions andrelevant international organizations, thefinal questionnaire was adopted by fourRegionalCommissionsandUNCTAD(onbehalf of UNECE) for conducting stock-takingsurveysintheirrespectiveregions .

13 . On 17 June 2004, the multi-stakeholderPartnership on Measuring ICT for Development was launched at UNCTADXIinSaoPaulo,Brazil(UNCTAD,2004) .Itsmembers,atthattime,were:

3. The Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development

• The founding members (UNCTAD,ITUandOECD);

• The United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization’sInstituteforStatistics(UIS);

• UNECLAC;

• The United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Western Asia(UNESCWA);

• The United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and thePacific(UNESCAP);

• The United Nations EconomicCommissionforAfrica(UNECA);

• TheUNICTTaskForce(whosemandateexpiredattheendof2005);and

• TheWorldBank .

14 . Eurostat officially joined the PartnershipinFebruary2005 .

15 . ThefirstphaseofthePartnershipranfromJune2004toDecember2005 .Majoreventsandachievementsduringthisperiodwere:

• June2004:PresentationofaPartnershipprojectdocument(objectives,expectedoutput, proposed activities, partners’maincontributions)(Partnership,2004)andformallaunchofthePartnershipatUNCTADXI(SaoPaulo,Brazil) .

• July/August2004:Initiationofaglobalstocktakingexercisethroughametadataquestionnaire on ICT statistics sentby UNECA, UNECLAC, UNESCAP,

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UNESCWA and UNCTAD (on behalfof UNECE) to statistical agenciesin developing member countries . Aparallel exercise for OECD membercountrieswasorganizedbytheOECD,withinputfromEurostat .

• October to December 2004: Regionalworkshops were held in WesternAsia,Africa, and Latin America and theCaribbean (organized by UNESCWA,ITU/UNECA and UNECLAC/Institutefor Connectivity in the Americasrespectively) . Participants consideredtheresultsofthemetadataquestionnaireand discussed information societymeasurementactivities in theirregions .Important outcomes from theseworkshops were recommendations fora common core set of ICT indicators .Inputstothecorelistwerealsoreceivedthroughothermeans(suchasviae-mailand an Asia-Pacific ICT statisticiansmeeting held in New Zealand inDecember 2004) . The end result wasa setof recommendationsoncore ICTindicatorsforinputintoaWSISthematicmeetingheldinFebruary2005 .

• February2005:WSISThematicMeetingonMeasuring the InformationSocietyheld in Geneva under the umbrella ofthe Partnership, to produce input tothesecondphaseoftheWSISinTunis(November 2005) . The outcomes ofthe meeting included agreement on acorelistofICTindicators(Partnership,2005a), with agreement to developothers that would reflect the broaderinformation society (in areas such aseducation,healthandgovernment) .

• March 2005: Presentation of the corelistofICTindicatorsandaPartnershipprogress report to the meeting of theUNStatisticalCommission(NewYork)(Partnership,2005b) .

• June and October 2005: Regionalmeetings in Western Asia and LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(organizedby UNESCWA/ITU and UNECLACrespectively) .

• November2005:SecondphaseofWSISinTunis .AParallelEventonMeasuringtheInformationSocietywasorganizedby the Partnership and held on 15November . This global event broughttogether ICT stakeholders at national,regional and international levels . Theobjectivesofthemeetingwere:- To present the agreed core list

of indicators to policymakers,together with an accompanyingmethodological publication (CoreICT Indicators,Partnership,2005c);

- To debate the importance ofmeasuringtheinformationsocietyforICTpolicymakinganddevelopment;and

- Tolaunchthepublication,Measuring ICT: The Global Status of ICT Indicators(Partnership,2005d);thispublicationpresentstheresultsoftheglobal stocktaking exercise on ICTindicatorscarriedoutduring2004 .

16 . ThesecondphaseofthePartnershipstartedinJanuary2006andwillrununtilaboutthemiddleof2008 .TheoutcomesoftheWSISTunis(November2005)wereincorporatedintotheplanningofthesecondphaseofthePartnership .

17 . By early 2008, the achievements duringthesecondphaseinclude:

• The Partnership submitted a reportcontainingashortoverviewofitsrecentworkandthecorelistofICTindicatorstothe38thsessionoftheUNStatisticalCommission (February 2007) . TheCommission endorsed the Partnershipcorelistandencouragedcountriestouseit in their data collection programmes(Partnership, 2007; UNSC, 2007) .The Commission congratulated thePartnership on its achievements andnoted it as an example of successfulcooperation between internationalorganizations .

• A core list of indicators for ICT ineducation has been proposed by UIS(which leads the Partnership’s Task

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GrouponEducation) .This listwillbeconsideredforinclusioninthecorelistduring2008 .

• Several regional meetings oninformationsocietymeasurementhaveoccurred since the WSIS Tunis . TheyaredescribedinCapacity-building and trainingbelow .3

• A programme on technical assistanceand capacity-building for developingeconomieshasbeenestablishedandis

beingcarriedoutbyindividualmembersof the Partnership during the secondphase (described in Capacity-buildingandtrainingbelow) .

• AMemorandumofUnderstandingwassigned by the partners in 2007, withthe objective of further strengtheningthe institutional commitment of thepartners and to provide guidelinesto new members wishing to join thePartnership .

Box 1. The Partnership on Measuring ICT for DevelopmentLaunched:June2004atUNCTADXI(SaoPaulo,Brazil) .

Current members:UNCTAD,ITU,OECD,UIS,UNECLAC,UNESCWA,UNESCAP,UNECA,EurostatandTheWorldBank .

Objectives:ToachieveacommonsetofcoreICTindicators,tobeharmonizedandagreeduponinternationally,whichwillconstitutethebasisforadatabaseonICTstatistics;

Toenhancethecapacitiesofnationalstatisticalofficesin developing economies and to build competence todevelop statistical compilation programmes on theinformation society, based on internationally agreedindicators;and

TodevelopaglobaldatabaseofICTindicatorsandtomakeitavailableviatheInternet .

Memorandum of Understanding:Signed by the partners in 2007 in order to furtherstrengthentheircommitmentandtoprovideguidelinestopotentialnewmembers .

Structure:ASteeringCommittee(consistingof ITU,UNCTADand UNECLAC) plus four task groups (on ICTin education indicators, e-government indicators,capacity-buildinganddatabasedevelopment) .

3.2 Objectives of the Partnership

18 . The Partnership provides an openframework for coordinating ongoing andfutureactivities .It isajointeffortamongthe stakeholders involved and assumesequality of the partners . The originalobjectivesofthePartnershipareshowninBox1above .

19 . The objectives of the second phase buildonthoseofthefirst,andareasfollows:

• Continue to raise awareness amongpolicymakers on the importance ofstatistical indicators for monitoringICT policies and carrying out impactanalysis;

• Expand the core list of indicators tootherareasof interest, suchas ICT ineducation,governmentandhealth;

• Conduct technical workshops at theregional level to exchange nationalexperiencesanddiscussmethodologies,definitions, survey vehicles and datacollectionefforts;

• AssiststatisticalagenciesindevelopingeconomiesintheirICTdatacollectionand dissemination efforts, includingthedevelopment of national databasesto store and analyse survey results(during2006, aneeds assessmentwasundertaken, as a result ofwhichmorethan50requestsfortechnicalassistancehavebeenreceived);and

12


• Develop a global database of ICTindicatorsandmakeitavailableontheWorldWideWeb .

3.3 Structure of the Partnership

20 . Several structural improvements wereintroduced to thePartnershipearly in thesecondphase .ASteeringCommitteewaselected to help coordinate activities andpromotetheworkofthePartnership .TheCommittee presents a ‘public face’ forthe Partnership . It provides secretariatfunctions,coordinatestheworkprogrammeofthePartnership,initiatesandcoordinatesvariousPartnershipactivities,andreviewsapplicationsfrompotentialnewmembers .The current members of the SteeringCommittee are ITU, UNCTAD andUNECLAC .

21 . At the same time, four task groups werecreated to address specificobjectives andactivities of the Partnership . Each taskgroup is led by a volunteer organizationand its members are interested partners .Thetaskgroupsare:

• TheTaskGrouponEducation (ledbyUIS) whose objective is to develop aplan of activity to collect a core datasetof indicatorson the roleof ICT ineducation;

• The Task Group on eGovernment(led by UNECA) whose objective isto coordinate and further develop thevariousactivitiesofthepartnersintheareaofe-governmentindicators;

• TheTask Group on Capacity-building(led by UNCTAD) whose objective isto coordinate and further develop thevarious activities of the partners inthe area of capacity-building on ICTmeasurement in developing countries;and

• The Task Group on DatabaseDevelopment(ledbytheWorldBank),theobjectiveofwhichistocoordinateandfurtherdevelopthevariousactivities

of thePartners in theareaofdatabasedevelopmentforICTindicators .

3.4 Global stocktaking exercise

22 . An early achievement of the Partnershipwas the conduct of an exercise designedto assess the state of ICT statistics andidentifybestpracticesinUNeconomies .

23 . The stocktaking exercise was carried outduring 2004 and was undertaken by fourUN commissions for their respectiveregions(UNECA,UNECLAC,UNESCAPandUNESCWA) .Thequestionnairesweresent to statistical agencies of membereconomies, excluding OECD countries(OECD provided metadata informationin respect of its member countries) .UNCTADsentthequestionnairetoUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE) economies not covered by theOECDorEurostat .

24 . Whiletheexerciseproducedsomevaluableinformation,theresponseforsomeregionswasdisappointingandnodoubtaffectedthereliability of the statistics generated fromthe exercise . Of the 169 economies thatweresentquestionnaires,86responded(51percent) .Responseratesvariedbyregion,rangingfrom37percent(Africa)to79percent(WesternAsia) .

25 . The results of the stock-taking exercisewere published in Partnership (2005d) .A summary can be found inAnnex 4 ofOECD(2007a) .

3.5 Core list of ICT indicators

26 . A major aim of the Partnership at itsinception was the development of acore list of ICT indicators that could becollected by all countries . A number ofregional workshops on ICT measurementwereheldaftertheGenevaphaseofWSISand included discussion of regional ICTindicators of interest to policymakers .Outcomes of these meetings included

13


regional core lists that were presentedfor information to the United NationsStatistical Commission at its meeting ofMarch 2005 (Partnership, 2005b) . ThePartnershipconsolidatedaglobalcorelistand circulated it to all national statisticaloffices (NSOs) for further comment . Afinal listwasdiscussed,andagreedon,attheWSISThematicMeetingonMeasuringtheInformationSociety,heldinGenevainFebruary2005 .

27 . Thelist(publishedasCore ICT Indicators)wasofficiallypresentedatthesecondphaseofWSIS,heldinTunisinNovember2005,during the Parallel Event on Measuringthe Information Society . Since then, thelist has been disseminated widely andnowservesasabasisforthePartnership’sworkonmeasuringICT .Thecore listwasendorsedby theUnitedNationsStatisticalCommission (UNSC) at its thirty-eighthmeetingofMarch2007(UNSC,2007) .

28 . The core list forms the basis for datapresentedinthispublication,whichisthefirst comprehensive compilation of coreICTindicatordata .

29 . There are 41 core ICT indicators in fourgroupsasfollows:

• ICT infrastructure and access (12indicators,seeAnnex2);

• Accessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsand individuals (13 indicators, seeAnnex3);4

• UseofICTbybusinesses(12indicators,seeAnnex4);and

• TheICTsectorandtradeinICTgoods(4indicators,seeAnnex5) .

30 . ThemainpurposeofthecorelististohelpcountriesthataredevelopingICTsurveys– or adding ICT questions to existingcollections– toproducehighquality andinternationally comparable data . In orderto achieve this objective, the indicators

have associated standards and metadataincluding:

• Definitions of terms (e .g . computer,theInternet);thesecanbefoundintheannexesreferencedabove;

• Modelquestions;

• Calculation of indicators (e .g . useof appropriate denominators forcalculatingproportions);

• Classificatory variables (e .g . businesssize for business ICT use coreindicators; gender for individual ICTusecoreindicators);thesecanbefoundinannexes3and4;

• Advice on particular statistical issues(such as the measurement of e-commerce);

• Collectionscope(e .g .bybusinesssizeorindustry,ageofindividuals);and

• Limited recommendations onmethodology (e .g . statistical units,surveyvehicles) .

31 . Whilst the core list is not mandatory,its use has been recommended by theUNSC .Importantly,thelistisnotlimiting− countries will also need to respond tonationalpolicyneedsand thesemayonlybepartiallycoveredbythecorelist .

32 . Eachindicatorisnominatedaseither‘basiccore’ or ‘extended core’, where the latterareconsideredmoresuitableforcountrieswith relatively advanced ICT statisticalsystems(Partnership,2005c) .

33 . The development of ICT indicators is acontinuingprocessandthePartnershipwillreview the list periodically . For example,someminorrevisionshavebeenproposedtotheICTbusinessindicatorsinlinewithprogress made elsewhere (in particularby Eurostat) . Ongoing work includesthe development of new ICT indicators– especially in the areas of educationand government . These are likely to bediscussedataglobalmeetinginmid2008 .

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3.6 Capacity-building and training

34 . A key objective of the Partnership is toassist statistical agencies of developingeconomies to collect and disseminateICT data . The Partnership’s Task GrouponCapacity-buildingis ledbyUNCTAD,whichhasconductedastocktakingexerciseon the capacity-building requirementsof developing economies . UNCTADalsomaintains a register of ICT statisticsexpertswhoareabletoprovideassistancetodevelopingeconomies .

35 . Inaneffort to improve theavailabilityofinternationally comparable ICT statistics,offers of technical assistance presume acommitment by the recipient economy tofollowthecorelistofICTindicators .

36 . UNCTAD released the Manual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy(UNCTAD,2007a)inNovember2007 .TheManualisareferenceforNSOsand other producers of official statisticson the information economy . It coversdata collection and analysis techniques;statistical standards, including definitionsand model questions; methodologicaladvice on statistical issues of particularinterest to developing countries, andinstitutional aspects of the statisticalprocess . The Manual is the subject ofconsultation with NSOs worldwide, withaviewtosubmittingarevisedversionforapprovalbytheUNStatisticalCommissionin2009 .

37 . UNCTAD has also developed a trainingcourse on measuring the informationeconomy .The trainingcourse,whichwasdeveloped under the framework of theUNCTAD TrainForTrade programme, isbasedontheUNCTADManualdescribedabove and includes presentation slides, aparticipant’s handbook, group exercises,testsandevaluationquestionnaires .

38 . ITUisplanningtoreleaseacomplementarymanual and training course on the

production of household ICT statistics in2008 .

39 . Partners also run regional capacity-building workshops and training courses .Recentexamplesare:

• RegionalWorkshop on Measuring theInformation Society, 11-12 February2008, San Salvador, El Salvador .The workshop was organized byUNECLAC, with the support ofUNCTAD, the NSO and the Ministryof Economics of El Salvador . TheOSILACinformationsystemandNSOexperiences in the collection of ICTstatistics, were presented .Agreementson the harmonized presentation ofindicatorswerereachedandfourworkinggroupswerecreatedtoworkon,amongotherthings,methodologicalissuesandproposalsfornewindicators .

• Training course on the Productionof Statistics for the InformationEconomy for Asia, 18-22 February2008,Incheon,RepublicofKorea .Thecourse was organized by UNCTADandhostedbytheUNESCAPAsiaandPacificTrainingCentreforInformationand Communication Technology forDevelopment,incollaborationwiththeUN Statistical Institute for Asia andPacific .

• The UNCTAD training course onthe Production of Statistics for theInformation Economy was firstdelivered in Colombia in December2007, in cooperation with the CentroAndinodeAltosEstudios(CANDANE)forthemembercountriesoftheAndeanCommunityandUNECLAC .

• Capacity Building Workshop onInformation Society Statistics:InfrastructureandHouseholdIndicators,6-8 November 2007, Bangkok,Thailand . The workshop was jointlyorganizedby ITU,UNESCAPand theAsia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT) .The workshop covered definitions,collection methodologies and data

15


collection issues for ICT statistics,with an emphasis on infrastructureand household ICT statistics . Theworkshop was addressed primarily tostaffofNSOswhoare responsible forinformation society measurement, aswellasrepresentativesofministriesandregulatoryagencieswhoareproducersand/orusersofICTstatistics .

• A training course, How to Establishan ICT Indicators Database, tookplacefrom29Octoberto2November2007,inIndonesia .Thetrainingtaughtstatisticians and data collectors (fromthe NSO and the telecommunicationregulatory authority) about ITU’sdefinition and collection oftelecommunication/ICT indicators, aswell as collection and disseminationof ICT statistics collected using anICT household survey . The trainingincludeddiscussionsonthedefinitionoftelecommunication/ICTindicators,datacollection techniques, and examplesof how to compile country data usingcompanyannualreports .

• Capacity-Building Workshop onInformation Society Measurements:HouseholdandBusinessSurveys,June2007, Cairo, Egypt . The workshopwas jointly organized by UNESCWA,UNCTAD, OECD, the ITU ArabRegional Office, the League of ArabStates and the Egyptian Ministry ofCommunications and InformationTechnology .Itfocusedonthetechnicalandmethodologicalaspectsofcapacity-building and on the use of surveysfor the collection of data for the coreindicators on ICT use by householdsandbusinesses .Inaddition,participantsdiscussed global and regionalexperiences in ICT measurement andstatisticsontheICTsector .

• Regional Workshop on InformationSociety Measurement in Africa,March 2007, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia .The workshop was jointly organizedby UNCTAD-UNECA-ITU and built

on the work of the Partnership andthe Scan-ICT measurement project,and aimed to advance the availabilityof comparable ICT data for Africa .The event allowed statisticians andpolicymakers to discuss the need forcomparable data on the informationsocietyandsharebestpracticesinICTmeasurementattheregionallevel .Themeeting also discussed possible coreindicators for e-government, reviewedthe results achieved and challengesencountered in the implementation ofPhase II of Scan-ICT and identifiedtechnicalassistanceneeds .Theworkshopprovidedpracticalrecommendationsonpolicies,programmesandmechanismsformonitoringandmeasuringregionalinformation society development withtheaimofpromotingtheproductionofcomparableICTindicatorsforeffectiveICTpolicymaking .

• Expert Group Meeting on ICTIndicators Adoption and DataCollection:ICTIndicatorsinEducationand E-government, February 2007,Cairo,Egypt .Themeetingwas jointlyorganized by UNESCWA, UNESCOInstitute for Statistics (UIS), theKnowledge Management Branch/DPADM/UNDESA, and the CabinetInformation and Decision SupportCenter(IDSC) .ThemeetingconsideredaproposalfromUISforcoreindicatorson the use of ICT in education forpossible endorsement and adoptioninto the Partnership list of core ICTindicators . It also provided a forumfor disseminating case studies andpresenting proposals for indicatorson the use of ICT by government,therebypavingthewayforestablishinga preliminary regional list to startcollectingdatafortheseindicators .

• AnUNCTADtrainingcourse,January2007, Bangkok, Thailand . UNCTADandtheThaiNationalStatisticalOfficecarried out a joint research project tomeasure the impact of the adoption

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anduseof ICTon theproductivityofThaifirms .Thetrainingcoursewasonapplying econometric methods to ICTdataanalysisandfollowedaconferenceheld the previous day on MeasuringICT .

• Capacity-Building Workshop onInformation Society Measurements:Core Indicators, Statistics and DataCollection, December 2006, Amman,Jordan . The workshop was organizedby the ITUArab Regional Office, theJordanianMinistryofICT,UNESCWAand the Arab Institute for ‎TrainingandResearch inStatistics (AITRS) . ItaimedtobuildontheoutcomesoftheGenevaandTunisphasesof theWSISand considered implementation ofthe decisions endorsed by the earliercapacity-building workshop held inthe region, in June 2005 . In addition,participantsexploredthestepsnecessaryfor fulfilling mandates outlined in theArab Initiative that was presented atthe fourth World TelecommunicationDevelopment Conference (Doha, 7-15March2006) .

• The Third Regional Workshop onInformation Society Measurementin Latin America and the Caribbean,November2006,Panama .Theworkshop

highlighted the progress made incollectingICTdataviahouseholdandbusiness surveys .The meeting, whichincluded participants from NSOs,ministries and regulatory agencies,also discussed capacity-building andtechnical assistance requirements .TheworkshopwasorganizedbyUNECLACwith the supportof ITUand theNSOfromPanama .

• Training on Information and Commu-nications Technology measurement inPanama, November 2006 (prior to theThird Regional Workshop) . The trai-ningwaspromotedbyUNECLAC,andpresentedbyStatisticsCanada .

• The Joint UNCTAD–ITU–UNESCAPRegional Workshop on InformationSociety Measurements in Asia-Pacific,July2006,Bangkok,Thailand .The Workshop allowed participants(representativesfromNSOs,ministriesand regulatory agencies) to discussthe need for comparable data on theinformation society and to share bestpractices in ICT measurement at theregional level . The meeting focusedonthecoreICTindicators,definitions,methodologies and data collectionissues .Inaddition,itidentifiedtechnicalassistanceneedsinthisarea .

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4.1 Africa

40 . TheAfricanInformationSocietyInitiative5(AISI), adopted in 1996, is the basis ofUNECA’s work on promoting ICT asa motor for African development . Atthe inception of AISI, it was recognisedthat regional efforts to harness ICT fordevelopment would only be realized ifnationsimplementedeffectivemeasurementtools . Currently, reliable statisticalindicators for collecting and compilingdata on the impact of ICT in Africa arescarce because mostAfrican nations lackbasic informationonkeyICTandrelatedeconomicandsocialindicators .

41 . To respond to this challenge, the Scan-ICTInitiativewas launched inNovember2000 as a collaborative project betweentheAcaciaprogrammeoftheInternationalDevelopment Research Centre (IDRC)and UNECA . Phase 1 of the initiativeaimed to monitor the penetration, impactand effectiveness of ICT in six Africancountries and thereby assist memberstates to develop national informationsocietiesandeconomiesbydevelopingandcompilingsuitablestatisticalindicators .

42 . The first phase ended in 2004 andinvolvedpilotsurveysinEthiopia,Ghana,Mozambique, Morocco, Senegal andUganda .Thesurveysaddressededucation,health, public administration and theprivate sector/private ICT firms . Majorfindingsincluded:

• ICT penetration is generally higherin educational institutions and publicadministration facilities than in healthinstitutions;

• While many institutions report ICTuse, frequently only a few staff ineach institution actually possess thatcapability;

• Ashortageofqualifiedstaffappearstobeacriticalissueinallareas;and

• The proportion of institutions withwebsites is lowand thecontentof thesites is frequently limited to genericinformation . Thus, the resources ofthe Internet as a tool forbusinessandcommercehaveyettomakeasubstantiveimpactinthepilotcountries .

43 . TheScan-ICTsurveyresultsshowthatthesix pilot countries are following differentICT development patterns that haveresulted in different ways of addressingICT challenges . In some cases, buildinginfrastructurehasbeenemphasized,whileinothers,thefocusisoneducation/trainingandastrongskillsbase .

4.2 Asia-Pacific

44 . SeveralresearcheffortsofUNESCAPhaveattempted to characterize the supportiveenvironmentforICTintheregion,includingits use . However, these efforts have beenimpaired by lack of data . UNESCAP(2006),attempted tosolvesuchproblemsby computing a value of the (UNDP)

4. Regional measurement initiatives

18


HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI),aswellasaseparateConnectionIndex(CI),whichuses data on fixed and mobile telephoneusers,and Internetusers .The indexesareavailable for all UNESCAP member andassociate member economies . The HDIcan be used to summarize the enablingenvironmentandtheCIthedeliveryofICTresults to thepeopleof economiesof theregion .

45 . TheStatistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2007(UNESCAP,2007)presenteda range of current ICT statistics for theregion .

4.3 Latin America and the Caribbean

46 . InresponsetoalackofregionalICTdata,in2003,UNECLACand the Institute forConnectivity in the Americas (ICA) ofthe International Development ResearchCentre of Canada (IDRC) created theObservatory for the Information Societyin Latin America and the Caribbean(OSILAC) . The main objective of theObservatory is to foster the developmentofICTstatisticsinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean .TheObservatoryoperatesundertheumbrellaoftheStatisticalConferenceoftheAmericasofUNECLACandworkswith members of the Partnership andNSOsoftheregiontoachieveharmonizedmeasurement of access to, and use of,ICTataregional,nationalandlocallevel .Since 2005, additional donor agencieshave joined the effort; they included theEuropeanCommission through the@LISprogram of the EuropeAid Co-operationOffice . In the sameyear, countriesof theregionadoptedaplanofactionthatcalledon participants to “Support and foster,with technical co-operation programmes,institution-building and methodologicalstrengthening and the development of

ICT access and use indicators . . .” and to“carryoutannualtechnicalseminars,withthe participation of national and regionalstatistical agencies, such as those of theObservatory for the Information Societyin Latin America and the Caribbean(OSILAC)” .6

4.4 Western Asia and the Arab region

47 . Theregionhasbeeninvolvedinanumberof capacity-building workshops/meetingsrelating to ICT measurement (these arelistedabove) .

48 . Following the recommendations of onesuch meeting (the Expert Group Meeting on ICT Indicators Adoption and Data Collection: ICT Indicators in Education and E-government,heldinFebruary2007),UNESCWA, in collaboration with theArabInstituteforTrainingandResearchinStatistics(AITRS),hastranslatedthecorelistofICTindicatorsintoArabicforwiderdisseminationintheArabregion .

49 . In addition, UNESCWA and AITRShave published, in Arabic, a bookletentitled Guidelines for ICT Indicators Measurement (UNESCWA, 2007a) . Thisbooklet constitutes the first step towardsthe standardization of the measurementprocessforICTindicators .

50 . Several UNESCWA member economiescollect ICT statistics in the areas of ICTexpenditure (including its percentageof GDP) and exports of ICT services .The statistics can be found on theWorldDevelopment Indicators 2007 CD-ROM(WorldBank,2007)intables4 .2Structure of output,5 .11The Information Ageand4 .6Structure of service exports .AnanalysisofthesestatisticscanbefoundinUNESCWA(2007b) .

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Notes1 JointUNECE/UNCTAD/UIS/ITU/OECD/EurostatsideeventtoWSISon“MonitoringtheInformationSociety”,

December2003,Geneva .

2 Thiswaspresentedtoaninter-agencycoordinationmeetingoninformationsocietystatisticsattheoccasionofthethirty-fifthsessionoftheUNStatisticalCommission,NewYork,5March2004 .

3 SeealsoUNCTAD’swebsite:http://new .unctad .org/templates/calendar____631 .aspx .

4 A‘referenceindicator’,HHR1,ontheproportionofhouseholdswithelectricityisalsopartofthisset .However,feweconomiescollectit .

5 www .uneca .org/aisi .

6 PlanofActionfortheInformationSocietyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeaneLAC2007,June2005,goals26 .1and26 .3 .

21

Chapter 2. ICT infrastructure and access

Table 1. Core indicators on ICT infrastructure and access

Basic core indicators

A1 Fixedtelephonelinesper100inhabitants

A2 Mobilecellulartelephonesubscribersper100inhabitants

A3 Computersper100inhabitants

A4 Internetsubscribersper100inhabitants

A5 BroadbandInternetsubscribersper100inhabitants

A6 InternationalInternetbandwidthperinhabitant(bits)

A7 Percentageofpopulationcoveredbymobilecellulartelephony

A8 Internetaccesstariffs(20hourspermonth),inUS$(A8a),andasapercentageofper capita

income(A8b)

A9 Mobilecellulartariffs(100minutesofusepermonth),inUS$(A9a),andasapercentageofper

capitaincome(A9b)

A10 PercentageoflocalitieswithpublicInternetaccesscentres(PIACs)bynumberofinhabitants

(rural/urban)

Extended core indicatorsA11 Radiosetsper100inhabitantsA12 Televisionsetsper100inhabitants

Source: Core ICT Indicators (Partnership, 2005c).

51 . The data presented in this chapter arebased on the core ICT infrastructure and accessindicators,whichareshowninTable1 below and defined in Annex 2 . These

indicatorsarecollectedbytheInternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) and arepublishedintheWorld Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database (ITU, 2007b)


1. Introduction

22


and other publications such as the World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report (ITU, 2006) . They are definedin ITU’s Telecommunication Indicators Handbook (ITU,2007a),with thegoal ofassistingthestandardizationofstatisticsinthisfield .

52 . Given rapid changes in the area oftelecommunications and ICT, it isnecessaryfortheindicatorstobeupdatedregularly . Changes are discussed, andrevisedindicatorsadopted,atITU’sWorldTelecommunication/ICTIndicators (WTI)meeting,whichisorganizedregularly .ThefifthWTI meeting took place in October2006andapprovedarevisedversionoftheTelecommunication Indicators Handbook(ITU, 2007a) . The sixth WTI meeting

washeldinDecember2007andincludeddiscussion of indicators to measurecommunity access and to reflect newertechnologies and services, particularlythe uptake of mobile broadband . Thediscussionsdidnotresultinmodificationstotheindicatordefinitions .

53 . ITU collects data from several sourcesbut mainly through an annual survey oftelecommunicationauthorities,telecommu-nication/ICTMinistriesandsomeoperators .Additional data are obtained from reportsprovided by telecommunication regulatoryauthorities, ministries and operators, andfrom ITU staff reports . In some cases,estimatesarederivedfromITUbackgrounddocumentsorotherreferences(ITU,2003;2007b) .

23


54 . AsTable2shows,dataontheinfrastructureandaccessindicators(A1–A9)arewidelyavailable . Data for the three indicators,A10–12 are available for a smallerproportion of economies, with the leastavailableindicatorbeingA10(‘percentageof localities with public Internet accesscentres(PIACs)bynumberofinhabitants(rural/urban)’) that is available for only12 per cent of economies .1 The reasonfor the relatively high availability of theother infrastructure and access indicatorsis that the underlying statistics arebased on administrative data collected

by telecommunication/ICT regulatoryauthorities or ministries directly fromservice providers, rather than from ICTusersdirectly .

55 . ITUcollectsandpublishesamuchlargersetoftelecommunication/ICTindicatorsthanthesetofcoreindicators .Theseareavailablefrom the World Telecommunication/ICTIndicatorsDatabase(ITU,2007b) .

56 . Annex1showstheavailabilityofindicatorsA1–A12forindividualeconomies .

2. Measurement status

Table 2. Summary of global measurement status by level of development:2

ICT infrastructure and access3

Indicator Developed Transition Developing Least Totalnumberof economies economies economies developed economieswith economies eachindicator

Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator

A1 84% 100% 89% 94% 214A2 86% 100% 90% 98% 218A3 69% 89% 83% 94% 197A4 67% 68% 58% 66% 148A5 80% 89% 67% 88% 180A6 90% 100% 97% 100% 229A7 71% 84% 57% 36% 137A8a 67% 89% 70% 88% 178A8b 67% 89% 67% 86% 173A9a 76% 89% 77% 84% 188A9b 67% 89% 69% 82% 174A10 4% 11% 14% 16% 29A11 12% 26% 31% 66% 81A12 35% 32% 43% 52% 100

Total 49 19 120 50 238economies

Source: ITU (see Annex 1 for more detail).

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3.1 Infrastructure and access statistics

57 . Therearetwobroadtypesofinfrastructureandaccessindicators–thosewhereahighervalueimpliesabettersituationintermsofICTinfrastructureandaccessdevelopment(the‘positive’indicators)andthosewherea lower value usually indicates a bettersituation (tariff indicators) . IndicatorsA1 toA7, andA10 toA12 are ‘positive’indicators .The remaining indicators,A8a&bandA9a&b,aretariffindicators .

58 . Becausealargenumberofcountrieshavecore infrastructure and access indicators,data have been aggregated (by levelof development and region) . This bothimprovespresentationandprovidesviewsofthedatathatareeasiertounderstandandanalyse .

59 . Thedatahavebeenpresentedataggregatelevel in two different ways . The first isaggregations formedfromcomponentsofcountry level data, namely, the originalnumeratoranddenominatordata .Theseareaggregated across levels of development/regions and then the ratios are calculatedat aggregate level .4 Table 3 showsaggregationsfromcountrylevelcomponent

3. Statistical summary

data for the indicators for which this ispossible (A1 to A7) .5 However, not allindicatorscanbeaggregatedinthismanner .Therefore, themedianof indicatorvalueswas used to show level of developmentandregionaggregationsfortheremainingindicators(A8toA12) .ThesecanbefoundinTable4 .

60 . Tables 3 and 4 show that the developedeconomies have higher aggregate ormedianvaluesforallthepositiveindicators– in most cases much higher than forthe other levels of development . Thereis a clear pattern of decreasing value ofpositiveindicatorswithdecreasinglevelofdevelopment .

61 . Inrespectoftariffindicators,A8a(InternetaccesstariffsinUS$)islowestfortransitioneconomiesandsecondlowestfordevelopedeconomies . Indicator A9a (mobile phonetariffs in US$) is highest for developedeconomies and lowest for developingeconomies .Whenlookedatona‘percapitaincome’basis(indicatorsA8bandA9b),itisclearthatbothInternetandmobilephonetariffsarelowinrelativeincometermsfordevelopedeconomiesandveryhighfortheleastdevelopedeconomies .

25


Table 3. ICT infrastructure and access core indicators, aggregate values,6

latest year available7

Levelof A1 . A2 . A3 . A4 . A5 . A6 . A7 .development Fixed Mobile Computers Internet Broadband International Percentageand telephone cellular subscribers Internet Internet ofregion2 lines telephone subscribers bandwidth population subscribers per coveredby inhabitant mobile (bits) cellular Numberper100inhabitants telephony

Developed 51 92 62 24 19 4 755 99 economiesAsia8 43 79 na 27 21 1038 100Europe 49 107 50 24 17 6245 99NorthernAmerica 58 75 77 22 20 3645 99Oceania 48 95 52 32 18 10026 98Transition 23 77 10 3 2 223 88 economiesAsia 11 20 4 1 0 .1 25 69Europe 26 93 11 3 2 277 97Developing 15 33 5 4 2 177 74 economiesAfrica 6 35 2 2 0 .3 58 77Asia 16 30 4 4 2 168 69LatinAmericaand 18 55 12 5 3 335 90theCaribbeanOceania 4 9 7 4 0 .5 50 74Least developed 0.9 10 0.7 0.2 0.0 7 59 economiesAfrica 0 .7 8 0 .6 0 .3 0 .0 8 48Asia 1 13 0 .9 0 .2 0 .0 5 76LatinAmericaand 2 6 0 .2 0 .9 na 18 natheCaribbean8

Oceania 4 5 3 0 .6 0 .1 25 20

Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database.

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Table 4: ICT infrastructure and access core indicators, median values,6

latest year available9

Levelof A8a . A8b . A9a . A9b . A10 . A11 . A12 .development Internet Internet Mobile Mobile Percentage Radio Televisionand access access cellular cellular of sets setsregion2 tariffs, tariffs,asa tariffs, tariffs,asa localities inUS$ percentage inUS$ percentage withPIAC’s ofpercapita ofpercapita bynumber income income ofinhabitants

20hourspermonth 100minutesofusepermonth per100inhabitants

Developed 16 1 30 2 na 128 57 economiesAsia8 14 0 .5 52 2 na na naEurope 19 1 28 2 na 114 55NorthernAmerica na na 12 na na na naUSA10 15 0.4 10 0.3 na na naOceania 17 0 .9 43 2 na na 63Transition 12 11 27 17 na 54 24 economiesAsia 12 26 19 35 na na 23Europe 13 7 27 15 na 46 25Developing 22 8 20 8 26 29 22 economiesAfrica 31 21 20 14 50 23 16Asia 12 3 13 3 99 43 32LatinAmericaand 24 11 26 9 6 40 22theCaribbeanOceania 25 53 22 6 na 55 19Least developed 41 123 22 60 6 15 2 economiesAfrica 42 168 23 87 11 15 2Asia 26 39 8 18 2 10 6LatinAmericaand 71 213 13 39 na na natheCaribbean8

Oceania 58 50 34 35 na 13 1


62 . Forthe‘positive’coreindicators,A1toA7,it ispossibletolookatchangeovertime,in this case based on aggregate valuesat three points in time, 1995, 2000 and2006 .11 Table 5 shows such an analysisby level of development . It reveals largeincreases in thevalueofsome indicators,foralllevelsofdevelopment–particularlythe number of mobile phone subscribers .For others, increases were lower or wererestricted to some levels of development .The number of fixed telephone lineshas increased modestly for most levelsof development but has stabilized since1995 for developed economies . With the

exception of mobile phone subscribersandinternationalbandwidth,indicatorsforthe least developed economies have notincreasedmuchoverthe11-yearperiod .

63 . Asthetableshows,eventhelatestvaluesofsomeoftheindicatorsarestillverylowfortransition,developingandleastdevelopedeconomies, especially those relating tocomputersandtheInternet .Itisthereforeimportanttoconsiderbothabsolutevaluesand percentage changes when attemptingto analyse differences between levels ofdevelopmentandovertime .

27


64 . Chart1compareschangesinthenumbersoffixedandmobilephonesubscribers(per100 inhabitants) over the period 1995 to2006 .Itillustrates:

• Thedramaticdifferencebetweenfixedand mobile phone growth over theperiod;

• The low levels in least developedeconomies compared with developingeconomies;and

• Thestabilizationofthenumberoffixedtelephonelinesindevelopedeconomies,with steadygrowth for other levels ofdevelopment .

Table 5. Change over time by level of development, selected core indicators,6

1995, 2000 and 2006

Levelof Year A1 . A2 . A3 . A4 . A5 . A6 . A7 .development Fixed Mobile Computers Internet Broadband International Percentageand telephone cellular subscribers Internet Internet ofregion2 lines telephone subscribers bandwidth population subscribers per coveredby inhabitant mobile (bits) cellular Numberper100inhabitants telephony

Developed 1995 50 8 19 na na na naeconomies 2000 57 50 37 14 1 606 98 2006 51 92 62 24 19 4755 99

Transition 1995 15 0 .1 5 na na na naeconomies 2000 19 3 5 0 .3 na 12 76 2006 23 77 10 3 2 223 88

Developing 1995 5 0 .4 3 na na na naeconomies 2000 9 6 3 0 .9 na 5 71 2006 15 33 5 4 2 177 74

Least 1995 0 .3 0 .0 0 .3 na na na nadeveloped 2000 0 .5 0 .3 0 .3 0 .0 na 0 .2 34economies 2006 0 .9 10 0 .7 0 .2 0 .0 7 59


28


65 . Some interesting timeseriescomparisonsbetween the developed and developingworldhavebeenmadebyITUandcanbefoundontheirwebsite,see:http://www .itu .int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/ict/index .html .

3.2 Regional analysis

66 . As discussed above, indicators A1 toA7,andA10toA12canbethoughtofas‘positive’ ICT infrastructure and accessindicators,thatis,ahighervalueimpliesahigherlevelofICTinfrastructureandaccessdevelopment .Tables3and4showthat,formost of the positive indicators, Northern

America, Europe and the developedOceania and Asian countries have thehighest aggregate or median values . Thelowestvaluesofthepositiveindicatorscanbe found inAfrican andAsian countries,especially those that are among the leastdevelopedeconomies .Thetariffindicators8aand9a (indicating themonthlycost inUS dollars of Internet and mobile phoneaccess respectively)aremoreevenacrossregions,althoughtheyarerelativelylowforAsiaandtheUSA .However,whenlookedatona‘percapitaincome’basis,theleastdevelopedeconomiesinAfricafaremuchworsethanotherregions,withtherelativecostforthoseservicesveryhigh .12

Chart 1. Fixed phone lines and mobile phone subscribers, per 100 inhabitants


Notes1 Thisindicatorhasonlybeencollectedforarelativelyshorttime .Itprovidesimportantinformationfordeveloping

economies,wherefewhouseholdshaveInternetaccessandthereforemanyindividualsusetheInternetatpublicfacilities .Dataontheindicatorarescarcebecausemanycountriesfinditdifficulttomeasurethisindicator .Problemsoftenstartwiththedefinitionof‘localities’(whichincludevillages,townsandcities)andtheavailabilityofdataonlocalities .Inaddition,localitydatamaynotbelinkedtotheavailabilityofpublicInternetaccesscentres(PIACs) .Inothercases, thenumberofPIACs(or their location)arenot tracked . ITUisencouragingmorecountries tocollectthisinformation .

1995 2000 2006 1995 2000 2006 1995 2000 2006 1995 2000

Developedeconomies

Transitioneconomies

Developingeconomies

Least developedeconomies

2006

100

80

60

40

20

0

A1. Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants A2. Mobile cellular subscribers per 100

29


2 Annex 1 shows the economies which are included in each ‘level of development’ and ‘region’ category .TheclassificationisbasedontheUNStatisticalDivision’sStandard country or area codes for statistical use,seehttp://unstats .un .org/unsd/methods/m49/m49 .htm .Theclassificationwas revised inJanuary2008and isnowslightlydifferentfromtheversionusedtoaggregatedataforthispublication .ThedifferencesaredetailedinAnnex1 .

3 AnindicatorwasconsideredtobeavailableifITUreceiveddataforit(includingzerovalues)fortheyear2002orlater .ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichITUdoesnotcollectdata .SeeAnnex1fordetails .

4 Forexample,fortheindicatorA1(thenumberoffixedtelephonelinesper100inhabitants),thenumberoffixedtelephonelinesissummed,asisthenumberofinhabitants .ThevalueoftheindicatorA1iscalculatedastheratio:totalnumberoffixedtelephonelinestototalnumberofinhabitantsdividedby100 .

5 In theory,A10-12couldbeaggregated fromcomponentdata,however, theyhavenotbeenbecauseof lackofdata .

6 Anoteonthepresentationofvaluesintablesofthischapter:theterm‘na’meansnotavailable,thatis,thereareinsufficientdatatoproduceameaningfulresultornodataareavailable .Allvalueswhicharelessthan1havebeenshownto1decimalplace .

7 Latest year availableisgenerally2005or2006 .SeeAnnex1fordetails .

8 Thiscategoryconsistsofonecountryonly .

9 Latest year availableisgenerally2005or2006withtheexceptionofindicatorsA11andA12,wheredataweregenerallyolder .SeeAnnex1fordetails .

10 NorthernAmerica is a small region consisting of only five economies, therefore median values may not bemeaningful .Forcomparativepurposes,dataforUSAareshownseparately .

11 2006dataorlatestyearavailable .Datafor1995arenotavailableforallindicators .

12 TheonlyexceptionisfortheLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanregionwhichconsistsofonlyonecountry .

31

Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals

67 . ThedatapresentedinthischapterarebasedonthecoreICTindicatorsonaccessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals(HH1-HH13) .TheseareshowninTable6belowandaredefinedinAnnex3 .

68 . Statistics on household/individual ICTaccess and use are typically collectedby NSOs through household surveys .These may be surveys that are dedicatedto measuring ICT access and use, orsurveyssuchaslabourforceor‘omnibus’(‘general purpose’) surveys where ICTis one of several topics . Most developedeconomies have been collecting thesestatistics in a reasonably coordinatedfashion for a number of years, usingmodel questionnaires recommended bytheOECDandEurostat .Othereconomiesare starting to collect these indicatorsusing the core indicators methodologicalrecommendations (Partnership, 2005c)and/or those of the OECD (2007a) andEurostat (2006 and 2007a) . Amongdevelopingeconomies,theLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountrieshaverecentlybeenveryactiveinthecollectionofhouseholdICTindicators(seeBox2) .

69 . The OECD and Eurostat have beencollecting and publishing household/

individual ICT access and use statisticsfrom their member countries since 2002 .More recently, ITU has started to collectthesestatisticsfromdevelopingeconomiesandcompilestatisticsforalleconomies .

70 . Statistical standards for household/individual ICT access and use indicatorshave been developed primarily by theOECDandEurostat .AswesawinChapter1,thePartnershiphasplayedanimportantrole in extending these standards todeveloping economies, via the core listof ICT indicators . Several internationalorganizations are proactive in promotinghousehold statistical standards andmethodologies more generally . The UNStatistics Division plays a major role indeveloping and promulgating standards,whiletheInternationalHouseholdSurveyNetwork (IHSN) fosters the improvementoftheavailability,accessibilityandqualityof household survey data in developingeconomies, and encourages their use bydecision-makersandothers .1

71 . This chapter presents data and metadatacollected by ITU, supplemented byinformation from Eurostat, nationalstatisticalsourcesandtheOECD .


1. Introduction

32


Table 6. Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals


HH1 Proportionofhouseholdswitharadio

HH2 ProportionofhouseholdswithaTV

HH3 Proportionofhouseholdswithafixedlinetelephone

HH4 Proportionofhouseholdswithamobilecellulartelephone

HH5 Proportionofhouseholdswithacomputer

HH6 Proportionofindividualswhousedacomputer(fromanylocation)inthelast12months

HH7 ProportionofhouseholdswithInternetaccessathome

HH8 ProportionofindividualswhousedtheInternet(fromanylocation)inthelast12months

HH9 LocationofindividualuseoftheInternetinthelast12months Athome Atwork Placeofeducation Atanotherperson’shome CommunityInternetaccessfacility CommercialInternetaccessfacility Others

HH10 Internetactivitiesundertakenbyindividualsinthelast12months Gettinginformation: Aboutgoodsorservices Relatedtohealthorhealthservices Fromgovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesviawebsitesoremail Otherinformationorgeneralwebbrowsing Communicating Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices Internetbanking Educationorlearningactivities Dealing(interacting)withgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities Leisureactivities Playing/downloadingvideoorcomputergames Downloadingmovies,musicorsoftware Reading/downloadingelectronicbooks,newspapersormagazines Otherleisureactivities

Extended core indicators

HH11 Proportionofindividualswithuseofamobiletelephone

HH12 ProportionofhouseholdswithaccesstotheInternetbytypeofaccess Narrowbandaccess Broadbandaccess SeeAnnex3fordetailedcategories .

HH13 FrequencyofindividualaccesstotheInternetinthelast12months(fromanylocation) Atleastonceaday Atleastonceaweekbutnoteveryday Atleastonceamonthbutnoteveryweek Lessthanonceamonth

HHR1 Proportionofhouseholdswithelectricity2


33


72 . Table 7 shows that some of the coreindicators on household/individual ICTaccess and use are reasonably widelyavailable, especially for developedeconomies . However, there remainquestionsofdatacomparability, includingvariable age scope (for individuals) andvariationsinquestionsasked(forinstance,howlocationsandactivitiesaredefined) .Inaddition,mostcountriesdonothavegoodtimeseriesofICTaccessandusedataandmuchof theavailabledataareout-of-dateandthereforelessusefulgiventhepaceofchange in adoption of many technologies(this is especially true of developing andleastdevelopedeconomies;seeAnnex1formoreinformationonthecurrencyofdata) .

73 . Some of the access indicators are notwidely available, including those foraccesstoaradio(HH1)andthereference

indicator, access to electricity (HR1) .The individual ICT use indicators aregenerally lesswidelyavailable than thosefor household ICT access . In particular,the more complex indicators on locationand frequency of Internet use and thenature of Internet activities (HH9, HH10andHH13)arecollectedbyrelativelyfewcountries,withtheexceptionofdevelopedeconomies .3

74 . Notsurprisingly,Europeancountrieshavethe most comparable and available data,whilethewidermembershipoftheOECDhasareasonablesetofstatistics,althoughthey are less comparable than Eurostatdata .4 Amongst developing economies, anumber of LatinAmerica and Caribbeaneconomieshavequite comprehensive andrecentdatasets,althoughdifferencesinagescopestillexist(seeBox2) .


34


Box 2. Measurement initiatives in the Latin America and the Caribbean region


access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals6

Indicator Developed Transition Developing Leastdeveloped Totalnumber economies economies economies economies economieswith eachindicator

Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator

HH1 14% 21% 26% 34% 59HH2 61% 42% 33% 32% 94HH3 63% 37% 36% 32% 97HH4 65% 26% 31% 2% 75HH5 76% 47% 41% 20% 105HH6 63% 26% 14% 0% 53HH7 69% 37% 33% 6% 83HH8 65% 26% 23% 4% 66HH9 61% 26% 18% 0% 56HH10 63% 26% 17% 0% 55HH11 57% 21% 17% 0% 52HH12 59% 26% 8% 0% 43HH13 61% 26% 11% 0% 47HR1 14% 16% 19% 6% 36

Totaleconomies 49 19 120 50 238

Source: ITU and Eurostat (see Annex 1 for more detail).

In respect of household access statistics, mostcountries of the region have been asking questionson ICT access for some years .The main goods andservices about which information is collected areradio, television,fixed telephone and,more recently,the ownership of a computer, mobile telephone andaccess to the Internet . Between 2005 and 2006, asmallgroupofLACcountriesaddedamoduleofICTuse questions to household surveys . By 2006, abouthalfofthecountriesoftheregion,includingmostof

the larger ones, collected information on householdaccesstotheInternetandabout15countriescollectedallorsomeoftheICTindicatorsonhouseholdaccessanduse recommendedby the Partnership .Avarietyof survey types is used to collect these statistics,including multi purpose household surveys, lifeconditionssurveysandstand-aloneICTsurveys .Mostcountries collect the core access indicators annually,withthecoreuseindicatorscollectedlessfrequentlyforsomecountries .

Source: Olaya (2007).

35


3.1 Household access to ICT

75 . Table8belowshowshouseholdICTaccessdata classified by level of development .For the 25 European Union countriescomprising ‘EU25’,7 data are shown asa single aggregate . Other countries areshownindividually .

76 . Despite some data comparability issues(as outlined above), a general pictureemerges of reasonably high access tonewertechnologiesamongsthouseholdsofdeveloped economies and lower levels inothereconomies .

77 . In developed economies (and manydeveloping and transition economies),most households have access to oldertechnologies, such as TV (HH2) andfixed phone (HH3) .8 In most developedeconomies,overhalfofallhouseholdshave

accesstothenewertechnologies–mobilephones (HH4), computers (HH5) and theInternet (HH7) .Access to computers andtheInternetinothereconomiesisgenerallylowbutappearstobeincreasing(seecharts3and4below) .Withveryfewexceptions,inleastdevelopedeconomies,thereisalowlevel of access to all technologies, exceptforradios .

78 . The proportion of households with theInternetcanbefurthersplittoshowthetypeof Internet access services used (HH12) .Table 9 shows HH12 for a small numberofcountries,plusEU25 .Eventhoughdataarenotwidelyavailable, thebroadpatternappears to be that developed economieshaveahigherlevelofhouseholdbroadbandaccess compared to economies at otherlevelsofdevelopment .Exceptionsaresomeof the wealthier Asian economies, whichhaveveryhighlevelsofbroadbandaccess .


36


Table 8. Household ICT access core indicators, proportion of households, latest year available9

Levelof Economy11 HH1 HH2 HH3 HH4 HH5 HH7 HR1development (radio) (TV) (fixed (mobile (computer) (Internet) (electri-andregion10 phone) phone) city)

Developed economies

Asia Japan 99% 91% 90% 81% 61%Europe Croatia 50% 94% 88% 28% 99%Europe Iceland 93% 94% 98% 89% 84%Europe Monaco 96% 93% 81% 56% 32% 100%Europe Norway 95% 67% 95% 82% 78%Europe SanMarino 83% Europe Switzerland 71% 77%Europe EU257 97% 82% 87% 66% 56%N .America Bermuda 73% 96% 91% 74% 66% 57% 100%N .America Canada 99% 99% 64% 72% 64%N .America UnitedStates 99% 62% 55% 100%Oceania Australia 73% 64%Oceania NewZealand 98% 93% 86% 72% 65% 95%

Transition economies

Asia Armenia 93% 72% 5% 4% 2% 99%Asia Azerbaijan 99% 69% 26% 9% 0% 100%Asia Georgia 19% 89% 33% 2% 100%Europe Belarus 93% 81% 16% 9% 100%Europe Bulgaria 98% 73% 64% 23% 19%Europe Rep .Moldova 82% 55% 2% Europe Romania 97% 52% 58% 34% 22%Europe Serbia 34% 26%Europe TFYRMacedonia 39% 99% 84% 71% 25% 14%

Developing economies

Africa Botswana 70% 22% 6% 1%Africa Cameroon 63% 23% 2% 22% 1%Africa Congo 57% 25% 1% Africa Egypt 85% 93% 56% 14% Africa Ghana 71% 26% 7% 5% Africa Kenya 74% 19% 13% Africa Mauritius 96% 77% 69% 24% 17% 99%Africa Morocco 79% 77% 18% 59% 13% 4%Africa Nigeria 77% 25% 6% Africa Réunion 55% 39%Africa SaintHelena 25% Africa Seychelles 92% 12% Africa SouthAfrica 81% 59% 55% 50% 80%Africa Tunisia 36% Africa Zimbabwe 24% Asia Cyprus12 100% 92% 91% 53% 39%Asia HongKongSARChina 72% 67%Asia India 33% 45% 1% 0% Asia Indonesia 70% 65% 14% 3% 91%Asia Iran,IslamicRepublicof 26% Asia Israel 93% 87% 84% 59% 41%Asia Lebanon 97% 37% 43% 24% 100%Asia MacaoSARChina 56% 32% 100%Asia Malaysia 28% Asia Mongolia 25% 86% 20% 28% 6% 9% 86%Asia Occ .PalestinianTerr . 93% 8% 30% 26% 9%

37


Levelof Economy11 HH1 HH2 HH3 HH4 HH5 HH7 HR1development (radio) (TV) (fixed (mobile (computer) (Internet) (electri-andregion10 phone) phone) city)

Asia Oman 69% 84% 44% 72% 24% 14% 98%Asia Philippines 71% 63% 12% 36% 7% 77%Asia RepublicofKorea13 79% 94%Asia Singapore 99% 78% 71%Asia SriLanka 4% 1%Asia Taiwan,China 100% 98% 65% 87%Asia Thailand 27% 16% 6% 99%Asia Turkey 98% 73% 12% 9%Asia VietNam 56% 87% LAC Bolivia 67% 63% 19% 39% 12% 4% 67%LAC Brazil14 88% 91% 48% 59% 19% 14% 97%LAC Chile 27% 47% 84% 33% 19%LAC Colombia 71% 85% 56% 8%LAC CostaRica 85% 91% 65% 50% 27% 10% 97%LAC Cuba 38% 88% 17% 1% 2% 0% 100%LAC DominicanRepublic 62% 76% 26% 44% 9% 3% 95%LAC Ecuador 73% 87% 36% 64% 18% 3% 96%LAC ElSalvador 58% 78% 41% 35% 7% 2%LAC FalklandIslands 72% LAC Honduras 65% 64% 30% 41% 8% 2% 70%LAC Martinique 50% 26%LAC Mexico 88% 93% 49% 47% 21% 10%LAC Panama 80% 83% 40% 64% 16% 8% 88%LAC Paraguay 80% 82% 17% 64% 6% 3% 97%LAC Peru 84% 69% 28% 28% 10% 5% 77%LAC Suriname 46% 23% 96%LAC TrinidadandTobago 60% 31% 17%LAC Uruguay 94% 91% 70% 49% 24% 14%LAC Venezuela 83% 91% 34% 25% 10% 2% 99%Oceania FrenchPolynesia 45% Oceania NewCaledonia 43% 44% Oceania N .MarianaIslands 79% 71% 40% 31%

Least developed economies

Africa BurkinaFaso 63% 12% 4% 3% Africa Chad 37% 3% 1% Africa Eritrea 0% Africa Ethiopia 34% 5% 4% 0%Africa Guinea 64% 11% 6% Africa Lesotho 54% 13% 18% Africa Madagascar 59% 18% 5% 9% 1%Africa Malawi 62% 5% 5% Africa Mozambique 53% 9% 2% Africa Rwanda 46% 2% 1% Africa Senegal 87% 40% 16% Africa Sudan 39% 16% 16% Africa Uganda 6% Africa U .Rep .ofTanzania 58% 6% 9% 11%Asia Bangladesh 30% 23% 5% 41%Asia Bhutan 77% 58% 5% 0%Asia LaoPeople’sDem .Rep . 0% Asia Maldives 72% 85% 67% 83% 28% 8%Asia Nepal 6% 37%

Source: ITU, UNECLAC and Eurostat (30 November 2007).

38


Table 9. Households with access to Internet, by type of access,15 proportion of households with Internet access, latest year available9

Levelof Economy11 Dial-up ISDN DSL Cable Otherdevelopment modem modem modesofandregion10 access

Developed economies

Asia Japan 16% 19% 34% 16% 15%

Europe Iceland 7% 89%

Europe Norway 22% 77%

Europe EU257 25% 61%

Oceania Australia16 31% 54% 14% 9%

Oceania NewZealand 48% 36% 9% 9%


Asia Azerbaijan 41% 1% 1% 1% 56%

Europe Bulgaria 17% 16%

Europe Romania 62% 6%

Europe Serbia 75% 12%

Europe TFYRMacedonia 76% 5% 4% 31%


Africa Mauritius 76% 3% 17% 0% 4%

Asia China 25% 58% 17%

Asia Occ .PalestinianTerr . 69% 1% 15% 16%

Asia RepublicofKorea 3% 1% 82% 22% 23%

Asia Taiwan,China 4% 80% 6% 5%

Asia Thailand17 26% 53% 21%

LAC Brazil 63% 43%

LAC CostaRica 61% 3% 20% 16% 1%

Source: ITU and Eurostat (30 November 2007).

79 . There are several examplesof time seriesdata for household ICT statistics .Chart 2belowshows time-seriesdata forEurostatcountries (represented by the EU15aggregateinordertoshowalongerseriesof observations) in respect of household

accesstotheInternet .ItshowsasteadyriseinInternetaccessfrom2002to2007 .Themethod used to access the Internet in thethreeyears,2005to2007,showsarapidriseinbroadbandaccess,withacorrespondingdropindial-upandISDNaccess .

39


80 . Charts3and4belowshowaselectionoftimeseriesdataforhouseholdcomputerandInternet access .Even though thedataarenotnecessarilycomparable, theyallshowthe same rising trend over recent years .For some economies, the level of accessto computers is stabilizing, presumably

reflecting the fact that most householdswithaninterestincomputershadaccessby2006 .Asat2006, thesamegeneral trendwasnotevidentfortheInternet,wheretheaccess level was still increasing for mosteconomies .

Chart 2. Change in household means of accessing the Internet, EU15, proportion of all households18

Source: Eurostat, 30 November 2007.

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Household Internet access bytype, dial-up and ISDN

Household Internet accessby type, broadband

Proportion of households withInternet access at home

40


Chart 3: Change in household level of access to a computer, selected countries

Source: ITU.

Chart 4. Change in household level of access to the Internet, selected countries

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

0%

Hong Kong SAR China

Romania

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Sweden

Brazil

Republic of Korea

Costa Rica

Mexico

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

0%

Austria

DenmarkHungary

Portugal

SwitzerlandRepublic of Korea

Peru

SingaporeMexico

Source: ITU.

41


3.2 Individual use of ICT

81 . Table10showsindividualdataforuseofcomputers,theInternetandmobilephones .As with the household access indicators,for the 25 European Union countriescomprising ‘EU25’, data are shown as asingleaggregate .

82 . Despite some data availability andcomparability issues (described underMeasurement status above), a generalpicture emerges of high computer and

Internet use by individuals in developedeconomies and some developingeconomies (particularly, the wealthierAsian economies) . Levels of use areconsiderably lower for the transition andmostdevelopingeconomies,includingthetwoleastdevelopedeconomiesforwhichdataareavailable .

83 . Mobile phone use is generally higherthan computer or Internet use, with thedifference in the penetration rate oftengreaterindevelopingeconomies .

Table 10. Individual use of computers, the Internet and mobile phones,19 latest year available9

Levelof Economy11 HH6 .Proportion HH8 .Proportion HH11 .Proportiondevelopment ofindividualswho ofindividualswho ofindividualswithandregion10 usedacomputer20 usedtheInternet20 useofamobile phone

Developed economies

Asia Japan 56% 68% 71%Europe Iceland 92% 91% 97%Europe Norway 91% 87% 97%Europe Switzerland 64%Europe EU257 68% 62% 85%N .America Bermuda 89% 80% 45%N .America Canada 72%N .America UnitedStates 72% 68%Oceania Australia 69%Oceania NewZealand 74% 69% 80%


Asia Azerbaijan 17% 10%Europe Bulgaria 37% 34% 70%Europe Romania 38% 28% 67%Europe Serbia 44% 33% 77%Europe TFYRMacedonia 38% 29% 63%


Africa Botswana 4% 25%Africa Mauritius 30% 17%Africa Morocco 64% 46% 89%Asia China 12%Asia Cyprus12 49% 41% 91%Asia HongKongSARChina 63% 61% 86%Asia Israel 52% 42% 81%Asia MacaoSARChina 54% 46%Asia Malaysia 50%Asia Occ .PalestinianTerr . 87% 36% 74%Asia Oman 11% 6% 55%

42


84 . Table11belowshowswhereindividualsusetheInternet .Notsurprisingly,homeisthemajorlocationofaccessformostcountries .Indevelopedeconomies,theuseofpublicandeducationalfacilities isrelativelylowin favour of use at home and work . Inmanydevelopingeconomies,workand/orcommercialInternetaccessfacilitieswere

commonlocationsofInternetuse .Useofcommunity Internet access facilities wasrelativelylowformosteconomies .However,thisfindingmaynotbegeneralizabletothepoorerdevelopingeconomiesandtheleastdeveloped economies that do not collectthisinformation .

Levelof Economy11 HH6 .Proportion HH8 .Proportion HH11 .Proportiondevelopment ofindividualswho ofindividualswho ofindividualswithandregion10 usedacomputer23 usedtheInternet20 useofamobile phone

Asia RepublicofKorea 79% 80% 80%Asia Singapore 64% 60% 47%Asia Taiwan,China21 64%Asia Thailand 26% 14% 41%Asia Turkey22 20% 15%LAC Brazil 21% 37%LAC Chile 43% 37% 54%LAC CostaRica 22% 33%LAC Cuba 57% 24% 1%LAC DominicanRepublic 28% 16% 57%LAC Ecuador 7% 38%LAC Honduras 15% 22%LAC Mexico 31% 20% 40%LAC Panama24 22% 44%LAC Paraguay 8%LAC Peru 12%LAC TrinidadandTobago 33% 27% 60%LAC Uruguay 29%


Asia Afghanistan 21%Asia Bhutan 10%

Source: ITU, UNECLAC, national statistical sources and Eurostat (30 November 2007).

43


Table 11. Location25 of Internet use by individuals,19 proportion of Internet users, latest year available9

Levelof Economy11 Age Home Work Place Another Commu- Commer- Otherdevelopment ofedu- person’s nity cial placesandregion10 cation home Internet Internet access access facility facility

Developed economies

Asia Japan 6+ 83% 34% 12% 4% 5%

Europe Iceland 16-74 93% 63% 30% 48% 30%

Europe Norway 16-74 92% 56% 15% 18% 13%

Europe EU257 16-74 82% 43% 13% 22% 12%

N .America Canada 18+ 61% 26% 12% 10% 20%

N .America UnitedStates 3+ 80% 36% 23%

Oceania Australia 15+ 88% 45% 23% 38%

Oceania NewZealand 15+ 88% 36% 16% 24% 9% 11% 0%


Asia Azerbaijan 15+ 69% 38% 17% 11% 1% 44% 11%

Europe Bulgaria 16-74 71% 38% 12% 6% 16%

Europe Romania 16-74 67% 34% 21% 12% 9%

Europe Serbia 16-74 76% 32% 13% 18% 6%

Europe TFYRMacedonia 15-74 32% 17% 19% 9% 54%


Africa Morocco 12-65 28% 7% 3% 3% 1% 71%

Africa Mauritius 12+ 73% 28% 23% 2% 2% 9% 0%

Asia China 6+ 76% 33% 13% 32% 1%

Asia Cyprus12 16-74 70% 51% 16% 15% 9%

Asia HongKongSARChina 10+ 91% 42% 14% 2% 1% 4%

Asia MacaoSARChina 3+ 86% 26% 12% 8%

Asia RepublicofKorea 5+ 95% 32% 17% 7% 4% 21% 17%

Asia Singapore 10+ 82% 50% 25% 13% 6% 5%

Asia Taiwan,China 12+ 93% 36% 19% 8% 5% 16% 4%

Asia Thailand 6+ 33% 28% 46% 17% 2%

LAC Brazil 10+ 50% 40% 26% 31% 10% 22%

LAC Chile 5+ 40% 19% 35% 2% 28% 5%

LAC CostaRica 5+ 32% 27% 20% 5% 0% 46% 1%

LAC DominicanRepublic 12+ 20% 32% 34% 28% 8% 41% 2%

LAC Honduras 15+ 10% 11% 7% 0% 81% 1%

LAC Mexico 6+ 34% 24% 16% 2% 1% 42%

LAC Paraguay 10+ 21% 25% 15% 2% 51% 1%

LAC Uruguay 6+ 41% 26% 14% 11% 3% 52%


44


Table 12. Frequency of Internet use by individuals,19 proportion of Internet users, latest year available

Levelof Economy11 Age Atleast Atleast Atleast Lessthandevelopment oncea oncea oncea onceaandregion10 day weekbut monthbut month notevery notevery day week

Developed economies

Europe Iceland 16-74 82% 14% 3% 1%

Europe Norway 16-74 77% 17% 4% 1%

Europe EU257 16-74 67% 23% 8% 3%

N .America Canada 18+ 64% 26% 5% 2%

Oceania Australia26 15+ 50% 41% 8% 1%

Oceania NewZealand 15+ 58% 30% 6% 5%


Asia Azerbaijan 15+ 41% 51% 5% 3%

Europe Bulgaria 16-74 64% 28% 6% 2%

Europe Romania 16-74 49% 41% 9% 1%

Europe Serbia 16-74 50% 37% 8% 4%

Europe TFYRMacedonia 15-74 44% 40% 13% 3%


Africa Morocco 12-65 55% 34% 8% 3%

Africa Mauritius 12+ 33% 47% 15% 5%

Asia HongKongSARChina 10+ 72% 19% 5% 4%

Asia Occ .PalestinianTerr . 10+ 49% 40% 10% 0%

Asia RepublicofKorea 5+ 71% 21% 2% 5%

Asia Singapore 10+ 70% 22% 8%

Asia Thailand 6+ 23% 60% 17% 1%

LAC Brazil 10+ 36% 47% 12% 3%

LAC CostaRica 5+ 34% 38% 24% 5%

LAC Mexico 6+ 20% 68% 10% 2%

LAC Uruguay 6+ 37% 48% 12% 3%


86 . Table13belowshowsthetypesofInternetactivities undertaken by individuals .Unsurprisingly, inmost countries, a largeproportion of Internet users use it forcommunicating . Use of the Internet for

getting information is also important,particularly obtaining information aboutgoods and services and information fromgovernment .Theresidual‘other’categorymay include general web browsing

85 . Table 12 shows available data on thefrequencyofInternetusebyindividuals .ItappearsthatInternetusers,whatevercountrythey are from, tend to use the Internetfrequently(atleastonceaweek) .However,

thisfindingmaynotbegeneralizabletothepoorerdevelopingeconomiesandtheleastdeveloped economies that do not collectthisinformation .

45


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%

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ce: I

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nd E

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tat (

30 N

ovem

ber 2

007)

.

46


70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

New Zealand 101% 103%

Australia 86% 89% 92% 95% 100% 99%

Korea 74% 77% 80% 81% 84% 85% 89% 89%

Japan 77% 82% 87% 85% 88% 89%

EU15 85% 86% 87% 87% 89%

Switzerland 75% 78% 82% 84% 84%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

for some countries (which probablyexplainsitsrelativelyhighvalueforsomecountries) .UseoftheInternetforeducationor learning activities, Internet bankingand purchasing goods or services tendsto be higher among users in developedeconomies(withsomenotableexceptionsin developing economies such as theRepublic of Korea, Singapore and someLatin American countries) . It is possiblethat thecategorydescriptionsfor Internetactivities vary more between countriesthanforothercategoriespresentedinthischapter .Therefore,itisquitelikelythatthedataarenotparticularlycomparableacrosscountries .

87 . Most OECD countries are able todisaggregateInternetusedatabyindividualcharacteristics, including age, level ofeducationandgender .Themainfindings,which hold well over time and acrossOECDcountries,areasfollows:

• Youngerpeople aremuchmore likelyto be Internet users (the highest ratesarefor those in the16-24agegroup) .OlderpeoplearemuchlesslikelytousetheInternet,withratesofusedroppingoffsharplyfortheoldestgroup(thoseover75);

• People with tertiary qualifications aremorelikelytobeInternetusers;and

• Of particular interest to policymakersaredifferencesinInternetusebygender .As Chart 5 shows, for most OECDcountries, males are slightly morelikelytobeInternetusersthanfemales(withafemaletomaleuserratiooflessthan100percent) .Thegendergaphasclosedsignificantlysince2000formostOECDcountries,withthegeneraltrendbeing towards increasing female-to-maleratiosamongInternetusers .30

Chart 5. Gender gap: ratio of female to male Internet users, OECD countries, 2000–200731

Source: OECD, data collection for 2007 Scoreboard publication.

47


2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Frequency of individual access to the Internet inthe last 3 months (from any location), at leastonce a day (HH13)

Internet activities undertaken by individuals inthe last 3 months, Internet banking (HH10)

Internet activities undertaken by individualsin the last 3 months, purchasing or ordering goods or services (HH10)

Proportion of individuals who used the Internet (from any location) in the last 12months (HH8)


89 . Regionaldataareshowninthetablesabove .They show a clear hierarchy regardingaccess to, and use of ICT, by region . Ingeneral, Africa has the lowest level ofhouseholdaccessandindividualuseofICT,and Europe and Northern America havethe highest . Among individual countries,some developing economies have a very

high level of access to mobile phones,computersand/ortheInternet .TheyincludetheRepublicofKorea,where94percentof households have Internet access, andHong Kong (SAR China), Singapore andTaiwan(China),whereover two thirdsofhouseholdshaveInternetaccess .

90 . Box2highlightsmeasurementinitiativesintheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregion .

Chart 6. Change in individual use of ICT for selected indicators, EU15, proportion of all individuals32

Source: Eurostat, 30 November 2007.

88 . Good time series data are available fromEurostatforanumberoftheindividualuseindicators . Chart 6 below shows selecteddata series covering the period for whichEurostathasbeencollectingICTusedata .The series show growth in Internet use,

with more frequent (daily) use growingmorequickly than totaluse .The selectedactivities,Internetbankingandpurchasingover the Internet, are also growingsteadily .

48


Notes1 TheIHSNisapartnershipof internationalorganizationsandhas18members, includingITU,Paris21,UNSD,

UNICEFandtheUNDP .Formoreinformationsee:www .surveynetwork .org .

2 ElectricityisnotanICTcommodity,butisanimportantprerequisiteforusingmanyICTs .Itisthereforeincludedinthecorelistasareferenceindicator .

3 Whilstdevelopedeconomiesscorewellonmostof thehousehold indicators, that isalmostentirelydue to theEuropeancountries,whichcollectthedataaspartofEurostat’scoordinateddatacollectionofICTaccessandusestatistics .

4 Eurostat,thestatisticalofficeoftheEuropeanCommunities,alsocollectsdatafromasmallnumberofnonEUcountries, includingNorway, Icelandandcandidatecountries .Data for thosecountriesarenot included inEUaggregates .

5 Annex 1 shows the economies which are included in each ‘level of development’ and ‘region’ category .TheclassificationisbasedontheUNStatisticalDivision’sStandard country or area codes for statistical use,seehttp://unstats .un .org/unsd/methods/m49/m49 .htm .Theclassificationwas revised inJanuary2008and isnowslightlydifferentfromtheversionusedtopresentdataforthispublication .ThedifferencesaredetailedinAnnex1 .

6 AnindicatorwasconsideredtobeavailableifITUorEurostatreceivedcompleteorpartialdataforit(includingzerovalues)fortheyear2002orlater .ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichITUdoesnotcollectdata .SeeAnnex1fordetails .

7 Thereare27countriesintheEuropeanUnionbuttwo(RomaniaandBulgaria)areclassifiedastransitioneconomiesforthepurposesofthispublication .TheaggregatechosenfordisplayisthereforeEU25,representingtheremaining25EUcountries .NotethatCyprusisincludedintheEU25aggregationbutisclassifiedinthispublicationasadevelopingeconomy .Itsdataarethereforealsoshownwiththoseofotherdevelopingeconomies .EU25dataarethelatestavailable(2006or2007,butmainlythelatter)andwereextractedfromEurostat’sdatabase,version30November2007 .ThescopeofEurostatdatapresentedinthispublicationisallhouseholdsandallindividualsaged16-74 .

8 DataforHH1(accesstoradio)arenotwidelyavailablefordevelopedeconomies .

9 Latest year available is generally2005or2006 (except forEuropeanUnion countries,where2007datahavebeenusedformostindicators) .SeeAnnex1fordetailsofdataavailability .Datafrom2002orearlierhavebeenexcluded,exceptforasmallnumberofcaseswhereolderdataindicateasaturationlevel(97%orhigherlevelofaccess) .Inthiscase,thefigurehasbeenincludedinthetableeventhoughitdatesfrom2002orearlier .IndicatorsaffectedareHH1,HH2,HH3andHR1 .

10 Someregionnameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace .FullnamescanbefoundinAnnex1 .

11 Someeconomynameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace .FullnamescanbefoundinAnnex1 .

12 CyprusisalsoincludedintheEU25aggregate .

13 RepublicofKorea .HomeInternetaccessincludesmobiletelephoneaccess .

14 Brazil .HouseholdswithInternetaccessathomebycomputer .

15 Multipleaccessservicesarepossible(forinstance,ifahouseholdhasbothdial-upandcablemodemaccess,theywouldreportboth) .

16 ‘Othermodesofaccess’includesbroadbandhouseholdswhodonotknowwhatkindofconnectiontheyhave .

17 ‘Othermodesofaccess’areinrespectofthosehouseholdswhoarenotsurewhatkindofconnectiontheyhave .The‘DSLandCablemodem’figureof53%referstobroadbandaccess .

18 ThenumberofcountriesincludedinEU15is14or15,exceptforInternetaccessintheyears2002to2004,where11-13countrieswereincludedintheaggregate .

19 Referenceperiodsforindividualuseindicatorsarethelast12months .However,somecountriesuseadifferentreferenceperiod,commonlythreemonths .EurostatdataoncomputerandInternetuse(HH6andHH8)referto12months,whiletheirdataonlocationofuse,activitiesandfrequencyrefertothelastthreemonths .

49


20 Theindicatorreferstousefromanylocationinthelast12months .Theagescopeofsurveysisvariable .Informationontheagerangeformostcountriescanbefoundinthefollowingtablesorasafootnotetothistable .

21 Taiwan,China .Individualsaged12+ .

22 Turkey .Individualsaged16+ .

23 Theindicatorreferstousefromanylocationinthelast12months .Theagescopeofsurveysisvariable .Informationontheagerangeformostcountriescanbefoundinthefollowingtablesorasafootnotetothistable .

24 Panama .Individualsaged15+ .

25 Notethatrespondentscouldreportuseatmultiplelocations .

26 Referstouseathome .

27 Notethatrespondentscouldreportmultipleactivities .

28 Fordealingwithgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities–theEurostatvariablereferstodownloadingofficialforms .

29 Communicationreferstosendingandreceivingemail .

30 Itispossiblethatdemographicdifferencesbetweenthegendersaccountforasmallpartofthe‘gendergap’ .Inparticular,inOECDcountries,therearemorewomenthanmeninolderagegroups,andolderpeoplearelesslikelytousetheInternet .

31 Thereareagescopedifferencesbetweencountries .However,thescopeisusuallythesameforagivencountryfordifferentyears .TheexceptionisAustraliawheretheagescopehaschangedslightlybetweenyears .

32 ThenumberofcountriesincludedinEU15rangesfrom11to15,withgenerallylowernumbersofcountriesintheearlieryears .

51

Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses

91 . Thedatapresentedinthischapterarebasedon the core indicatorsonbusinessuseofICT .These are shown inTable 14 belowand are defined inAnnex 4 . Statistics onbusinessuseof ICTareusuallycollectedvia a dedicated (stand-alone) businessICT survey or through a module of ICTquestions in another business survey .Most OECD and European Unioncountries have been collecting businessICT use statistics for a number of yearsand most have dedicated surveys thatare conducted annually . They adapt themodelquestionnairesrecommendedbytheOECD and Eurostat, though it should benoted that these do not include questionscoveringallthecoreindicatorsonbusinessuse of ICT . Other economies are startingto collect business ICT use indicators,using the core indicators methodological

recommendations (Partnership, 2005c)and/or those of the OECD (2007a) andEurostat(2006and2007a) .

92 . This chapter includes data from thecollections of Eurostat and UNCTAD .Eurostat collects ICT use data fromits member states annually . It providesguidanceintheformofamodelsurveyandproduces data that are very comparable .UNCTAD collects business use of ICTstatistics from its member countries onan annual basis . It sends a questionnairebasedonthecoreICTbusinessindicators(covering the use of ICT by businessesand the ICT sector) to NSOs worldwide(except those inEurostatmember states) .For developing economies, in particular,UNCTAD provides a framework for datacollection .1


1. Introduction

52


Table 14. Core indicators on business use of ICT


B1 Proportionofbusinessesusingcomputers

B2 Proportionofemployeesusingcomputers

B3 ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternet

B4 ProportionofemployeesusingtheInternet

B5 Proportionofbusinesseswithawebpresence

B6 Proportionofbusinesseswithanintranet

B7 ProportionofbusinessesreceivingordersovertheInternet

B8 ProportionofbusinessesplacingordersovertheInternet


B9 ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetbytypeofaccess Narrowbandaccess Broadbandaccess SeeAnnex4fordetailedcategories .

B10 Proportionofbusinesseswithalocalareanetwork(LAN)

B11 Proportionofbusinesseswithanextranet

B12 ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetbytypeofactivity2

Sendingorreceivingemail Gettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices Gettinginformationfromgovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesviawebsitesoremail PerformingInternetbankingoraccessingotherfinancialservices Interactingwithgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities Providingcustomerservices Deliveringproductsonline Otherinformationsearchesorresearchactivities


53


93 . Table15showstheavailabilityofthecorebusinessuseindicators .ApartfromOECDand European Union countries, data onuse of ICT by businesses are not widelyavailable .Nodataareavailablefortheleastdevelopedeconomies .

94 . The European Union provides the mostcomparableregionaldatasetonthistopic,with a standardized survey across EUcountries .3 The wider membership of

the OECD has a reasonably comparableset of statistics, though there are somedifferencesinscope(industryandbusinesssize) and data collected . So far, fewdeveloping economies collect businessICTusestatistics,buttheyareincreasinglyusing the core list of indicators and thestandards set by the Partnership . Recentmeasurement initiatives by economies ofthe Latin America and Caribbean regionaredescribedinBox3below .



use of ICT by businesses5

Indicator Developed Transition Developing Least Totalnumber economies economies economies developed ofeconomies economies witheach Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator indicator

B1 61% 37% 17% 0% 56B2 57% 26% 8% 0% 42B3 65% 42% 18% 0% 61B4 57% 26% 9% 0% 43B5 65% 47% 16% 0% 60B6 59% 21% 12% 0% 47B7 65% 26% 13% 0% 53B8 65% 26% 13% 0% 53B9 63% 21% 14% 0% 52B10 55% 42% 10% 0% 47B11 61% 21% 8% 0% 43B12 61% 32% 14% 0% 53


Source: UNCTAD and Eurostat (see Annex 1 for more detail).

54


Box 3. Measurement initiatives in the Latin America and the Caribbean region

Inthelastthreeyears,nineoftheregion’scountrieshaveincorporated at least one core ICT indicator in theirbusinesssurveys .MorethanhalfoftheninecountriescollectallthecoreindicatordataforbusinessICTuseand the questions asked are reasonably comparable .However, differences in survey vehicles and scopebetween countries mean that there are comparability

issuesinrespectofsurveyoutput .ThetypesofsurveysgenerallyusedasvehiclesforICTusedataareregularsurveysofmanufacturing,commercialorservicefirms;innovation and R&D surveys; or stand-alone ICTsurveys . Many of the countries collect ICT use dataannually,thoughotherscollectthemlessfrequentlyorhaveonlycollectedthemasaone-offexercise .

Source: Olaya (2007).

55


3.1 Business ICT use statistics

95 . Table16showsavailabledataforthecoreindicators without sub-categories . TheotherindicatorsareshowninTable17andChart8belowandrefertoInternetactivitiesundertakenandthemeansofaccessingtheInternet,respectively .6

96 . For the European Union countriescomprising ‘EU25’,7 data are shown asa single aggregate . Other countries areshownindividually .

97 . The data show a similar pattern as forhouseholds, that is, that businesses indeveloped economies are more likely tohave a high level of ICT use . For mosteconomies, the proportion of employeesusing a computer or the Internet isconsiderably smaller than the proportionof businesses that use a computer orthe Internet . This indicates that withinbusinesseswithICT,widespreaduseofICTbyemployeeshasnotbeenachievedbyanyeconomies .The situation ismoremarkedfortransitionanddevelopingeconomies .8


56


Tabl

e 16

. Sel

ecte

d co

re in

dica

tors

on

use

of IC

T by

bus

ines

ses,

9 late

st y

ear a

vaila

ble10

Lev

elo

f

Eco

nom

y12

Pro

port

ion

ofb

usin

eses

P

ropo

rtio

nof

P

ropo

rtio

nof

bus

ines

ses

deve

lopm

ent

empl

oyee

sus

ing

the

Inte

rnet

and

regi

on11

U

sing

U

sing

the

Wit

han

W

ith

aW

ith

an

Usi

ng

Usi

ngth

eW

ith

aw

eb

Rec

eivi

ng

Pla

cing

co

mpu

ters

In

tern

et

intr

anet

L

AN

ex

tran

et

com

pute

rs

Inte

rnet

pr

esen

ce

orde

rsv

ia

orde

rsv

ia

(B1)

(B

3)

(B6)

(B

10)

(B11

)(B

2)

(B4)

(B

5)

Inte

rnet

In

tern

et

(B7)

(B

8)D

evel

oped

eco

nom

ies

Asi

aJa

pan13

98%

90

%

40%

60

%

86%

16

%

21%

Eur

ope

Fr

ance

7 99

%

94%

40

%

22

%

63%

34

%

65%

16

%

26%

Eur

ope

Ic

elan

d99

%

97%

36

%

50%

30

%

58%

46

%

72%

7%

13

%E

urop

e

Nor

way

97

%

94%

34

%

16

%

59%

50

%

76%

25

%

66%

Eur

ope

S

wit

zerl

and

99%

98

%

61%

80

%

33%

57

%

48%

92

%

23%

58

%E

urop

e

EU

257

96%

93

%

35%

70

%

15%

49

%

37%

69

%

15%

42

%N

.Am

eric

a

Ber

mud

a80

%

71%

34

%

62%

37

%

56%

14

%

41%

N .A

mer

ica

C

anad

a

95%

17

%

71%

13

%

65%

Oce

ania

A

ustr

alia

96

%

87%

52%

21

%

55%

Oce

ania

N

ewZ

eala

nd

96%

95

%

22%

62

%

8%

63%

37

%

60%

Tra

nsit

ion

econ

omie

s

Asi

a

Aze

rbai

jan

38%

9%

11%

9%

2%

33%

Eur

ope

B

elar

us

84%

38

%

41

%

27

%

E

urop

e

Bul

gari

a90

%

75%

35

%

53%

4%

21

%

15%

44

%

5%

8%E

urop

e

Rom

ania

77

%

58%

23

%

45%

19

%

22%

16

%

41%

4%

11

%E

urop

e

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

91%

53

%

52

%

30

%

12%

28

%

24%

31

%

Dev

elop

ing

econ

omie

s

Afr

ica

E

gypt

10

0%

53%

34

%

79%

2%

18

%

10%

71

%

35%

21

%A

fric

a

Mau

riti

us

94%

87

%

37%

46

%

33%

35

%A

sia

C

hina

47%

16%

24%

12

%

10%

Asi

a

Cyp

rus14

95

%

86%

21

%

7%

43

%

31%

50

%

6%

21%

Asi

a

Hon

gK

ong

SA

RC

hina

88

%

83%

29

%

61%

10

%

58%

46

%

52%

3%

22

%A

sia

M

acao

SA

RC

hina

76

%

53%

26%

16

%

21%

Asi

a

Qat

ar

84%

68

%

38%

99

%

51%

41

%A

sia

R

epub

lic

ofK

orea

97

%

96%

37

%

67%

59%

8%

34

%A

sia

S

inga

pore

93

%

91%

74

%

74%

36

%

75%

15

%

34%

Asi

a

Tha

ilan

d15

88%

70

%

51

%

11%

14

%A

sia

Tu

rkey

88

%

80%

39

%

65%

8%

41

%

34%

60

%

L

AC

A

rgen

tina

16

100%

96

%

47%

82

%

21%

40

%

25%

74

%

46%

45

%L

AC

B

razi

l99

%

94%

39

%

95%

22

%

48%

37

%

50%

50

%

52%

LA

C

Chi

le

60%

49

%

13

%

3%

39%

4%

7%

LA

C

Cub

a95

%

71%

34

%

59%

30

%

24%

1%

4%

LA

C

Pana

ma

90%

80

%

28%

53

%

14%

32

%

20%

39%

44

%

Sour

ce: U

NC

TAD

and

Eur

osta

t (7

Dec

embe

r 200

7).

57


98 . Table 17 below provides information onthefunctionsforwhichbusinessesusetheInternet . Unfortunately, the activities arenot very comparable between countries .17However, somebroadconclusions canbedrawn .

99 . Not surprisingly, use of the Internet foremail and for finding information isgenerally high among Internet business

users,irrespectiveoftheircountry .UseoftheInternetforprovidingcustomerservicesanddeliveringproductsonlineisgenerallyless common . The transaction-basedactivitiesofbankingand transactingwithgovernment are generally higher amongInternet users in developed economies,although there are some developingeconomies that also have a high level oftheseactivities .

58


Tabl

e 17

. Bus

ines

ses9 u

sing

the

Inte

rnet

by

type

of a

ctiv

ity, p

ropo

rtio

n of

Inte

rnet

use

rs, l

ates

t yea

r ava

ilabl

e10

Lev

elo

f

Eco

nom

y12

Sen

ding

or

G

etti

ng

Get

ting

O

ther

In

tern

et

Tra

nsac

ting

P

rovi

ding

D

eliv

erin

gO

ther

deve

lopm

ent

re

ceiv

ing

in

form

atio

nin

form

atio

nin

form

atio

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59


100 . As is the case for household indicators,few time series of business ICT use dataexist .ThebestexamplesarefortheEU15countries and selected series are shown

in Chart 7 below . It shows that use ofcomputers, the Internet, LANs, extranetsand intranets, and a web presence arelevelingoff .

Chart 7. Change in business use of the Internet for selected indicators, EU15, proportion of all businesses with 10 or more employees23

Source: Eurostat, 7 December 2007.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0%

Proportion of businesses using computers (B1)

Proportion of businesses using the Internet (B3)

Proportion of businesses with a local area network(LAN) (B10)

Proportion of businesses with an extranet (B11)

Proportion of businesses with an intranet (B6)

Proportion of businesses with a web presence (B5)

101 . Chart 8 shows that EU15 businesses,like households, are increasingly usingbroadband to access the Internet, with a

big drop in access by dial-up (analoguemodem)andISDNovertheperiod2003to2007 .

60


102 . Some good time series data are availablefor other countries, especially those thatare members of the OECD (for instance,Australia(ABS,2007);Canada(Statistics

Chart 8. Change in how businesses access the Internet, EU15, proportion of Internet users24

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

0%

Proportion of businesses using the Internet by type of access, analogue modem (B9)

Proportion of businesses using the Internet by type of access, broadband (B9)

Proportion of businesses using the Internet bytype of access, ISDN (B9)

Source: Eurostat, 7 December 2007.

Canada, 2007) and Japan (MIC, 2006)) .Asmallnumberofdevelopingeconomiesalso have several years’ worth of data,includingThailand(seeChart9below) .

61



103 . The only region that is well representedin business ICT use statistics is Europe .Historically, this is because EuropeancountrieswerequicktoinfluenceandadoptOECD recommendations on measuringuse of ICT by businesses . In addition,Eurostat member states are obliged toproduce ICT use statistics annually perframework regulation 808/2004 .25 Thisensures harmonised data for EU memberstates and will accelerate the productionofICTusestatisticsbyotherparticipatingcountries .

104 . OtherregionsoutsideEurope,andexcludingOECD member countries, have started toproducebusinessICTusestatisticsonlyfairlyrecently .AtanUNCTADexpertmeetingonmeasuringe-commerceinSeptember2003,themethodologiesdevelopedbyWPIISwerefirst presented to a number of developingeconomyparticipants .At that time,hardlyany developing economy was collectingbusinessICTusestatistics .Duringthepastfiveyears,thisnumberhasincreasedtoover20 developing and transition economies .Giventheslowpaceimplicit inthedesignandproductionofstatisticsgenerally,thisisanimpressivedevelopmentandisexpectedto continue during the next few years .Most progress is being made in the LatinAmerican and Caribbean region, stronglysupportedbyUNECLAC(seeBox3) .

Chart 9. Internet use and web presence of Thai businesses, with 10 or more employees

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

2004 2005 2006

Proportion of businesses with access to Internet Proportion of businesses with web presence

Source: UNCTAD.

Notes1 TheframeworkincludesthepublicationManual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy .The

ManualincludesamodelquestionnaireonbusinessuseofICTplusotherreferencematerial .

62


2 Some categories have been slightly reworded, consistent with the UNCTAD Manual (UNCTAD, 2007a) .Thechangesareminorandnochangestotimeseriesdataareexpected .

3 Eurostat,thestatisticalofficeoftheEuropeanCommunitiesalsocollectsdatafromasmallnumberofnonEUcountries, includingNorway, Icelandandcandidatecountries .Data for thosecountriesarenot included inEUaggregates .


5 An indicator was considered to be available if UNCTAD or Eurostat received complete or partial data for it(includingzerovalues)fortheyear2002orlater .ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichUNCTADdoesnotcollectdata .SeeAnnex1fordetails .

6 ThemeansofaccessingtheInternetreferstothetypeofInternetaccessserviceused(ISDN,DSLetc) .Whilequitealargenumberofcountriescollectthisinformation,thedefinitionsofresponsecategoriesarevariable(possiblyreflectingthetechnicalcomplexityoftheresponseitems) .Thereforeatableofdatahasnotbeenincludedinthispublication .However,Eurostat timeseriesdatashowingthechangeinanaloguemodem,ISDNandbroadbandservicesovertimehavebeenincluded(Chart8) .

7 Thereare27countriesintheEuropeanUnionbuttwo(RomaniaandBulgaria)areclassifiedastransitioneconomies(for the purposes of this publication) .The aggregate chosen for display here is therefore EU25, representingthe remaining25EUcountries .Note thatCyprus is included in theEU25aggregationbut isclassified in thispublicationasadevelopingeconomy .DataforCyprusarethereforealsoshownwiththoseofotherdevelopingeconomies .France isnot included in theEU25aggregate so itsdataare shownseparately .EU25dataare theaggregatesfor2006andwereextractedfromEurostat’sdatabase,version7December2007 .ThescopeofEurostatEU25datapresentedhereisall(inscope)industriesexcludingthefinancialsector(NACED,F,G,H,I,K,O)andbusinesseswith10ormoreemployees .

8 IndicatorsB2andB4areaffectedbyindustrialcomposition .Forinstance,aneconomywithahighproportionofmanufacturingbusinessesislikelytohavealowerlevelofemployeeICTuse .

9 Generallybusinesseswith10ormoreemployees .Exceptions,whereknown,areshowninendnotes .

10 Latest year availableisgenerally2005or2006 .Whiledatafor2007areavailableformanyEUcountries,2006datahavebeenusedforEU25becausethe2006aggregatesincludemoreEUcountriesthanthe2007aggregates .Datafrom2002orearlierhavebeenexcluded .SeeAnnex1fordetailsofdataavailability .

11 Someregionnameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace .FullnamescanbefoundinAnnex1 .


13 Datarefertoenterpriseswith100ormoreemployees .

14 CyprusisalsoincludedintheEU25aggregate .

15 Datarefertoenterpriseswith16ormoreemployees .

16 Datareferonlytothemanufacturingsector .

17 Informationonthecategoriesforwhichcountriescollectdataisnotwidelyavailable,thereforeitispossiblethatcomparabilityisworsethanindicatedbythenotes .

18 Providing customer services refers to the proportion of Internet users which use a website to do at least oneof:marketing,facilitatingaccesstocataloguesandpricelists,orprovidingaftersalessupport .TransactingwithpublicauthoritiesreferstobusinessesusingtheInternettoobtainformsfromgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities .Deliveringproductson line refers to Internetuserswhichhaveawebsite facility todeliverdigitalproducts(2005data) .

19 EnterprisesusingtheInternetfordeliveringproductsonlinerefertoenterprisesdeliveringdigitisedproducts(viawebsiteorotherInternet) .

20 EnterprisesusingtheInternetforprovidingcustomerservicesincludesdeliveryofproductsonlineandothertypesofactivity .

63


21 Enterprises using the Internet for banking or accessing other financial services includes enterprises using theInternettopayforsupplyproducts(procurement) .

22 EnterprisesusingtheInternetforgettinginformationfromGovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesincludetransactionswithgovernmentauthorities .EnterprisesusingtheInternetforothertypesofactivityincludeon-linepurchase/orderingandsalesofgoods,servicesorinformation,softwaredownloadandmiscelaneousactivities .

23 ThenumberofcountriesincludedinEU15isfewerfor2007(between10and12countries);somecomponentcountrieshaveanarrowerindustryscopefor2003and/or2004 .

24 ThenumberofcountriesincludedinEU15isfewerfor2007(12countries);somecomponentcountrieshaveanarrowerindustryscopefor2003and/or2004 .

25 TheregulationensuresharmoniseddataforEUmemberstatesandotherparticipatingEEAcountriesuntil2010 .

65

Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods

105 . The data presented in this chapter arebased on the core ICT indicators for theICT-producingsector(hereafterreferredtoas the ICTsector)and international tradeinICTgoods .TheindicatorsareshowninTable18belowandaredefined inAnnex5 .

106 . Statistics on the ICT sector are usuallycompiled from the output of sectoralsurveys that collect employment,income and expense data for nationalaccounts purposes .While some countriesspecificallysurveytheICTsector,mostuseavailableindustrystatistics .ParticularICTcharacteristics of these statistics includethe definition of the ICT sector (see Box4 below) and definitions of the variablesusedinthecoreindicators .

107 . The ICT sector definition used in thispublicationdates from2002and isbasedon ISIC Revision 3 .1 . A more recentversion,basedonISICRev .4wasreleasedby the OECD in 2007 but given that itwill be some time before most countriesadopt ISIC Rev . 4, the 2002 version islikely to be in use for some years . Moreinformation on the 2007 version may be

found inAnnex 1b of OECD’s Guide to Measuring the Information Society(2007a)andUNCTAD’sManual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy(2007a) .

108 . OECD and Eurostat compile ICT sectordata based on the collections of theirmember countries . UNCTAD collectsICT sector core indicator data from itsmember countries . It sends an annualquestionnaire, based on the core ICTbusinessindicators(coveringtheuseofICTbybusinessesandtheICTsector),toNSOsworldwide, except those countries whoare members of the European StatisticalSystem . The United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization (UNIDO)compilesmanufacturingindustrystatistics(including those relevant to the ICTmanufacturingindustries)foranumberofcountries .1

109 . ThecoreindicatorsontradeinICTgoodsuse administrative trade data collectedby individual countries for customspurposes .Thedataareultimatelybroughttogether by the United Nations StatisticsDivision (UNSD) in the United Nations


1. Introduction

66


Commodity Trade Statistics Database(UN COMTRADE) (UNSD, 2007a) .Particular ICT characteristics of theseindicators include the definition of ICTgoods, and sources and concepts relatingtointernationaltradestatistics .

110 . The definition of ICT goods associatedwiththecoreindicatorsontrade(ICT3and

ICT4) is that agreed by OECD membercountries in 2003 . It is based on theHarmonizedSystemclassificationsof2002and1996,andcanbefoundatAnnex6 .ItshouldbenotedthattheOECDiscurrentlydeveloping an ICT goods classificationbasedontheCentralProductClassificationVersion2 .

Table 18. Core indicators for the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods

ICT1 ProportionoftotalbusinesssectorworkforceinvolvedintheICTsector(usuallyexpressedasapercentage)

ICT2 ValueaddedintheICTsector(asapercentageoftotalbusinesssectorvalueadded) .(SeeTable19belowforthevaluationofvalueadded .)

ICT3 ICTgoodsimportsasapercentageoftotalimports

ICT4 ICTgoodsexportsasapercentageoftotalexports


Box 4. The 2002 OECD ICT sector definition (based on ISIC Rev. 3.1)

ICT Manufacturing

-3000 Manufactureofoffice,accountingandcomputingmachinery

-3130 Manufactureofinsulatedwireandcable*

-3210 Manufactureofelectronicvalvesandtubesandotherelectroniccomponents

-3220 Manufactureoftelevisionandradiotransmittersandapparatusforlinetelephonyandlinetelegraphy

-3230 Manufacture of television and radio receivers, sound or video recording or reproducingapparatus,andassociatedgoods

-3312 Manufactureofinstrumentsandappliancesformeasuring,checking,testing,navigatingandotherpurposes,exceptindustrialprocesscontrolequipment*

-3313 Manufactureofindustrialprocesscontrolequipment*

ICT Services

-5151 Wholesaleofcomputers,computerperipheralequipmentandsoftware

-5152 Wholesaleofelectronicandtelecommunicationspartsandequipment

-6420 Telecommunications

-7123 Rentingofofficemachineryandequipment(includingcomputers)

-72 Computerandrelatedactivities

* Note that the activity of these classes is excluded from the OECD’s 2007 definition of the ICT sector.Source: Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2007 (OECD, 2007a).

67


111 . The concept, ‘value added’, is used inthe indicator, ICT2,and isdefinedby theSNA1993as“thevalueofoutputlessthevalueofintermediateconsumption;itisameasureofthecontributiontoGDPmadeby an individual producer, industry orsector;grossvalueaddedisthesourcefromwhichtheprimaryincomesoftheSNAaregeneratedandisthereforecarriedforward

into the primary distribution of incomeaccount .” (UNSD website) . Note that theconceptdefinedhereandused inICT2is‘gross value added’; ‘net value added’ isgrossvalueaddedlesstheconsumptionoffixedcapital .ValueaddedcanbecalculatedinvariouswaysasshowninTable19below .Mostcountriesappeartousevalueaddedatfactorcosts .

Table 19. Valuation of value added

Valueaddedatfactorcosts

+othertaxes,lesssubsidies,onproduction(1)

=Valueaddedatbasicprices

+taxeslesssubsidies,onproducts(2)(notincludingimportsandVAT)

=Valueaddedatproducers’prices

+taxes,lesssubsidies,onimports

+Tradeandtransportcosts

+Non-deductibleVAT(valueaddedtax)

=Valueaddedatmarketprices(3)

(1) . These consist mostly of current taxes (andsubsidies)onthelabourorcapitalemployed,suchas payroll taxes or current taxes on vehicles andbuildings .

(2) .Theseconsistoftaxes(andsubsidies)payableperunitofsomegoodorserviceproduced,suchasturnovertaxesandexciseduties .

(3) . Market prices are those that purchasers payfor the goods and services they acquire or use,excluding deductible VAT . The term is usuallyused in the context of aggregates such as GDP,whereas purchaser prices refer to the individualtransactions .

Source: Core ICT Indicators (Partnership, 2005c), based on concepts outlined in both the 1968 and 1993 versions of the System of National Accounts (SNA68 and SNA93).

68


2.1 The ICT sector

112 . Table 20 below summarizes the globalmeasurement status for ICT sectorindicators by level of development .The table shows that the availability ofindicators, ICT1 and ICT2, ranges fromreasonablefordevelopedeconomies(abouttwothirdsproduceICTsectordata)toverypoor for the least developed economies(withnoeconomiesknowntoproduceICTsectordata) .

113 . Compounding lack of data in this area,there are several issues concerning datacomparability between countries . This ismostmarkedforthedefinitionoftheICTsectorusedbydifferenteconomiesbutalsoaffectsthedefinitionofthebusinesssector,andthecurrencyofavailabledata .

114 . ThemostlikelyexplanationforboththelackofICTsectordataandpoorcomparabilitybetween countries is that the ICT sectorincludesseveral4digit levelISICclassesand many countries only collect industrydataatthetwodigitlevelofdetail .

115 . Regarding the ICT sector definition, themajor scopedifferencebetweencountriesisthatUNIDOdatareferonlytoICTandtotal manufacturing, whereas data fromUNCTAD refer to the whole ICT sector .Apartfromthat,theICTsectorisdefinedindifferentwaysby countries,withmostbeingbroaderthanthedefinitionspecifiedforthecoreindicators(manycountriescanonlyprovideapproximatedatafortheICT

sector, often using broader level industrydata instead of the narrower detail of theICT sector definition) . Even amongstEuropean countries, there are significantdifferences in industry data available tocompile statistics for the ICT sector .Theendnotes toTable 22 below use availablemetadata to describe these limitations .However,forsomecountries,themetadataarelimited,sodonotsufficientlydescribethestatisticsusedforthecoreindicators .

116 . Differences in the scope of the businesssectorincludewhetherthefinancialsectoris included or excluded (it is includedby most but not all European countries) .Otherdifferencesnodoubtexistbutarenotgenerallywelldescribedbycountries .

117 . Inaddition,muchofthedataarerelativelydated, with quite a large number ofeconomies only having data available for2003 or earlier and only a small numberhaving data for 2006 . Data from 2002or earlier have not been included in thispublication .

118 . It is not known to what extent thesedifferences affect data comparisons,although some conclusions are obvious,forinstance:

• Thatcountrieswillhavehighervaluesof the indicators if the scope of theirICT sector is broader than the OECDstandard (for instance, it includesbroader manufacturing or wholesalingindustriescategories);


69


• ThatcountrieswillhavehighervaluesoftheindicatorsiftheirICTandbusinesssector scope is restricted to morestrongly performing industries (forinstance,arestrictiontomanufacturingfor economies that have strongmanufacturingindustries);and

• Thatanarrower scopeof thebusinesssector(e .g .theexclusionofthefinancialsector by some European countries)will increase the value of ICT sectorindicators(andviceversa) .

119 . ItishopedthatthesituationwithregardtoICT sector measurement will improve inthe future . In particular, the introductionof the 2007 definition of the ICT sector

(basedonISICRev .4)wouldsimplifytheICTdefinitionbynarrowingit(seethenoteinBox4) .Itmayalsoprovideanimpetusfor countries to re-develop their industrysurveys and to introduce more detail inrespectoftheICTsector .

120 . It would be useful to review the ICTsectorcoreindicatorsand,inparticular,toconsiderwhetherthetotalbusinesssectorshouldbere-specifiedtobetterreflectdataavailability .

121 . Initiatives by UNESCWA to enhancethe availability of ICT sector data in theWestern Asia and the Arab region aredescribedinBox5 .

Box 5. Measurement initiatives in the Western Asia and the Arab region

Whileeconomiesoftheregionareactiveinsomeareasof ICT measurement (for example, ICT expenditureand exports of ICT services), there is a need toincreaseefforts indevelopingandmeasuring the ICTsector, in order to attain regional development goals .UNESCWAplanstoaddressthemeasurementgapby

initiatingregionalsurveysforthecollectionofdataonbasic indicators related to ICTsectordevelopment . Itwill also provide technical assistance to national ICTstatisticsunitswith respect to sectoraldatacollectionandanalysis .Theseactivitiesareexpectedtocommenceduring2008–2009 .


ICT sector3

Indicator Developed Transition Developing Leastdeveloped Totalnumber economies economies economies economies ofeconomies witheach Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator indicator

ICT1 67% 37% 15% 0% 58

ICT2 65% 16% 10% 0% 47


Source: UNCTAD and UNIDO (see Annex 1 for more detail).

70


2.2 Trade in ICT goods

122 . Table 21 summarizes the globalmeasurementstatusfortradeinICTgoodsindicators by level of development . Data

are widely available from country tradestatistics,whicharecollectedbytheUNSDand published in their UN COMTRADEdatabase .


trade in ICT goods4

Indicator Developed Transition Developing Leastdeveloped Totalnumber economies economies economies economies ofeconomies witheach Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator indicator

ICT3 73% 79% 71% 66% 169

ICT4 73% 79% 68% 62% 164


Source: UN COMTRADE database (see Annex 1 for more detail).

71


3.1 The ICT sector

123 . Table 22 presents data on the ICT sectorfor individual economies .The limitationsondatacomparabilityarediscussedaboveand are detailed in the endnotes to thechapter .

124 . Notwithstanding the significantcomparability limitations that exist, twobroadobservationsmaybemade:

• ThevalueofICT1(proportionoftotalbusiness sector workforce involved intheICTsector)isalmostinvariablyless

thanthevalueofICT2(valueaddedintheICTsectorasapercentageoftotalbusinesssectorvalueadded),indicatingthat, compared with other industries,the ICT sector produces a relativelyhighlevelofoutputforthelabourinputrequired;and

• TheICTsectorisstrongforanumberofdeveloped and developing economies,but not as strong for the transitioneconomies (with the exception ofRomania) . It is not possible to bemore specific given the comparabilitylimitationsdescribedabove .


Table 22. ICT sector core indicators, latest year available5

Levelof Region2 Economy6 ICT1 .Proportionof ICT2 .Valueaddeddevelopment2 totalbusinesssector intheICTsector workforceinvolved (asapercentageof intheICTsector totalbusiness sectorvalueadded)

Developed Asia Japan 7% 12%Developed Europe Austria7 6% 9%Developed Europe Belgium7 7% 11%Developed Europe Croatia8 3%Developed Europe CzechRepublic7 4% 9%Developed Europe Denmark7 7% 8%Developed Europe Finland7 10% 15%Developed Europe France7 7% 11%Developed Europe Germany7 5% 9%Developed Europe Iceland 6% 7%Developed Europe Ireland7 5% 6%Developed Europe Italy7 5% 9%Developed Europe Latvia9 3% 9%Developed Europe Lithuania10 4% 9%Developed Europe Luxembourg11 4% 9%

72


Levelof Region2 Economy6 ICT1 .Proportionof ICT2 .Valueaddeddevelopment2 totalbusinesssector intheICTsector workforceinvolved (asapercentageof intheICTsector totalbusiness sectorvalueadded)

Developed Europe Netherlands7 6% 7%Developed Europe Norway12 5% 12%Developed Europe Poland13 2% 3%Developed Europe Portugal7 3% 4%Developed Europe Slovakia13 6% 10%Developed Europe Slovenia14 3% 5%Developed Europe Spain7 4% 8%Developed Europe Sweden13 8% 12%Developed Europe UnitedKingdom13 7% 12%Developed NorthernAmerica Bermuda 3% 4%Developed NorthernAmerica Canada15 4% 4%Developed NorthernAmerica UnitedStates16 5% 9%Developed Oceania Australia17 5% 10%Developed Oceania NewZealand 3% 7%Transition Asia Azerbaijan18 3%Transition Asia Kyrgyzstan19 2%Transition Europe Bulgaria20 1% 2%Transition Europe Romania21 3% 10%Transition Europe RussianFederation 4% 5%Transition Europe Ukraine22 3%Developing Africa Egypt 6%Developing Africa Mauritius23 4% 7%Developing Africa Morocco24 1% 2%Developing Africa SouthAfrica22 2%Developing Asia Cyprus14 3% 8%Developing Asia HongKong SARChina25 4% 5%Developing Asia India26 2% 4%Developing Asia Indonesia27 3% 5%Developing Asia Iran,Islamic Republicof28 3% 2%Developing Asia Malaysia 6%Developing Asia RepublicofKorea29 11% 20%Developing Asia Singapore22 27% 33%Developing Asia Thailand 3%Developing LatinAmericaand theCaribbean Brazil30 2%Developing LatinAmericaand theCaribbean Chile 1% 3%Developing LatinAmericaand theCaribbean Cuba 3% 5%Developing LatinAmericaand theCaribbean Panama31 3%

Source: UNCTAD, UNIDO and OECD (which provided estimates for the United States).

73


3.2 Trade in ICT goods

125 . Table 23 below presents 2006 data ontrade in ICT goods, aggregated by levelof development and region . In 2006,developing economies had the highestvalue of ICT3 (ICT goods imports as apercentageoftotalimports),at22percent .Whilst developed economies had a lowerproportion(12percent),theirtotalvalueofICTgoodsimportswasthehighestat949USDbillion . Least developed economieshadthelowestvalueofICT3(3percent) .

126 . Developingeconomieshadamuchhigherproportion of ICT goods exports to totalexports (ICT4) than countries at otherlevels of development (23 per cent) .In addition, the absolute value of ICTgoodsexportswashighestfordeveloping

economies, at 942 USDbillion . The highvalues for developing economies reflectthedominationofseveralAsianeconomiesin ICT goods exporting, namely China,Hong Kong (SAR China), Malaysia andSingapore, which together contributedtwothirds(67percent)oftotalICTgoodsexportsfordevelopingeconomies .

127 . Although it is not a core indicator, theratio ‘Value of ICT goods exports as apercentageofvalueofICTgoodsimports’shows the ICT goods balance of trade .The ratio shows that Asian developingeconomiesarenetexporters(125percent)andthatdevelopedeconomiesaremarginalnetimporters(84percent) .Transitionandleast developed economies have a largebalanceof tradedeficit for ICTgoods(at14and5percentrespectively) .

Table 23. ICT trade core indicators,32 2006

Levelofdevelopmentandregion2 ICT3 .ICTgoods ICT4 .ICTgoods ICTgoodsexports importsasa exportsasa asapercentage percentageoftotal percentageof ofICTgoods imports totalexports imports

Developed economies 12% 11% 84%

Asia33 14% 19% 158%Europe 11% 10% 89%NorthernAmerica 14% 13% 59%Oceania 12% 2% 14%

Transition economies 6% 1% 14%

Asia 5% 0 .1% 2%Europe 7% 1% 15%

Developing economies 22% 23% 117%

Africa 6% 1% 18%Asia 24% 27% 125%LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean 14% 9% 68%Oceania 4% 0 .1% 3%

Least developed economies 3% 0 .2% 5%

Africa 5% 0 .4% 5%Asia 1% na 3%LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean33 na na naOceania na na na

Total world 15% 15% 98%

Source: UN COMTRADE database, February 2008.

74


128 . Charts 10 and11present a ten-year timeseriesofICTtradedatafromtheyear1997to 2006 . Chart 10 reveals a significantrise over the period in the value of ICTimportsforalllevelsofdevelopment .Therisewasnot steady, being interrupted forashorttimeafter2000 .Whiletherisefortransition and least developed economieswasalsoveryhigh,the2006valuesarestilllowrelativetootherlevels .

129 . Chart 11 shows that the increase in thevalue of ICT exports has risen veryquickly since 2001 . In terms of value,the developing economies overtook the

developedeconomiesin2004 .AswithICTimports,theyear2000wasapeakyearandvalues dropped in the following year forall levels of development except for thetransitioneconomies,wherethevalueroseslightly .

130 . Among developing economies, Chinaaccounted for nearly half (44 per cent)of the change in the value of ICT goodsexports over the period, 1997 to 2006 .China also dominated the growth in ICTexportsglobally,accountingforjustunderathird(30percent)oftotalgrowthinvaluebetween1997and2006 .

Chart 10. ICT goods imports, 1997 to 2006


0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

700 000

800 000

900 000

1 000 000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

USDm

illio

n

Developed economies




75



3.3.1 The ICT sector

131 . As discussed earlier in this chapter, ICTsector data have various limitations interms of international comparability .Nevertheless, data in Table 22 do notshowparticularregionalpatterns .Instead,individual countries in Asia and Europehave relatively high values of the coreindicators,withsmallvaluesmoreevenlyspread .Ofparticularnote,withhighvalues,are Finland in Europe and the Republicof Korea and Singapore in Asia . Manycountrieswithsmallvaluesof ICT1have

relativelyhighvaluesforICT2,indicatingthat their ICTindustriesaremore labour-intensive than those of other countries .Plans for measuring the ICT sector intheWesternAsiaand theArabregionaredescribedinBox5 .

3.3.2 Trade in ICT goods

132 . Table23presentsregionaldataontradeinICTgoods .ThedevelopingeconomiesofAsia had the highest levels of both ICT3andICT4(24and27percentrespectively) .Values for Africa and the developingeconomies of Oceania were low for bothindicators,butparticularlyforICT4 .

Chart 11. ICT goods exports, 1997 to 2006


0

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Notes1 UNIDO’sINDSTAT4(2007)databasecontainstimeseriesdatafor113countries .Datafromnon-OECDcountries

arecollectedfromNSOsbyUNIDO(anddatafromOECDmembercountriesarecollectedbyOECDandprovidedtoUNIDO) .AlldataaresupplementedbyestimatesgeneratedbyUNIDO(UNIDO,2007) .


3 An indicator was considered to be available if UNCTAD or UNIDO received complete or partial data for it(includingzerovalues)fortheyear2002orlater .ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichUNCTADandUNIDOdonotcollectdata .SeeAnnex1fordetails .

4 AnindicatorwasconsideredtobeavailableifdatawereavailablefromtheUN COMTRADEdatabaseatthetimeofextraction(September2007withanupdateon22February2008for2005and2006data) .SeeAnnex1fordetails .

5 Latest year availableisgenerally2004or2005 .Datafrom2002orearlierhavebeenexcluded .SeeAnnex1fordetails .


7 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev .1 .1categories,D30,D313,D321,D322,D323,D3320,D3330,G518,I642,K7133,K72 .ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74 .DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007 .Valueaddedisatfactorcost .

8 Manufacturingsectoronly,numberofemployeesisasof31Marchofthereferenceyear .

9 ThetotalbusinesssectorconsistsofNACERev .1 .1C,D,E,F,G,H,I,Kexcept70 .

10 TheICTsectoristhesumofavailableNACEclassifications(NACErev .1 .1D30-33,G51,I64,K71,K72) .ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumoftheavailableNACEclassifications(NACErev .1 .1C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74) .DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007 .Valueaddedisatfactorcost .

11 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev .1 .1categories,D30,D313,D321,D322,D323,D3320,D3330,G5184,I642,K7133,K72 .ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74 .DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007 .Valueaddedisatfactorcost .

12 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev .1 .1categories,D30-33,G5184,G5186,I64,K71,K72 .ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74 .DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007 .Valueaddedisatfactorcost .

13 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev1 .1categories,D30,D313,D321,D322,D323,D3320,D3330,G518,I642,K7133,K72 .Thetotalbusinesssector is thesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K71-74, i .e .excludingJ65-67 (financial intermediation) .Datawereextracted from theEurostaton-linedatabase inAugust2007 .Valueaddedisatfactorcost .

14 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev1 .1categories,D30-33,G518,I642,K713,K72 .ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74 .DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007 .Valueaddedisatfactorcost .

15 TheICTsectorworkforcedoesnotincludethefollowingindustries:ISIC7123;ISIC7240;partsofISIC7250 .Datawereeithernotavailableornotsuitableforreleaseduetoconfidentiality .Thetotalbusinesssectorworkforceincludesemployeejobsandself-employedjobs .

16 OECDestimate .Totalbusinesssectorexcludesagriculture,fishingetc,realestateandnon-marketservices .

17 TheICTsectorworkforceestimatehasarelativestandarderrorof10%tolessthan25%andshouldbeusedwithcaution .TheICTsectorexcludesISICclasses3230,3313and7123 .

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18 Manufacturingsectoronly .Thedatapresented inISIC(Rev .3)wereoriginallyclassifiedaccording toNACE(Rev .1) .

19 Manufacturingsectoronly,datacollectedunderthenationalclassificationsystemhavebeenreclassifiedbythenationalauthoritiestocorrespondwithISIC(Rev .3) .Employeesarethenumberofpeopleengaged .

20 Manufacturingsectoronly,excludesclasses3312and3313 .DatawereconvertedfromNACE(Rev .2 .2)toISIC(Rev .3) .Valueaddedisatproducers’prices .

21 ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACERev1 .1categories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74 .DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007 .

22 Manufacturingsectoronly .

23 TheICTsectorexcludesG5151butincludesG5239–Otherretailsaleinspecializedstores(notpartoftheICTsector)andK7499–Otherbusinessactivities,n .e .c .ThefigureforthetotalICTsectorworkforceisprovisional .ThetotalICTsectorworkforceincludesNSIC80220part(technicalandvocationalinstitutionsprovidingtrainingcoursesinITonly) .ThetotalbusinesssectorincludesNSICK74999(otherbusinessactivities,n .e .c .call-centresonly),NSICG52396 (retail trade,dealer incomputer equipment), andM80220part (technical andvocationalinstitutionsprovidingtrainingcoursesinITonly) .

24 Manufacturingsectoronly,excludesclass3313 .Thescopeisenterpriseswith10ormoreemployeesoraturnoverofmorethan100,000dirhamsperyear .DatacollectedunderthenationalclassificationsystemhavebeenreclassifiedbyUNIDOtocorrespondwithISIC(Rev .3) .Valueaddedisatfactorcost .

25 The coverage of the business sector used in the statistics largely follows the OECD’s definition, except that‘maintenanceandrepairofmotorvehiclesandmotorcycles’isnotincludedduetothelackofdetaileddata .Inotherwords,thebusinesssectorcoversminingandquarrying;manufacturing;electricity,gasandwater;construction;wholesales, retail, import/export trades, restaurants, hotels; transport, storage and communications; financing,insuranceandbusinessservices .

26 Manufacturingsectoronly .DatawereoriginallyclassifiedaccordingtotheNationalIndustryClassification(1998)whichisfullycompatiblewithISIC(Rev .3) .Employeesequaltopersonsengaged .Valueaddedisatproducers’prices .

27 Manufacturingsectoronly,excludesclass3313 .Valueaddedisatfactorcost .

28 Manufacturingsectoronly .Valueaddedinproducers’prices .

29 FortheICTsector,ISICG5151referstoISICG515(3-digitlevel),andK7210referstoISICK72(2-digitlevel) .

30 Therearenoofficialdataforthebusinesssectorworkforce .WhilethedataontheICTsectorworkforcecomesfromRAIS,thefigureforthetotalbusinesssectorworkforcecomesfromtheIBGE’s“EstatísticasdoCadastroCentraldeEmpresas2004” .

31 ICTsectorworkforcefiguresareprovisional .

32 Anoteonthepresentationofvaluesinthistable:theterm‘na’meansnotavailable,thatis,thereareinsufficientdatatoproduceameaningfulaggregationornodataareavailable .Allvalueswhicharelessthan1havebeenshownto1decimalplace .

33 Thiscategoryconsistsofonecountryonly .

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Chapter 6. ICT in education

133 . Following the first phase of the WorldSummit on the Information Society, in2003,theUNESCOInstituteforStatistics(UIS)joinedotherstakeholdersinvolvedinICTmeasurementtoformthePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopment .UIS’current role in the Partnership is to leadthe Task Group on Education, the briefofwhich is todevelopaplan tocollectacoresetofindicatorsontheroleofICTineducation .

134 . Through various initiatives and fora,1a high priority has been placed on theimprovementofeducationinallcountries,with particular emphasis on the mostmarginalized groups (including girlsand women, youth and least developedeconomies) . Insupportof theWSISPlanofAction, in2000,UNESCOcreated theInformation for All Programme (IFAP)thatenablesGovernments to“harness thenew opportunities of the information agetocreateequitablesocietiesthroughbetteraccesstoinformation”(UNESCO,2007) .


1. Introduction

Box 6. International imperatives for education and ICT policy

UN Millennium Development Goals

Goal2Achieveuniversalprimaryeducation .TARGETEnsure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys andgirls alike, will be able to complete a full course ofprimaryschooling .

Goal8Developaglobalpartnershipfordevelopment .TARGETIncooperationwiththeprivatesector,makeavailable the benefits of new technologies, especiallyinformationandcommunications .

WSIS Geneva 2003 Declaration of Principles “Our Common Vision of the Information Society”

2 . Our challenge is to harness the potential ofinformationandcommunicationtechnologytopromotethedevelopmentgoalsoftheMillenniumDeclaration,namelytheeradicationofextremepovertyandhunger;achievementofuniversalprimaryeducation;… .

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WSIS Geneva 2003 Plan of Action “Objectives, goals and targets”

B6b to connect universities, colleges, secondaryschoolsandprimaryschoolswithICTs .

B6c to connect scientific and research centres withICTs .

B6g to adapt all primary and secondary schoolcurricula to meet the challenges of theInformationSociety,takingintoaccountnationalcircumstances .

WSIS Geneva 2003 Plan of Action “Capacity building”

C4,11 Everyone should have the necessary skills tobenefit fully from the InformationSociety .Therefore,capacitybuildingandICTliteracyareessential .ICTscancontributetoachievinguniversaleducationworldwide,

throughdeliveryofeducationandtrainingofteachers,andofferingimprovedconditionsforlifelonglearning,encompassing people that are outside the formaleducationprocess,andimprovingprofessionalskills .

WSIS Tunis Commitment 2005

11 .Furthermore,ICTsaremakingitpossibleforavastlylargerpopulationthanatanytimeinthepasttojoininsharingandexpandingthebaseofhumanknowledge,andcontributingtoitsfurthergrowthinallspheresofhumanendeavouraswellasitsapplicationtoeducation,health and science . ICTs have enormous potential toexpand access to quality education, to boost literacyand universal primary education, and to facilitate thelearningprocessitself,thuslayingthegroundworkfortheestablishmentofafullyinclusiveanddevelopment-orientedInformationSocietyandknowledgeeconomywhichrespectculturalandlinguisticdiversity .

Source: The UN Millennium Development Goals (UN, 2007), WSIS Outcome Documents: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005 (ITU, 2005).

135 . UIS work towards the identification ofa set of comparable indicators on ICT ineducation has been informed by a rangeof international surveys that assess theeducational achievements of students,withsomecomponentsrelatedtoICT,forinstance,ICTusebystudents .Thesurveysinclude:

• Latin American Laboratory for theAssessment of Quality in Education(LABORATORIO1997);

• Monitoring Learning Achievement(MLA1992-2003);

• Programme d’Analyse des SystèmesEducatifsdespaysdelaCONFEMEN(PASEC1993-1998);

• Programme for International StudentAssessment(PISA2003);

• Progress in International ReadingLiteracyStudy(PIRLS2001);

• Second Information Technology inEducation Study (SITES-M1 1997-1999, SITES-M2 1999-2002, SITES-M32006);

• Southern and EastAfrica Consortiumfor Monitoring Educational Quality(SACMEQ2000-2003);

• Trends in International MathematicsandScienceStudy(TIMSS2003);

• WorldEducationIndicators–SurveyofPrimarySchools(WEI-SPS2004);and

• UNESCO Bangkok: Asia-PacificRegionalSurvey(UAPRS2004) .

136 . The surveys vary in their approach andcontent, for instance, reference periods,target populations, country coverage,survey methodology and data collected .Some surveys focus on monitoring thepresence of ICT in schools, while othersdealwithotheraspectsofformaleducation .This diversity clearly presents challengesforcomparisonofresults .Despitethis,thesurveys do present some useful data onICTineducation .

137 . AsamemberofthePartnership,UIShasbeen working on the development of acore set of ‘ICT in education’ indicatorsthrough consultations with countries atregionalworkshops .Thesemeetingshavepresentedopportunitiesfordiscussionandendorsement of the core set of educationindicatorsproposedbyUISattheWSISinTunis2005 .Theproposedsetofeducationindicators(seeTable24)isbeingconsidered

81


foradditiontotheagreedcorelistofICTindicators . It is likely thatadecisionwillbemadeattheGlobal Event on Measuring the Information Society organized by thePartnershipfrom27-29May2008 .

138 . In parallel with this work, UIS hasundertakenaworld-widescopingstudytocollectevidenceofcountries’preparednesstosupplycomparabledatafortheproposededucationindicators .Furtherconsultations

withcountriesandpartnersareanticipatedinordertodeterminethescopeofamoresubstantivesurvey .Theviewsofcountriesand partners will be sought to determinethe most effective approach to such adata collection exercise . The lessonslearnt from the pilot survey and countryconsultationsarealsointendedtohelpUISto devise capacity-building priorities forconsiderationbycountries .

Table 24. Core indicators for ICT in education proposed by UIS


ED1 Percentageofschoolswithelectricity(byISCED2level1to3)ED2 Percentageofschoolswitharadiosetusedforeducationalpurposes(byISCEDlevel0to4)ED3 Percentageofschoolswithatelevisionsetusedforeducationalpurposes(byISCEDlevel0to4)ED4 Studenttocomputerratio(byISCEDlevel0to4)ED5 Percentageofschoolswithbasictelecommunicationinfrastructureortelephoneaccess(by

ISCEDlevel1to3)ED6 PercentageofschoolswithanInternetconnection(byISCEDlevel1to3)ED7 PercentageofstudentswhousetheInternetatschool(byISCEDlevel0to4)3


ED8 PercentageofstudentsenrolledbygenderatthetertiarylevelinanICT-relatedfield(ISCEDlevel5to6)

ED9 PercentageofICT-qualifiedteachersinprimaryandsecondaryschools(ofthetotalnumberofteachers)3

Source: UIS.

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139 . In late 2006, UIS undertook the scopingstudy referred to above . Its primary goalwas to assess data holdings by countriesin the area of ICT in education in orderto evaluate the potential for comparablemeasurement of the proposed core set ofindicatorsshowninTable24 .

140 . In total, 209 countries were sent aquestionnaireseekingdataonthefollowingtopics:

• ICT or related resources in schools/institutions (availability of electricity,telephoneline,radio,television,Internetorsatelliteconnectivity,computersandtheir dedicated use as teaching andlearningsupporttools);

• TimeallocatedtoICTclasses;

• Teachers trainedfor ICTand thoseonICTteachingassignments;

• Tertiary institutions students in e-learningcoursesorinICT-relatedfieldsofstudy;and

• ExpendituresonICTineducation .

141 . Thescopingstudyquestionnairewassenttothesamecountrycontactswhocompletethe annual UIS education questionnaire .In most cases, these contacts are locatedin the statistics units of ministries ofeducation . For various reasons, UISexperienced delays in country responseandquestionnairesarestillbeingreceived .AsofFebruary2008,theoverallresponseratewas46percent(97respondentsoutof209countries,including14‘nilreturns’) .

142 . Information from the scoping study ondataavailabilityforthecorelistofICTineducation indicators isshowninTable25below . It indicates that ED1, ED4, ED5andED6arelikelytobethemostavailableindicators .Itshouldbenotedthat,foroverhalf the countries of the world, it is notknown whether any of the indicators areavailable .TheavailabilityindicatedinTable25 is thereforehighly likely tounderstatethetrueavailabilityoftheindicators .


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143 . The results arenot sufficiently conclusivefor UIS to feel strongly optimistic orpessimistic regarding the potential for aworldwide collection of the core set ofindicators on ICT in education . The keyunknownisthesituationfornon-respondingcountries . Some reasons that countriescouldlackICTineducationdatainclude:

• ICT in/for education is not prominentinthecountry’spublicpolicyagenda;

• TheapplicationofICTtoeducationislimitedtoasmallnumberofpublicorprivateschools/institutions;

• UseofICTineducationisrestrictedtovocational,post-secondaryandtertiaryeducationinstitutions;

• Attempts to collect ICT in educationdata have proven problematic becauseofgapsincountries’capacities;and/or

• The UIS contact institution is not themandatedentityfornationalcollectionof ICT in education statistics (UISattempted to test this assumption, butwithonlypartialsuccess) .

144 . Despite the modest response rate, thesample of respondent countries providesa useful basis for re-engineering the UISsurveys on ICT in education .The repliesindicatethatamoretailoredquestionnaireapproach might be feasible, based ongroups of countries with homogeneouscapacities and similar policy concerns .Some commonalities could be retainedfor the sake of ensuring internationalcomparability for a minimum core set ofindicators .


ICT in education5

Indicator Developed Transition Developing Leastdeveloped Totalnumber economies economies economies economies ofeconomies witheach Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator6 indicator

ED1 41% 21% 32% 14% 69ED2 10% 5% 13% 6% 25ED3 8% 11% 20% 6% 33ED4 24% 21% 28% 4% 51ED5 39% 21% 31% 6% 63ED6 31% 16% 32% 2% 57ED7 22% 16% 23% 2% 43ED8 33% 5% 16% 8% 40ED9 10% 21% 28% 2% 44


Source: UIS.

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145 . AnanalysisoftrendswouldbeprematureonthebasisofthedataonthecoreindicatorscalculatedfromtheUISscopingstudyasitisafirst timeexercisethatdidnotaimtocollect time series data . Moreover, manyofthedatapointswererequestedmoreforthepurposeofassessingormakingvaluejudgments on the potential availability ofcore indicator data rather than as a datacollection exercise per se . However, with

thiscaveatinmind,someprovisionaldataarepresentedinthechartsbelow .

146 . Dataareshownbylevelofdevelopmentandindicate low levelsofbasic infrastructurefor some developing and least developedeconomies . Some developing economiesare relatively advanced, especially withregard to tertiary levelenrolments inICTstudies .


Chart 12. Percentage of schools with electricity, latest year available

Source: UIS.

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Chart 13. Percentage of schools with a radio for educational purposes, latest year available

Source: UIS.

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Chart 14. Percentage of schools with a telephone, latest year available

Source: UIS.

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Chart 15. Percentage of schools with an Internet connection,7 latest year available

Source: UIS.

Chart 16. Percentage of students enrolled at the tertiary level in an ICT-related field, latest year available

Source: UIS.

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147 . UIS is continuing to explore theavailability of data for the proposed coreindicators through regional meetings . InFebruary 2007, an expert group meetingon indicators on the use of ICT ineducation and e-government was jointlyorganized by UNESCWA and UIS inCairo .A consultative workshop was heldin December 2007 in Addis Ababa, incooperationwithUNECA .Theworkshop’sobjectiveswereto:

• IncludeAfricancountriesintheprocessof adoption of the UIS proposed coresetofindicatorsonICTineducation;

• Presentandreviewthescopingsurveyresults in order to analyse challengesfaced by countries and to seek viewson the most effective strategy forexpandingdatacollectionactivitiesonICTineducation;and

• Discuss the feasibility of developinga broader range of ICT in educationindicators adapted to national andregional needs and based on theprogrammeofworkcarriedoutbytheUNESCO Bangkok office (which hasdevelopedamanualoncollectingICTineducationindicators) .

148 . UIS regional advisors from Asia as wellas key country representatives from theMiddleEastandNorthAfricatookpartintheworkshop,which led to the followingconclusions:

• The UIS-proposed core indicatorson ICT in education were adopted .

ParticipantsstronglyrecommendedthatUISproducedetaileddefinitionsofthevariablestobecollectedbycountriesinordertoensureconsistentnationaldataandinternationalcomparability .

• The main challenge facing nationaldatacollectioneffortsinthisareaisthattheintroductionofICTineducationinmanyregionsisatanearlystage,thusconfirming UIS views that it wouldbe premature to collect the proposedindicators for all countries in thenextsurveyonICTineducation .

• The formation of an internationalworkinggroupofcountriescommittedto collecting data for measuringICT in education was endorsed byworkshopparticipants .UISwasinvitedto develop terms of reference forthe selection of candidate countries .Country discussions during the UISeducation regionalworkshopsof2008will beheld to identify candidates fortheinternationalWorkinggrouponICTStatisticsinEducation(WISE) .

149 . Wishingtomaintainmomentumgeneratedbythescopingstudy,workshopparticipantsstronglysupportedtheideathatUISpursueeffortsunderthePartnershiptoencouragecapacity-building for data collection onICT in education . In particular, UIS willsupport regional initiatives by the UNcommissionsaimedatcapacity-buildinginthisarea .

150 . Possible follow-up action for theinternationalworkinggroupincludes:

4. Regional activities

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• Development of a prototype statisticalinstrument, standard definitions, auser manual, and indicator guidelinesin conjunction with members of thePartnership .ParticipantswouldincludeUNESCO Bangkok, and leading

expertsonICTineducationfromLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,ArabStatesandAfrica;and

• Thelaunch,in2009,ofaninitialroundofsurveysinrespectofworkinggroupmembercountries .

Notes1 IncludingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(UN,2007),theEducationforAllGoals(UNESCO,2007)andthe

WorldSummitfortheInformationSociety(WSIS,Geneva2003andTunis2005) .

2 ISCEDistheInternationalStandardClassificationofEducation .Thelevelsare:ISCED0–Pre-primaryeducation;ISCED1–Primaryeducation;ISCED2–LowerSecondaryEducation;ISCED3–Uppersecondaryeducation;ISCED 4 – Post-secondary non tertiary education (programmes that lie between the upper-secondary andtertiarylevelsofeducation);ISCED5–Firststageoftertiaryeducation,andISCED6–Secondstageoftertiaryeducation .

3 ThevaluesofED7andED9areproxies,thatis,thevaluesdisplayedarenotthetruevaluesoftheseindicatorsbutareestimatedfromotherdata .


5 Available or partially available .The total economy count includes countries from which UIS does not collectdata .

6 The situation is unknown for 141 countries (out of 238) .The percentages shown here are therefore likely tounderstatetheavailabilityofindicators .

7 Thedataitemforallcountrieswaseither:percentageofschoolswithadialupconnectiononlyorpercentageofschoolswithabroadbandconnectiononly .

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Chapter 7. Measuring the impact of ICT

151 . AssessingtheimpactofICToneconomiesand societies is critical to national andinternational ICTpolicymaking .MuchoftheinterestindevelopinganICTindustry,or promoting use of ICT by businessesand individuals, has been based on thepotential of ICT to improve productivityand economicgrowth, andprovide socialbenefits .

152 . This chapter outlines recent work in thisarea and provides some suggestions forstatisticalagenciestoconsiderintermsofdata collection and analysis . It concludeswith a section on the impact of ICT oneducation,which isbasedon informationprovidedbyUIS .


1. Introduction

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153 . Overviews of the available theoreticalapproaches and empirical evidence canbe found in recent publications includingITU’s World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2006: Measuring ICT for social and economic development(ITU,2006),theOECDpaper“MeasuringtheimpactsofICTusingofficialstatistics”(OECD, 2007b), UNCTAD’s Information Economy Report 2007-2008 (UNCTAD,2007b) andUNECA’spublicationProject on Information Society (IS) indicators by the African Academia Research Network (ARN) – Current situation and prospects, 2007(UNECA,2007b) .

154 . The measurement of ICT impacts ischallenging for a number of reasonsincluding:

• The range of effects that can becharacterized as impacts, for instance,strong or weak influences, direct orindirect impacts,positiveandnegativeimpacts, short or long term impacts,intended and unintended impacts,intermediateandfinalimpacts;

• The range of possible statisticalapproaches to impact measurement,combinedwithalackofbothcomparablemeasurementmodelsanddata;

• The large range of potential impactmeasures, reflecting the scope of theinformationsocietyandtheinteractionsbetweenitselements;

• The general challenge in measuringimpactsofanykind(demonstratingthe

impactofonefactoronanothercanbedifficultbecauseapositive correlationcannotreadilybeattributedtoacause-and-effectrelationship);and

• Thenatureof ICTitself;asexplainedbyITU(2006),measuringtheimpactofICTcanbecomparedwithmeasuringthe impact of electricity, “Part ofthe difficulty is that both ICTs andelectricity are “enabling” or “GeneralPurpose Technologies”… whichmeans their use and their impacts areubiquitous yet difficult to measurebecause they are mainly indirect . Itis not electricity or ICTs as such thatmake the (bulk) impact on economyand society but how they are used totransform organization, processes andbehaviours .”(OECD,2007b) .

155 . It is beyond the scope of this chapter toreview these issues in depth; instead,readers are referred to the referencesprovidedabove .However,wewillexamineone of the more prominent areas of ICTimpactmeasurement,thatis,useofmicrodata analysis to assess the impactof ICTon productivity at the firm level . FirmlevelstudiesofICTimpactsarebasedonlinking statistics from various sources,wherethelinkeddatacanincludestatisticsonfirmperformance,ICTuse,innovationand organizational factors . The OECDstarted coordinating such work amongmember countries in the early 2000s andPilat (2004) provides a history of thoseearlyefforts .

2. Statistical work on measuring the impact of ICT

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156 . Therearevariousapproachestoanalysingfirmleveldata,aswellasavarietyofdatasources used . While this diversity hassomebenefits,italsolimitscross-countrycomparison . Work is currently underwayamongst European Union countries todevelop a comparable methodology formeasuringfirmlevelimpacts .TheprojectisfundedbyEurostatandledbytheUnitedKingdom’s Office for National Statistics .ItsaimistoassessICTimpactsbylinkingfirm level data from different sources,each of which is comparable across EUcountries . The project is scheduled toconcludein2008,withdeliveryofanalysisand recommendations for indicators(OECD,2007b) .

157 . Some generalized findings from firmlevel studies (Eurostat, 2007b) are thatICTaffectsproductivityinapositiveway– for example, through hardware andsoftware investment, through firm leveluse of multiple electronic business links,andthroughgreateremployeeengagementwithcomputersandtheInternet(especiallywithhighspeedbroadband) .

158 . The extent of the gain differs accordingto the type of firm – for example acrossindustries (with some service industriesshowing a particularly strong effect),between young and established firms(with the former showing greater gainsfrom IT investment), and between firmswith different ownership and geographicscope . There are also relationships withotherfirmattributes,forinstance,thereisagreaterpositiveimpactwherefirmshavemore fixed investment, a higher numberofskilledemployeesandagreaterlevelofinnovativeactivity(Eurostat,2007b) .

159 . Among developing economies, the ThaiNational Statistical Office has conductedajointresearchprojectwithUNCTADtoassessthelinkbetweenICTuseandlabourproductivity inThaimanufacturingfirms .ThestudywaspartofabroaderUNCTADinitiative to improve ICT measurement

and is the first known example of use ofofficialstatisticstomeasuretheimpactofICTon labourproductivity indevelopingeconomies .

160 . The study found that the use of ICT(computers,theInternetandwebpresence)byThai manufacturers is associated withsignificantly higher sales per employee .Importantly,theuseofeventhemostbasicoftheseICTs–computers–accountsforlarge differences in labour productivitybetween firms . Furthermore, variationsin the intensity of computer use resultedin larger productivity differentials, forexample, a 10 per cent increase in theshare of employees using computers wasassociatedwitha3 .8percentriseinlabourproductivity(UNCTAD,2007b) .

161 . Thestudy’sfindingssupportthehypothesisthat businesses in developing economiescan benefit from the use of ICT, evensimple ICTs such as computers . Whilefurther analysis is needed to identifythe complementary factors that lead toproductivitygainsfromICT,theimportanceof impact measurement in developingeconomiesisevident .

162 . Individual economies that are interestedin including impactsmeasures in surveysshould consider it at the survey designstage . For instance, micro data analysiscanbeperformedusingdatafromasinglesurvey source, provided that the sourcecollectstherequisiteICTandperformancedata .The possibility of linking ICT datawith data from other sources such astaxation data or data from other businesssurveys should also be considered atthe design stage (UNCTAD, 2007a) . Animportantfactorhereisthatthematchrateofunitsfromthedifferencesourcesshouldbe maximized for meaningful analysis .Forexample,ifthematchiswithtaxationdata,itisusefuliftaxationrecordsareusedas thebasisof thepopulation frameusedfor the survey . If the match is with datafrom other surveys, maximum overlap of

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unitsbetweensurveysandacommonunitidentifier are necessary . While this oftenoccurs for larger units, arguably, there ismore interest in the ICT-productivity linkforsmallandmediumsizedbusinesses .1

163 . Other areasof ICT impactsmeasurementthat statistical agencies could exploreare described in OECD (2007b) . In theeconomicarea,theyinclude:

• CompilationofanICTsatelliteaccount(per the work ofAustralia and Chile)basedonSystemofNationalAccounts(SNA93) standards and ICT statisticalstandards (for example, the definitionofICTgoods);and

• Impactperceptionsmeasures;thesearesimple questions that can be includedin a business survey; examples areincludedinmodelquestionnairesoftheOECDandEurostat .

164 . Inthesocialarea,countriescouldconsiderthefollowing(alsofromOECD,2007b):

• Including questions on the perceptionof ICT impacts on household surveyquestionnaires;

• Using time use surveys to collectinformation on time spent on ICTactivitiesbyindividuals;

• Use of household expenditure surveystocollectinformationonhouseholdICTbudgets;and

• Useoflabourforceorotherhouseholdsurveys to collect statistics on‘teleworking’andotherchangesinworkpatternsthataredrivenbyICT .

165 . In all these areas, statistical agenciesshould consider issues of harmonization .Where international standards exist (forinstance,theSNA,ICTstatisticsstandards,methodologies and classifications fortime use and household expendituresurveys),theseshouldbeutilizedinorderto maximize the potential for comparingresultsacrosseconomies .

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166 . Although policymakers hope to achievepositive outcomes from applying ICT toeducation,thereisstillnotmuchwidespreadevidence of positive impacts of ICT oneducationalgoals–andoftensuchevidenceis qualified by reference to particularconditions (for instance, that access toICT at school alone may be insufficientto affect student achievement) . However,the introduction of ICT in the educationsectorcanbequitecostly,intermsofboththe capital costs of basic infrastructure(hardware,softwareandconnectivity)andthe recurrent costs of maintenance andhumanresourcesdevelopment .Therefore,anycredibleevidenceofimpacts–positiveornegative–wouldplayanessentialroleindecision-makinginthisarea .

167 . A search of existing literature by UISrevealsthatalotmoreneedstobelearnedaboutthecost-effectivenessofinvestmentin this area for achieving educationalgoals . Even for developed economies,hardevidenceofpositiveimpactofICTonstudents’ achievement is scant, althoughsomeexists .Forinstance,the1999TIMSS-Rstudy2showedthatstudentproficiencyinmathematicsislowerwhenteachersuseacomputer but that students with Internetaccess at home had a higher averageproficiency in science than those withoutInternetaccess(thosewithInternetaccessathomeaswellasschoolhadevenhigheraverageproficiency) .3

168 . TheOECD’sProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment (PISA) surveys wereconducted in2000,2003and2006 .Theyassess the performance of 15-year oldstudents in the principal industrializedeconomies . The 2003 survey assessedproficiency in mathematics, reading,science and cross-curricular problemsolving .However, themain focuswasonmathematics . Analysis of results showsthat, for all countries in the survey, themathematics performance of studentswithoutaccesstocomputersathomewassignificantly below that of those withhomeaccess .Importantly,in23outofthe31 countries in the study, a performanceadvantageremainedevenafteraccountingfordifferentsocio-economicbackgroundsof students . There is also a performanceadvantageassociatedwithschoolaccesstocomputersthough,formostcountries,itislessmarked .

169 . The highest performances in bothmathematicsandreadingtendedtobefromstudentswithamediumlevelofcomputeruse,whichsuggeststhatexcessivecomputerusecouldhaveanegativeimpactonschoolperformance (OECD, 2005a) . The 2003PISA study also revealed that studentswithInternetaccessathomehadahigherproficiency in reading than those who donot(seeChart17below) .

3. The impact of ICT in education

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Chart 17. Link between Internet access at home and student proficiency

Source: UIS, original source PISA 2003 (OECD).

Notes1 NSOs often prefer to minimize overlap between the sampled sectors of business surveys in order to reduce

respondentburden .Whereoneofthesurveystobematchedisacensus,thissituationdoesnotapply(thiswillbethecaseforsomeeconomicsurveyswhichareconductedasperiodiccensuses) .

2 ThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy-Repeat:TIMSS1999,alsoknownasTIMSS-Repeat(TIMSS-R),measuredprogressineighth-grademathematicsandsciencearoundtheworld .TIMSS1999providedcountriesthatparticipatedinthe1995testingwithtrenddataatGrade8 .Thefour-yearperiodbetweenthefirstandseconddata collection saw thepopulationof studentsoriginally assessedas fourthgradersmoveon toGrade8 .Thisdevelopmentallowedcountriesthatparticipatedin1995atGrade4tocomparetheperformanceoffourth-gradersinthatyearwiththeirperformanceaseighth-gradersin1999 .Asinthe1995study,TIMSS1999alsoinvestigated,throughbackgroundquestionnaires,thecontextforlearningmathematicsandscienceintheparticipatingcountries .Informationwascollectedabouteducationalsystems,curriculum,instructionalpractices,andcharacteristicsofstudents,teachers,andschools .

3 Giventhattheseresultspredatemuchofthedevelopmentoftheinformationsociety,arguably,theirimportanceliesinprovidinganindicationofthetypeofanalysisthatispossibleratherthanrelevantinformation .

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Mean Test Score (Reading) of students with an Internet link at homeMean Test Score (Reading) of students who do not have an Internet link at homeNon-OECD Countries

OECD Average:517

OECD Average:456

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Chapter 8. Conclusions and future work

170 . Thereisastrongpolicyinterestworldwidein ICT and its impacts on society . Theimportant role of high quality andcomparable ICT statistics in informingpolicymaking is acknowledged at theglobal level, for instance through theGenevaandTunisphasesofWSIS .Atthecountry level, this role may be less clearand it is hoped that this publication willencourage more engagement by NSOswith the international organizations thatareguidingdevelopmentsinthisfield .

1.1 The state of the information society

171 . The 41 core indicators presented in thestatistical summaries of this publication,together present a view of the globalinformation society – and the picturethey present is a highly consistent one .Developed economies in general, alongwithseveraldevelopingeconomiesinAsia,arewelladvancedasusersandproducersof ICT .They have good infrastructure atreasonablecost,andpenetrationofICTintheir businesses and households is high .UseofICTbybusinessesandindividualsintheseeconomiesisgrowingandbecomingmore sophisticated (no doubt due to

increasing access to broadband Internet) .TheyspendalotofmoneyimportingICTgoods and many of them are significantproducers of ICT goods and/or services .In this context, the rise of some of thedeveloping economies ofAsia (China, inparticular) as exporters of ICT goods isnotable .

172 . Whiledataforothereconomiesisscarcer,itisclearthattheirlevelsofICTinfrastructureand access are generally lower and, on aper capitabasis,moreexpensive .Despitethis,thereareencouragingsigns,includingstrong growth in mobile phone use andinternationalbandwidthper capita,stronggrowthinICTimports,andrelativelyhighlevelsofuseofcommercialInternetaccessfacilitiesinmanycountries .

173 . RegardingICTineducation(Chapter6),the overall picture is not as clear as forotherindicators,thoughthereisadisparitybetweendevelopedandmanylessdevelopedeconomies,especiallyconcerningInternetconnection in schools .As with the otherindicators,somedevelopingeconomiesarerelativelyadvanced,especiallywithregardtotertiarylevelenrolmentsinICTstudies .


1. Conclusions

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1.2 Data gaps and deficiencies

174 . Inadiscussionofthestateofinformationsociety measurement, it is first necessarytodistinguishthosecoreindicatorsthatarebasedonreasonablyavailabledatasources,from those that require the conduct ofstatisticalsurveys . In theformercategoryaretradedata(providingdatafortheICTtrade indicators, ICT3and ICT4)and theinfrastructuredatacollectedbytheITU(A1toA12) .The other indicators are usuallycollected using household or businesssurveys and are therefore expected to beless available, because of the significantresources and statistical infrastructurerequiredtoconductsurveys .

175 . Aquickreviewoftheglobalmeasurementstatus tables in each chapter shows theclearrelationshipbetweendataavailabilityand the requirement to conduct surveys .Mostoftheinfrastructureindicators(Table2)andboththeICTtradeindicators(Table21) are available for a high proportionof countries, irrespective of their levelof development . In fact, for most of theinfrastructure indicators, availability ishigherforleastdevelopedeconomiesthanfor developed economies . For the twotrade indicators, availability is similar forall levelsofdevelopment .Trade statisticshavebeencompiledformanyyearsandarereadilyavailable .

176 . It isalsolikelythattheinfrastructureandtrade indicators are of higher quality andmore internationally comparable than theother indicators .This is because they arebased on long established concepts anddefinitionsand,especiallyfortradedata,astandardizedcollectionframework .

177 . ThepredominantconcernhereismoreforthosecoreICTindicatorsthataresurvey-based and therefore present collectionchallenges for countries (collectingthese indicators implies either addingICT questions to existing surveys ordevelopingnew stand-alone ICT surveys,

which is resource intensive) . A reviewof the global measurement status tablesfor those indicators shows that most ofthe household indicators (HH1 to HH13)are reasonably available for developedeconomiesbut,sofar,havelowavailabilityfor other levels of development (Table7) . In particular, for most of the leastdeveloped economies, no individual ICTuse indicators are available yet . Withrespect to thebusinessuseindicators(B1toB12),todate,fewdevelopingeconomiescollect any of the indicators and no leastdeveloped economies collect them (Table15) . The situation for developed andtransition economies is more advanced,with about two thirds of developedeconomies,andaboutaquarter toa thirdoftransitioneconomies,collectingmostofthehouseholdandbusinessindicators .

178 . ICTsectorindicators(ICT1andICT2)areusuallycollectedviaindustrysurveysthatare designed to collect national accountsdata and are therefore not ICT-specific .Unfortunately, the definition of the ICTsector requires data collection at thedetailed (4-digit) industry level and thislevelofdetail isnot requiredfornationalaccountspurposes .Theresultisthatmanycountries are not able to provide ICTsector data and those that do, frequentlycannot provide data according to theinternationalstandarddefinitionoftheICTsector .DataavailabilityfortheICTsectorindicatorsisshowninTable20andrevealssimilarpatterns to theothersurvey-basedindicators .About two thirdsofdevelopedeconomiesareabletoprovidedatafortheICT sector indicators . This reduces forsubsequent levels of development, withnoneoftheleastdevelopedeconomiesabletoprovideeitheroftheindicators .

179 . However, progress has been made in thecollection of the survey-based indicators .Theworkof thePartnership inprovidingstandardized indicators and relatedmetadata has encouraged more countriesto start collection work . The significant

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workofthepartnersinbuildingcapacityispayingdividendsandwillcontinuetodosointhefuture(seeChapter1foradescriptionoftheseefforts) .1Theworkbeingdoneinsome regions is also very encouraging,especially by countries of LatinAmericaand theCaribbean(seeboxes2and3formoreinformation) .

180 . Clearly, more work is required to betterharmonize the survey-based indicators .Currently, there are several sources ofincompatibility for these indicators; thesecanbeviewedat thesurveyand the item(question) level . Regarding the former,differences in survey scope may have alargeimpact,especiallywherethescopeiseithermuchbroaderornarrower than thescope suggested for the core indicators .Variations in the scope of the ICT sectorwere discussed in Chapter 5 and areparticular problematic . The same issueapplies to business use indicators, wheresurveyscopemayvaryintermsofbusinesssize and/or industry . For householdsurveys, scopedifferences relating to ageofindividualsincludedinthesurveymaybe significant where, for instance, thescopeofaparticularsurveyincludesmorehighlevelusersandfewerlowlevelusers .

181 . Differences in definitions or responsecategories directly affect comparabilityforanumberofindicators .ThosethatareapparentlymostaffectedaretheICTaccessand use indicators involving activities(HH10andB12)andtypeofInternetaccess(HH12 and B9) . For activities responsecategories, there are often differences inwhatisincludedineachcategory .FortheInternetaccessindicators,thereisvariationin how the categories are defined . Aparticularproblemisthatitisstilldifficultfor countries to create categories thatenable the aggregation of Internet accessservices to broadband and narrowband .It should be noted that it is possible tohave narrower response categories thanthoserecommendedaslongastheydonotoverlapthecoreindicatorcategories .2

182 . In Chapter 7, we described the policyinterestintheimpactofICTandoutlinedthecomplexities of its measurement . Clearly,moreworkisrequiredondevelopmentofimpactsconceptsandmeasurementmodelsas well as on data collection .An area ofparticular interest is measurement of theimpact of ICT on business performanceandproductivity .Evidencefromanumberof studies indicates positive effects forbusinesses from using ICT . Efforts byEuropeancountriestodevelopcomparablemodelsformeasuringfirmlevelimpactsofICTatthefirmlevelwillbefollowedwithinterestbythoseinterestedinthisfieldofstatistics .

183 . Onthesocialside,thepictureismuchlessclear .Thereislittlestatisticalinformationavailableandanecdotalevidenceindicatesboth positive and negative impacts forindividualsandsocietythroughgreateruseof individual ICT . An example is accessto broadband, which would usually beconsideredasbeneficialbytheindividualswhouseitforvariouspurposes .However,some of those purposes, such as illegaldownloading of music or movies, arenegativeinabroadersense .Othernegativeeffects are suggested by the 2003 PISAstudy(OECD,2005a)whichfoundthatthehighestperformances inmathematicsandreading were associated with a medium,ratherthanhigh,levelofcomputerusebystudents .

1.3 Recommendations

184 . Closer adherence to the core indicatorsdefinitionsandmethodologicalrecommen-dations would solve a large number ofthe comparability issues that affect thestatistics .Countriesareurgedtocarefullyconsiderthecoreindicatorswhendesigningorre-designingICTsurveys .

185 . Itshouldbenotedthatthecoreindicators,andtheirassociatedmetadata,aresubjecttochange .Someminorchangeshavealreadyoccurred since they were first released at

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theendof2005 .Thesehavemainlybeenduetochangesintechnologies;seeannexes3 and 4 for details . Other changes to thecoreindicatorscouldbeconsidered,basedonchangingpolicyinterestsandcollectionexperiences .Anexampleofthelatteristochange the denominator used to calculatetheICTsectorindicators;thiswasdiscussedinChapter5 .An important consideration,when contemplating changes to the coreindicator concepts and definitions, is howbest to retain the time series value ofexistingdata .

186 . Some changes to the core indicatorswill occur because of other statisticaldevelopments,notably the introductionofISICRev .4andtheCPCVer .2 .ThesewillaffectthedefinitionsoftheICTsectorandICTgoods respectively, therebychangingthedefinitionsofICT1toICT4 .AreviseddefinitionoftheICTsectorbasedonISICRev .4alreadyexists(seeOECD,2007afordetails)butisunlikelytobeimplementedbycountries for some time .AsdiscussedinChapter5, the implementationof ISICRev .4presentsanopportunityforcountriesto re-design their industry statisticsprogramsand,intheprocess,changetheirmeasurementpracticesfortheICTsector .

187 . While most developed economiesincorporateICTstatistics in theirongoingstatisticalprograms,thesamegeneralizationis not true of less developed economies,manyofwhich run surveysonanad hoc

basis .Thisissuboptimalforseveralreasons3and it is suggested that those economiesattempt to incorporate ICT surveys intotheirmainstreamstatisticalprograms .

188 . It isstronglysuggested thatcountriesusethe resources of the Partnership and itspartners to progress development workin ICT statistics . A number of usefulreferences have been discussed in thispublicationandinclude:

• Partnership on Measuring ICT forDevelopment (2005c), Core ICT Indicators, New York/Geneva, http://measuring-ict .unctad .org;

• OECD (2007a), Guide to Measuring the Information Society, Paris, www .oecd .org/ sti/measuring-infoeconomy/guide;

• UNCTAD (2007a), Manual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy, Geneva, http://measuring-ict .unctad .org/;and

• Eurostat (2007a), Methodological Manual for Statistics on the Information Society, Survey year 2007 v2.0, Luxembourg, http://europa .eu .int/estatref/info/sdds/en/isoc /isoc_metmanual_2007 .pdf .

189 . The ITU is developing a manual formeasuring household/individual ICTaccess and use, which is expected to bereleasedinthefirsthalfof2008 .

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190 . In setting an agenda for the future, thePartnershipisguidedbytheobjectivesofitssecondphase .ImportantamongstthesearetheextensionofthecoreICTindicatorstoincludecoreindicatorsforICTineducation(Chapter 6) and e-government indicators(seebelow) .Thecoreindicators,includingthe proposed education indicators, willbe considered at the 2008 Global Event on Measuring the Information Societyorganized by the Partnership from 27-29May2008inGeneva .

191 . Activities such as capacity-building andprovision of technical resources willcontinue and will probably expand . Inaddition, it is likely that more effortwill be devoted to raising awareness ofthe importance of ICT indicators forpolicymaking .

2.1 Creation of an ICT indicators database

192 . Another important objective of thePartnership is to have an Internet-basedplatform for dissemination of coreindicator data . In 2006, aTask Group onDataDevelopment(TGDD)wasformedtopursuethisobjective .TheTGDDisledbythe World Bank, which had started workonconceptualizingaglobalICTdatabase,withanintendedreleaseaboutmid2008 .

193 . However,thoseplansarenowbeingrevisedinthelightofUNSDdevelopmentworkonadataportalthatwillincludearangeofUNdata,includingtheICTindicatorsfortarget

18of theMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(fixed telephone lines, mobile cellularsubscribersandInternetusers) .Discussionsabout including other core ICT indicatorsintheUNdataportalareplanned .ThemainbenefitstothePartnershipofusingtheUNportalarethegreatervisibilityandtechnicalinfrastructureofferedbysuchaplatform .

2.2 Development of e-government indicators

194 . As discussed in Chapter 1, the currentPartnershipcorelistisnotintendedtobea final list, as it does not cover all areasof the information society . Members ofthe Partnership have agreed to furtherdevelop specific areas including e-government . UNECA has agreed tocoordinate development of e-governmentindicators and leads the Task Group oneGovernment .

195 . Based on various key functions of ICT,the following topics are proposed byUNECAasastartingpointfordefininganexhaustivelistofe-governmentindicatorsforthePartnership:

• Publicsectormanagement;

• Deliveryofpublicservices;

• Legalandjudicialreforms;

• Policy,legalandregulatoryframeworks;

• Strengtheningthecapacityofparliaments;and

• Empoweringlocalauthorities .

2. Future work

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196 . Futureplans are toworkwith theUnitedNations Department of Economic andSocial Affairs (UNDESA) to furtherdevelop the indicators, including theirscope and definitions . UNECA expectstopresent the indicatorsat theAfricanaswell as international levels for review byPartnershipmembersandothers .

2.3 Regional plans

2.3.1 Africa

197 . InevaluatingPhaseIofScan-ICTinAfrica(seeChapter1),regulatorsandstatisticiansfound the process and outcomes usefulforimplementationonalargerscale .Thisfindingconcordswith theoutcomes fromPhase I of WSIS, which urged countriesto regularly review activities related toICTdeployment,developmentanduse .InPhaseIIoftheScan-ICTinitiative,NSOs,national observatories for ICT and ICTministries from participating countrieshave been identified as partner agenciesto undertake country studies . Currently,the programme is being implemented infivecountries:Cameroon,Gambia,Ghana,MauritiusandRwanda .TheultimategoalofScan-ICTistocreateapan-AfricanICTnetwork that would collect, analyse anddisseminateICT4D(ICTfordevelopment)indicators .

298 . Scan-ICT II countries are expected todevelopadocumentonmethodologywhichwillinclude:prioritythemeareas;selectedindicators; data collection and analysis;development of survey instruments;geographical coverage; and publicationand dissemination . In addition, they willdevelopcountryprofileswithbaselinedataandconductqualitativeanalysisonICTuseandimpactintheprioritythemeareas .TheoutcomeswillbepublishedonanationalScan-ICT website and database . Theprocess has been launched with nationalconsultationworkshopsinallparticipatingcountries, which have identified the coreICT4Dindicatorsandmethodology .

199 . InScan-ICTPhase II,UNECAdevelopeda comprehensive framework for thedevelopment of information societymeasurement indicators . A toolkit wasbuilt on the methodology developedas part of the Scan-ICT Phase I pilotproject . It incorporates a framework forthe development of suitable indicators forassessing the status of the development,deployment and use of ICT in Africancountries .

200 . Themethodologyisbasedontheso-called‘CUT’ model4 and incorporates specificframeworksfor:

• Developmentof ICT-related indicatorsfor the ICT sector; services, industryand commerce, agriculture, education,health,andthepublicsector;

• Developing indicators targeted atmeasuringthestatusoftheuseofICTtoimplementapplicationareassuchas:e-government,e-commerce,e-business,e-education,e-healthandtelemedicine;

• Classifying indicators in terms ofICT4D policy focus areas includinginfrastructure development, universalaccess and services, legal andregulatoryinstitutionalframeworksandenvironment;and

• Classifying indicators in terms offeatures of the information andknowledge economy and society (e .g .high income economy dominated bytradinginICTproductsandservices) .

201 . ECA’sAcademiaResearchNetwork(ARN)has developed an evolving and modularconceptualframeworkforimpactindicatorsinAfricancountries .Futureworkwillfocuson implementation of impact indicatorsat country and institution levels in orderto address the basic factors hindering orstimulatingtheuseandimpactofICT .

2.3.2 Latin America and the Caribbean5

202 . The Observatory for the InformationSociety in Latin America and the

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Caribbean(OSILAC)iscurrentlycreatingan information system6 designed to storedatafromalltheLACcountriesthatcollectinformation on ICT . It is intended thatthe system will become an instrument toassistnationalandregionalpolicymaking,withtheultimategoalbeingthebenefitofsocietyasawhole .

203 . OSILAC plans to examine the economicandsocialimpactofICTonpeople’slives,andonfirms’organizationaldevelopmentand productivity . Individual countries,through their NSOs, are also performinganalysesofICTaccessanduse(examplesaretheBrazilian,DominicanRepublicandUruguayanstatisticalagencies) .7

204 . The importance of harmonizing variablesand methodologies is recognized . Issuesstill pending include the period to becovered by ICT questions, relevant agebrackets for questions on individual ICTuse, the denominator used to calculateindicators for ICT use (e .g . the wholepopulation or the in-scope population)andthecomparabilityofstatisticalunitsindifferentlydesignedsurveys(inparticular,businesssurveys) .

205 . There is also emphasis on the need toimprove measurement of ICT access anduse in educational institutions, health-careorganizations,andnationalandlocalgovernment institutions . Measurement ofuse in sports institutions, cultural centresand public Internet access establishmentshas been proposed in order to determinethe extent to which individuals are usingtheInternetinpubliclyavailablelocations .

206 . Countries of the region are being urgedto increase measurement of the ICTsector,includingtheimpactofthesector’sproduction on job creation, value added,imports and exports . Some countries arealready taking such steps, with Chile,notably,beingoneoftheveryfewcountriesin the world to compile an ICT satelliteaccount .

207 . A third phase of OSILAC (2008 to2010)will extendworkon ICTstatistics,including:

• Further analysis of determinants for,andimpactsof,ICTaccessanduse;

• Expansion of the on-line informationsystem referred to above, in order tofacilitatepublicaccesstoindicatorsandprojectoutputs;and

• Continuation and expansion ofwork on capacity-building throughmethodologicalguidesandtraining .

208 . OSILAC also has a monitoring role inrespectofpoliciesandprojectsconnectedto the implementation of the RegionalActionPlaneLAC .Itrecentlypresenteditsthirdmonitoringexerciseof theRegionalPoliticalActionPlan(OSILAC,2007),8inanattempttooutlinetheregion’ssituationanddelineate thechallengesremaininginthe area of ICT . The current monitoringmethodologyisbasedonthelessonslearnedinthetwopreviousexercises(HilbertandOlaya,2005;OSILAC,2005) .9

2.3.3 Western Asia and the Arab region

209 . ThestatisticalpublicationRegional Profile of the Information Society in Western Asia(UNESCWA,2007c)willhelpUNESCWAmember countries to monitor progress intheadoptionanduseofICTandtomakecomparisons with other countries in theregion . This should promote cooperationand regional integration opportunities inan increasingly knowledge-based globaleconomy .

210 . UNESCWA is planning a study on theimpactofICToncommunitydevelopmentin UNESCWA member countries . ThestudywillbebasedonmeasurementoftheimpactofICToncommunitydevelopment;itsresultsshouldassistmembercountriestodevelopprogrammesforimprovingICTaccessinruralandremoteareas .Statisticswill be collected via surveys targeting

102


ICTaccesscentresinvariousUNESCWAmembercountries .

211 . A conference, Regional Follow-up on the Outcome of the World Summit on the Information Society, is planned forOctober/November2008 .ThemainaimoftheconferenceistoassessprogressmadeintheimplementationoftheWSISGenevaPlan of Action and Tunis Agenda, theUNESCWAregionalplanofaction(RPoA)forbuildingtheinformationsocietyandtheArabStrategyonICT .Targetswillbesetfornarrowing thedigitaldivide in the regionand revising the RPoA accordingly, forexample,byaddingnewprogrammesand/or projects and strengthening partnershipmechanisms .

212 . UNESCWA is working towardsdevelopmentofawebportalonmeasuringtheinformationsocietyintheUNESCWAregion . The portal is expected to beoperativebymid2008,providingacrucialtooltoassistUNESCWAmembercountriestodefineandcollectICTindicators,buildstatisticalcapacity,follow-uponprogressintheimplementationoftheRPoAandshareexperiences .Theportalwillbeabilingual(EnglishandArabic)anddynamictoolformeasuring progress towards building theinformation society in Western Asia andtheArabRegion .ItwillprovideaccesstoRPoAstatusandpartnerships,informationsociety indicators, publications, country/regional profiles and communications/networkingtools .

Notes1 ThePartnershipactivelyseekscontributionsfromdonorstosupportcapacity-buildingindevelopingcountries .

DonorsinterestedincontactingthePartnershipareinvitedtosendane-mailtoemeasurement@unctad .org .

2 Narrower categories can be aggregated by counting the number of respondents (businesses, households orindividuals)whichundertakeanyoftheactionsofinterest,forinstance,fortheindicator‘businessesusingtheInternetforprovidingcustomerservices’componentcategoriescouldbeusingtheInternetfor‘facilitatingaccesstoon-linecatalogues’,for‘providingaftersalessupport’andfor‘enablingordertracking’ .Theindicator‘businessesusingtheInternetforprovidingcustomerservices’wouldbeconstructedbytakingallrespondentswhodidanyofthose‘componentactivities’ .Thisavoidsthedoublecountingwhichwouldoccurif,forinstance,thenumberundertakingeachactivityweresimplyaddedtogether .

3 ThesearediscussedinUNCTAD’sManual(UNCTAD,2007a) .

4 TheCUTmodelclassifiesICT4Dindicatorsintothreecategories:Capacityindicators:targetedatmeasuringthelevelandtheextentofdevelopmentanddeploymentofICTinfrastructureandrelatedresources;Usageindicators:aimedatassessingandmeasuringtheextentofuseoftheICTinfrastructureandrelatedresourcesbyhouseholds,businessesandgovernmententities;andTransformationorimpactindicators:indicatorstargetedatmeasuringthesocialandeconomicimpactofICTinfrastructureandusewithintheeconomyandsociety .

5 MostofthecontentofthissectionhasbeentakenfromOlaya(2007)andfromaninternalUNECLACdocumentdealingwithaproposedOSILACphaseIII .

6 Seehttp://www .eclac .cl/tic/flash/default .asp?idioma=IN .

7 Seehttp://www .eclac .cl/id .asp?ID=30206 .

8 Seehttp://www .eclac .cl/id .asp?ID=29951 .

9 Seehttp://www .eclac .cl/SocInfo/OSILAC .

103

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Eurostat(2006),Methodological Manual for Statistics on the Information Society, Survey year 2006 v2.0, Luxembourg, http://epp .eurostat .ec .europa .eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-BG-06-004/EN/KS-BG-06-004-EN .PDF .

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ITU-D/ict/publications/world/world .html .ITU (2007c), Measuring the Information Society 2007: ICT Opportunity Index and World

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Olaya,D .(2007),Compendium of Practices on the implementation of ICT questions in households and businesses surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean,UNECLAC .

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OECD(2007c),Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007,Paris,http://www .sourceoecd .org/scoreboard .

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UNCTAD(2007b),Information Economy Report 2007-2008,Geneva .UNECA(UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfrica)(2007a),Developing capacity and impact

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“Co-ordination Meeting on Information Society Statistics”, report of the NewYork meeting,March2004 .

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AbbreviationsADSL AsymmetricdigitalsubscriberlineCPC CentralProductClassification(UN)DSL DigitalsubscriberlineEDI ElectronicdatainterchangeEU EuropeanUnionGDP Grossdomesticproduct

106


GSM GlobalsystemformobilecommunicationsHS HarmonizedSystem(WCO)ICT InformationandcommunicationtechnologyIDRC InternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre(Canada)IP InternetprotocolISDN IntegratedservicesdigitalnetworkISIC InternationalStandardIndustrialClassificationofAllEconomicActivities(UN)ISP InternetserviceproviderITU InternationalTelecommunicationUnionKbit/s KilobitspersecondLAN LocalareanetworkMbit/s MegabitspersecondNACE NomenclatureGeneraledesActivitiesEconomiquesdansL`UnionEuropeenneNAICS NorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystemNSO NationalstatisticalofficeOECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentSDSL SymmetricdigitalsubscriberlineSME SmallandmediumenterpriseSNA SystemofNationalAccountsUIS UNESCOInstituteforStatisticsUNCTAD UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentUNECA UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfricaUNECLAC UnitedNationsRegionalCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanUNESCAP UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacificUNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationUNESCWA UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsiaUNIDO UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationUNSC UnitedNationsStatisticalCommissionUNSD UnitedNationsStatisticsDivisionURL UniformresourcelocatorVDSL VeryhighspeeddigitalsubscriberlineWCO WorldCustomsOrganizationWPIIS WorkingPartyonIndicatorsfortheInformationSociety(OECD)WSIS WorldSummit/sontheInformationSocietyWWW (the)WorldWideWeb

107

Bibliography

107

Bibliography

Annexes

109

Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators

Notes on the Annex1 . ThisannexshowstheavailabilityofthecoreICTindicatorsforindividualeconomies .Notall

of the data which are available are included in the publication (though most are) . Some datawereomittedforstatisticalreasons(forinstance,definitionsofcategoriesorindicatorsdifferedconsiderablyfromthecoreICTindicatorstandards) .

2 . Availabilityisdefinedasknownavailabilityatthetimeofcompilation .Itispossiblethatsomeindicatorsareavailableformoreeconomiesthanshowninthisannex .

3 . Dataarearrangedby‘levelofdevelopment’and‘region’accordingtothe2007versionoftheUNStatisticalDivision’sStandardcountryorareacodesforstatisticaluse,seehttp://unstats .un .org/unsd/methods/m49/m49 .htm .TheclassificationwasrevisedinJanuary2008andisnowslightlydifferentfromtheversionusedinthispublication .Themaindifferencesare:CroatiahasmovedfromDevelopedtoTransitioneconomies,andBulgariaandRomaniahavemovedfromTransitiontoDevelopedeconomies .

4 . Taiwan, China has been added to the UNSD list because some organizations collect relevantinformationforthiseconomy(thenameoftheeconomyfollowsITUpractice) .

5 . NotationusedintheAnnexisasfollows:

A Availableandyearoflatestdata(forexample,A05meansthattheindicatorisavailableinrespectof2005) .PAisusedfortheICTsectorcoreindicators,ICT1andICT2,andindicatesavailabilityforthemanufacturingsectoronly .

NA Apparentlynotavailableinrespectoftheyear2002orlater .

NC Datanotcollectedfromthiseconomybytherelevantagency .


110


Dev

elop

ed e

cono

mie

s

Asia

Japa

nA

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Euro

pe

Ålan

dIs

land

sN

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

Ando

rra

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

A05

A

05

A06

N

A

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

AAu

stria

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Belg

ium

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

05

A04

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Ch

anne

lIsl

ands

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

Croa

tia

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ACz

ech

Repu

blic

A

05

A06

A

05

A04

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Den

mar

kA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Esto

nia

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Faer

oeIs

land

sA

05

A05

N

A

A04

A

05

A05

A

06

NA

N

A

A06

N

A

NA

A

04

A04

Fi

nlan

dA

06

A06

A

05

A04

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Fran

ce

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Germ

any

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Gibr

alta

rA

04

A04

N

A

NA

N

A

A05

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Gree

ce

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A04

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AGu

erns

ey

NA

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

AHo

lyS

ee

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

CHu

ngar

yA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Ic

elan

dA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Ire

land

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Isle

ofM

an

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

CIta

ly

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AJe

rsey

A

06

A04

N

A

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Latv

ia

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ALi

echt

enst

ein

A05

A

05

NA

A

04

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

Lith

uani

aA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A04

Lu

xem

bour

gA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

M

alta

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A04

M

onac

oA

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

02/3

A

05

Net

herla

nds

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AN

orw

ay

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

Avai

labi

lity

of th

e co

re in

dica

tors

on

ICT

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd a

cces

sLevelofdevelopment,regionandeconomy

A1.Fixedtelephonelinesper100inhabitants

A2.Mobilecellularsubscribersper100inhabitants

A3.Computersper100inhabitants

A4.Internetsubscribersper100inhabitants

A5.BroadbandInternetsubscribersper100inhabitants

A6.InternationalInternetbandwidthperinhabitant

A7.Percentageofpopulationcoveredbymobilecellulartelephony

A8a.Internetaccesstariffs(20hourspermonth),inUS$

A8b.Internetaccesstariffs(20hourspermonth),asapercentageofper capitaincome

A9a.Mobilecellulartariffs(100minutesofusepermonth),inUS$

A9b.Mobilecellulartariffs(100minutesofusepermonth),asapercentageofper capitaincome

A10.PercentageoflocalitieswithpublicInternetaccesscentres(PIACs)bynumberofinhabitants(rural/urban)

A11.Radiosetsper100inhabitants

A12.Televisionsetsper100inhabitants

111


Pola

nd

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

APo

rtug

al

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ASa

nM

arin

oA

05

A05

A

05

A04

A

05

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

A05

Sl

ovak

ia

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Slov

enia

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Spai

nA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A04

Sv

alba

rda

ndJ

an

M

ayen

Isla

nds

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

CSw

eden

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Switz

erla

nd

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Unite

dKi

ngdo

mo

fGre

at

Br

itain

and

Nor

ther

nIre

land

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A04

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Nor

ther

n Am

eric

a

Berm

uda

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

05

A04

N

A

NA

A

06

NA

A

04

NA

N

ACa

nada

A

05

A05

A

05

A04

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A04

Gr

eenl

and

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

ASa

intP

ierr

ean

dM

ique

lon

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Unite

dSt

ates

ofA

mer

ica

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A06

A

04

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

Oce

ania

Aust

ralia

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

05

A05

N

ewZ

eala

nd

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Tran

sitio

n ec

onom

ies

Asia

Arm

enia

A

05

A05

A

05

A04

A

05

A04

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Azer

baija

nA

06

A06

A

05

A04

A

05

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Ge

orgi

aA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

N

AKa

zakh

stan

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

Kyrg

yzst

an

A05

A

05

A05

A

05

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Tajik

ista

nA

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Turk

men

ista

nA

05

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Uzbe

kist

an

A05

A

05

A06

N

A

A05

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Euro

pe

Alba

nia

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Bela

rus

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A04

N

ABo

snia

and

Her

zego

vina

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Bu

lgar

ia

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

AM

onte

negr

oA

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Repu

blic

ofM

oldo

va

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A04

A

04

Rom

ania

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

N

ARu

ssia

nFe

dera

tion

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A06

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ASe

rbia

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

A06

Th

efo

rmer

Yug

osla

v

Repu

blic

ofM

aced

onia

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Ukra

ine

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8a

A8b

A9a

A9b

A10

A11

A12

112


Dev

elop

ing

econ

omie

s

Afric

a

Alge

ria

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

Bo

tsw

ana

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Cam

eroo

nA

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

A

05

Cong

oA

05

A05

A

05

A04

N

A

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Co

ted

’Ivoi

re

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

Eg

ypt

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

05

Gabo

nA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

Gh

ana

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AKe

nya

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

NA

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ALi

byan

Ara

bJa

mah

iriya

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A04

M

aurit

ius

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AM

ayot

te

NA

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

AM

oroc

co

A06

A

06

A05

A

04

A05

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

04

Nam

ibia

A

06

A05

A

05

A04

N

A

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

N

AN

iger

ia

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A05

N

ARé

unio

nN

A

A04

A

04

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

02/3

N

ASa

intH

elen

aA

05

NA

A

05

A04

A

05

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

A05

Se

yche

lles

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A02

/3

NA

Sout

hAf

rica

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Swaz

iland

A

06

A06

A

05

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

N

ATu

nisi

aA

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A05

W

este

rnS

ahar

aN

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

Zim

babw

eA

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

05

A06

Asia

Bahr

ain

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

04

Brun

eiD

arus

sala

m

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

06

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

ACh

ina

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ACy

prus

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

N

AD

emoc

ratic

Peo

ple’

s

Repu

blic

ofK

orea

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Hong

Kon

gSp

ecia

l

Adm

inis

trat

ive

Regi

on

of

Chi

na

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

05

Indi

aA

05

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Indo

nesi

aA

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Iran,

Isla

mic

Rep

ublic

of

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Iraq

A04

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

A06

N

A

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

AIs

rael

A

06

A06

A

05

A04

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Jord

an

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

04

Kuw

ait

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

04

Leba

non

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Mac

aoS

peci

alA

dmin

istr

ativ

e

Regi

ono

fChi

na

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A05

A

04

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8a

A8b

A9a

A9b

A10

A11

A12

113


Mal

aysi

aA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Mon

golia

A

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A04

A

02/3

A

05

Occ

upie

dPa

lest

inia

nTe

rrito

ry

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A04

O

man

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

N

APa

kist

an

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Phili

ppin

es

A06

A

06

A05

A

04

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Qat

ar

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

A

04

Repu

blic

ofK

orea

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Sa

udiA

rabi

aA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A04

Si

ngap

ore

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

05

SriL

anka

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Syria

nAr

abR

epub

lic

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ATa

iwan

,Chi

na

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

NA

A

06

NA

A

06

A05

A

05

Thai

land

A

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Turk

ey

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Unite

dAr

abE

mira

tes

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

04

Viet

Nam

A

05

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d

the

Carib

bean

Angu

illa

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

AAn

tigua

and

Bar

buda

A

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Arge

ntin

aA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Ar

uba

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

ABa

ham

as

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

NA

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

04

NA

N

ABa

rbad

os

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

A04

A

04

Beliz

eA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Boliv

ia

A06

A

06

A05

A

04

A05

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Braz

ilA

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Briti

shV

irgin

Isla

nds

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

ACa

yman

Isla

nds

A06

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

ACh

ile

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

Co

lom

bia

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

04

A05

A

05

Cost

aRi

ca

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

05

Cuba

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

N

A

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

A05

D

omin

ica

A04

A

04

A04

A

04

NA

A

04

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AD

omin

ican

Rep

ublic

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

05

A05

Ec

uado

rA

06

A06

A

05

A04

A

05

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A04

A

04

A05

El

Sal

vado

rA

06

A06

A

05

A04

A

05

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Fa

lkla

ndIs

land

s(M

alvi

nas)

A

05

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

A06

N

A

NA

Fren

chG

uian

aA

06

A04

A

04

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Gren

ada

A05

A

05

A04

N

A

NA

A

04

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AGu

adel

oupe

A

06

A04

A

04

NA

N

A

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Guat

emal

aA

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Gu

yana

A

05

A05

A

05

A04

A

05

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Hond

uras

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

N

A

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Ja

mai

ca

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Mar

tiniq

ue

A06

A

04

A04

N

A

NA

A

05

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8a

A8b

A9a

A9b

A10

A11

A12

114


Mex

ico

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

04

NA

A

04

Mon

tser

rat

A06

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

AN

ethe

rland

sAn

tille

sA

06

A04

N

A

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Nic

arag

ua

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Pana

ma

A06

A

05

A05

A

04

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

A

05

Para

guay

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A05

Pe

ru

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

APu

erto

Ric

oA

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Sain

tKitt

san

dN

evis

A

04

A04

A

04

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Sain

tLuc

ia

A06

A

05

A04

N

A

NA

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ASa

intM

artin

(Fre

nch

part

)

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

CSa

intV

ince

nta

ndth

e

Gren

adin

es

A06

A

06

A05

A

04

A05

A

06

A04

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A05

N

ASa

int-

Bart

héle

my

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

CSu

rinam

eA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Trin

idad

and

Tob

ago

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ATu

rks

and

Caic

osIs

land

sA

04

A04

N

A

A04

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Unite

dSt

ates

Virg

inIs

land

sA

06

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Urug

uay

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

05

A04

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AVe

nezu

ela

(Bol

ivar

ian

Re

publ

ico

f)A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Oce

ania

Amer

ican

Sam

oa

A04

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

04

Cook

Isla

nds

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

A02

/3

A05

Fi

jiA

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

04

A05

Fr

ench

Pol

ynes

ia

A06

A

06

A05

A

04

A05

A

06

A05

N

A

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

05

Guam

N

A

A04

N

A

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Mar

shal

lIsl

ands

N

A

A04

A

04

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Mic

rone

sia,

Fed

erat

ed

St

ates

of

A06

A

05

A05

A

04

A04

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

N

auru

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

New

Cal

edon

ia

A06

A

05

A05

A

04

A05

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

N

iue

A06

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

04

Nor

folk

Isla

nd

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

AN

orth

ern

Mar

iana

Isla

nds

NA

A

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

APa

lau

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

APa

pua

New

Gui

nea

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A04

Pi

tcai

rn

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

C

NC

N

CTo

kela

uA

04

NA

A

04

NA

N

A

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Tong

aA

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

A

04

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

A

05

Wal

lisa

ndF

utun

aIs

land

sA

04

NA

N

A

NA

A

04

A05

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Leas

t dev

elop

ed e

cono

mie

s

Afric

a

Ango

la

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A04

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Beni

nA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

05

A05

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8a

A8b

A9a

A9b

A10

A11

A12

115


Burk

ina

Faso

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

04

A05

Bu

rund

iA

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

04

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

A

05

Cape

Ver

de

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Cent

ralA

fric

anR

epub

lic

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

NA

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

Ch

ad

A06

A

06

A05

A

04

NA

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

Co

mor

os

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

D

emoc

ratic

Rep

ublic

of

th

eCo

ngo

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A02

/3

A05

D

jibou

tiA

05

A05

A

05

A04

A

05

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

A

05

Equa

toria

lGui

nea

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

AEr

itrea

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

04

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

A05

Et

hiop

ia

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A05

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AGa

mbi

aA

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

Guin

ea

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A04

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A04

Gu

inea

Bis

sau

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A04

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Leso

tho

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Libe

ria

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

AM

adag

asca

rA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

04

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

A

05

Mal

awi

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

A05

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

M

ali

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A02

/3

A04

M

aurit

ania

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A06

A

02/3

A

04

Moz

ambi

que

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A04

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AN

iger

A

05

A05

A

05

A04

A

05

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

A

05

Rwan

da

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A04

Sa

oTo

me

and

Prin

cipe

A

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

02/3

N

ASe

nega

lA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

04

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

04

A04

Si

erra

Leo

ne

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

ASo

mal

ia

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

A04

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

ASu

dan

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Togo

A

06

A06

A

05

NA

A

04

A06

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

A

06

Ugan

da

A06

A

06

A05

A

04

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A06

Un

ited

Repu

blic

ofT

anza

nia

A06

A

06

A05

N

A

A04

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Zam

bia

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Asia

Afgh

anis

tan

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

A

06

A06

N

A

A05

A

06

Bang

lade

sh

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A04

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

04

NA

A

06

Bhut

an

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

A04

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

04

A04

A

04

Cam

bodi

aA

06

A06

A

05

A06

A

05

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Lao

Peop

le’s

Dem

ocra

tic

Re

publ

ic

A05

A

05

A05

A

04

A05

A

05

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AM

aldi

ves

A06

A

06

A04

A

06

A06

A

04

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

AM

yanm

ar

A05

A

06

A05

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

A04

A

04

Nep

al

A06

A

06

A05

A

06

A04

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

A

04

NA

N

ATi

mor

-Les

te

A06

A

06

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

A

06

NA

N

AYe

men

A

05

A05

A

05

A04

N

A

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8a

A8b

A9a

A9b

A10

A11

A12

116


Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e

Carib

bean

Haiti

A

05

A05

A

05

A04

A

04

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

NA

Oce

ania

Kirib

ati

NA

A

04

A04

N

A

NA

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

NA

Sam

oa

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A05

A

05

NA

A

06

A06

A

06

A06

N

A

A02

/3

A05

So

lom

onIs

land

sA

05

A05

A

05

NA

A

05

A05

N

A

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

A

02/3

A

05

Tuva

lu

A05

A

05

A05

N

A

A04

A

05

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

A

NA

N

AVa

nuat

uA

05

A05

A

05

A04

A

05

A05

A

05

A06

A

06

A06

A

06

NA

N

A

A05

Sour

ce: I

TU

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8a

A8b

A9a

A9b

A10

A11

A12

117


Dev

elop

ed e

cono

mie

s

Asia

Japa

nN

AA0

4A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

A

Euro

pe

Ålan

dIs

land

sN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CAn

dorr

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AAu

stria

N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

ABe

lgiu

m

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Chan

nelI

slan

ds

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Croa

tia

A04

A04

A04

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

Czec

hRe

publ

ic

NA

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AD

enm

ark

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Esto

nia

A04

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Faer

oeIs

land

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AFi

nlan

dN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AFr

ance

N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AGe

rman

yN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AGi

bral

tar

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Gree

ce

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Guer

nsey

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AHo

lyS

ee

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Hung

ary

A05

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Ic

elan

dN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AIre

land

N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AIs

leo

fMan

N

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CIta

ly

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Jers

ey

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Latv

ia

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Liec

hten

stei

nN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Lith

uani

aN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

4Lu

xem

bour

gN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AM

alta

N

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

onac

oN

AA0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3N

ethe

rland

sN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AN

orw

ay

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Avai

labi

lity

of th

e co

re in

dica

tors

on

acce

ss to

, and

use

of,

ICT

by h

ouse

hold

s an

d in

divi

dual

sLevelofdevelopment,regionandeconomy

HH1.Proportionofhouseholdswitharadio

HH2.ProportionofhouseholdswithaTV

HH3.Proportionofhouseholdswithafixedlinetelephone

HH4.Proportionofhouseholdswithamobilecellulartelephone

HH5.Proportionofhouseholdswithacomputer

HH6.Proportionofindividualswhousedacomputer(fromanylocation)inthelast12months

HH7.ProportionofhouseholdswithInternetaccessathome

HH8.ProportionofindividualswhousedtheInternet(fromanylocation)inthelast12months

HH9.LocationofindividualuseoftheInternetinthelast12months

HH10.Internetactivitiesundertakenbyindividualsinthelast12months

HH11.Proportionofindividualswithuseofamobiletelephone

HH12.ProportionofhouseholdswithaccesstotheInternet,bytypeofaccess

HH13.FrequencyofindividualaccesstotheInternetinthelast12months(fromanylocation)

HR1.Proportionofhouseholdswithelectricity

118


Pola

nd

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Port

ugal

N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

ASa

nM

arin

oN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASl

ovak

ia

A05

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Slov

enia

N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

ASp

ain

A05

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Sval

bard

and

Jan

May

enIs

land

sN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CSw

eden

N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

ASw

itzer

land

N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Unite

dKi

ngdo

mo

fGre

at

Br

itain

and

Nor

ther

n

Irela

nd

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Nor

ther

n Am

eric

a

Berm

uda

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A02/

3A0

4A0

2/3

NA

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

A02/

3A0

4Ca

nada

A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5A0

5N

AGr

eenl

and

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sain

tPie

rre

and

Miq

uelo

nN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUn

ited

Stat

eso

fAm

eric

aN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

A05

A02/

3A0

5A0

2/3

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

Oce

ania

Aust

ralia

N

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

A06/

7A0

2/3

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

New

Zea

land

N

AA0

4A0

4A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

4

Tran

sitio

n ec

onom

ies

Asia

Arm

enia

A0

5A0

4A0

5A0

4A0

4N

AA0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AAz

erba

ijan

A05

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

A05

A06/

7A0

2/3

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Geor

gia

A04

A04

A04

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

Kaza

khst

an

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Kyrg

yzst

an

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Tajik

ista

nN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATu

rkm

enis

tan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Uzbe

kist

an

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Euro

pe

Alba

nia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Bela

rus

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A06/

7Bo

snia

and

Her

zego

vina

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ABu

lgar

ia

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Mon

tene

gro

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Repu

blic

ofM

oldo

va

NA

A04

A04

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Rom

ania

N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

ARu

ssia

nFe

dera

tion

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Serb

ia

NA

NA

NA

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

ATh

efo

rmer

Yug

osla

vRe

publ

ic

of

Mac

edon

ia

A04

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

HH1

HH2

HH3

HH4

HH5

HH6

HH7

HH8

HH9

HH10

HH

11

HH12

HH

13

HR1

119


Ukra

ine

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Dev

elop

ing

econ

omie

s

Afric

a

Alge

ria

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Bots

wan

aA0

4N

AA0

4N

AA0

4N

AA0

4A0

4N

AN

AA0

4N

AN

AN

ACa

mer

oon

A04

A04

A04

A04

NA

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cong

oA0

5A0

5A0

5N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ACo

ted

’Ivoi

re

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AEg

ypt

A05

A05

A05

NA

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Gabo

nN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGh

ana

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Keny

aA0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Liby

anA

rab

Jam

ahiri

ya

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mau

ritiu

sN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A02/

3M

ayot

te

NA

NA

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

oroc

co

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7N

AN

amib

ia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Nig

eria

A0

4A0

4A0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Réun

ion

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sain

tHel

ena

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Seyc

helle

sN

AA0

5N

AN

AA0

5N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASo

uth

Afric

aA0

4A0

4A0

4A0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

4Sw

azila

nd

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Tuni

sia

NA

NA

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Wes

tern

Sah

ara

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Zim

babw

eN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

5N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Asia

Bahr

ain

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Brun

eiD

arus

sala

m

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chin

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7N

AN

ACy

prus

N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AD

emoc

ratic

Peo

ple’

s

Repu

blic

ofK

orea

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AHo

ngK

ong

Spec

ial

Ad

min

istr

ativ

eRe

gion

ofC

hina

N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AN

AA0

6/7

NA

Indi

aA0

5A0

5N

AA0

5A0

5N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AIn

done

sia

A04

A04

A04

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3Ira

n,Is

lam

icR

epub

lico

fN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Iraq

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Isra

el

NA

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

NA

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

Jord

an

NA

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

Kuw

ait

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Leba

non

NA

A04

A04

A04

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

Mac

aoS

peci

al

Ad

min

istr

ativ

eRe

gion

ofC

hina

N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

A06/

7A0

2/3

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

HH1

HH2

HH3

HH4

HH5

HH6

HH7

HH8

HH9

HH10

HH

11

HH12

HH

13

HR1

120


Mal

aysi

aN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

6/7

A04

NA

A06/

7N

AM

ongo

lia

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A06/

7O

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Te

rrito

ry

NA

A04

A04

A04

A04

A06/

7A0

4A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AO

man

A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3N

AN

AA0

5N

AN

AA0

2/3

Paki

stan

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

APh

ilipp

ines

A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3Q

atar

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ARe

publ

ico

fKor

ea

NA

NA

NA

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

ASa

udiA

rabi

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASi

ngap

ore

NA

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

NA

SriL

anka

N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

4N

AA0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASy

rian

Arab

Rep

ublic

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATa

iwan

,Chi

na

NA

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

4N

AA0

6/7

A05

A06/

7N

AN

AA0

6/7

NA

NA

Thai

land

N

AN

AA0

5N

AA0

5A0

6/7

A05

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A04

A06/

7N

AN

ATu

rkey

N

AA0

5N

AA0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUn

ited

Arab

Em

irate

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AVi

etN

am

A02/

3A0

2/3

A04

A04

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d

the

Carib

bean

Angu

illa

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Antig

uaa

ndB

arbu

da

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Arge

ntin

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AAr

uba

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Baha

mas

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ABa

rbad

os

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Beliz

eN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ABo

livia

A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

5Br

azil

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

NA

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

Briti

shV

irgin

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Caym

anIs

land

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ACh

ile

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

NA

NA

Colo

mbi

aA0

5A0

5A0

5N

AN

AN

AA0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ACo

sta

Rica

A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5Cu

ba

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7D

omin

ica

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Dom

inic

anR

epub

lic

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

NA

A05

A05

Ecua

dor

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

5A0

6/7

NA

NA

A06/

7N

AN

AA0

6/7

ElS

alva

dor

A04

A04

A05

A05

A05

NA

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3Fa

lkla

ndIs

land

s(M

alvi

nas)

N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fren

chG

uian

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGr

enad

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGu

adel

oupe

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGu

atem

ala

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Guya

na

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Hond

uras

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AN

AA0

6/7

Jam

aica

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

HH1

HH2

HH3

HH4

HH5

HH6

HH7

HH8

HH9

HH10

HH

11

HH12

HH

13

HR1

121


Mar

tiniq

ue

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mex

ico

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A05

NA

A06/

7N

AM

onts

erra

tN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ethe

rland

sAn

tille

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

icar

agua

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

APa

nam

aA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AN

AA0

6/7

Para

guay

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

NA

NA

A06/

7Pe

ru

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

6/7

Puer

toR

ico

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sain

tKitt

san

dN

evis

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASa

intL

ucia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASa

intM

artin

(Fre

nch

part

)

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Sain

tVin

cent

and

the

Gr

enad

ines

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASa

int-

Bart

héle

my

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Surin

ame

NA

NA

A04

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

Trin

idad

and

Tob

ago

NA

NA

NA

A05

A05

A02/

3A0

5A0

5N

AN

AA0

5N

AN

AN

ATu

rks

and

Caic

osIs

land

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUn

ited

Stat

esV

irgin

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Urug

uay

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AN

AA0

6/7

NA

Vene

zuel

a(B

oliv

aria

n

Repu

blic

of)

A05

A05

A06/

7A0

5A0

5N

AA0

6/7

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A06/

7

Oce

ania

Amer

ican

Sam

oa

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cook

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fiji

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fren

chP

olyn

esia

N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGu

am

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mar

shal

lIsl

ands

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

icro

nesi

a,F

eder

ated

Stat

eso

fN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

auru

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ewC

aled

onia

N

AN

AA0

2/3

A02/

3N

AN

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Niu

eN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

orfo

lkIs

land

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

orth

ern

Mar

iana

Isla

nds

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

NA

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Pala

uN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

APa

pua

New

Gui

nea

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Pitc

airn

N

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CTo

kela

uN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATo

nga

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Wal

lisa

ndF

utun

aIs

land

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Leas

t dev

elop

ed e

cono

mie

s

Afric

a

Ango

la

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

HH1

HH2

HH3

HH4

HH5

HH6

HH7

HH8

HH9

HH10

HH

11

HH12

HH

13

HR1

122


Beni

nN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ABu

rkin

aFa

so

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Buru

ndi

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cape

Ver

de

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cent

ralA

fric

anR

epub

lic

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chad

A0

4A0

4A0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ACo

mor

os

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Dem

ocra

ticR

epub

lico

f

the

Cong

oN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AD

jibou

tiN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AEq

uato

rialG

uine

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AEr

itrea

A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Ethi

opia

A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AN

AN

AA0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGa

mbi

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGu

inea

A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Guin

eaB

issa

uN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ALe

soth

oA0

4A0

4A0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ALi

beria

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

adag

asca

rA0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

A04

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mal

awi

A04

A04

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mal

iN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

aurit

ania

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

ozam

biqu

eA0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Nig

er

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Rwan

da

A05

A05

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sao

Tom

ean

dPr

inci

pe

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sene

gal

A05

A05

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sier

raL

eone

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASo

mal

ia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Suda

nA0

5A0

5N

AN

AA0

5N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATo

go

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUg

anda

A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

A02/

3A0

4N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUn

ited

Repu

blic

ofT

anza

nia

A04

A04

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

Zam

bia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Asia

Afgh

anis

tan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Bang

lade

sh

A04

A04

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

Bhut

an

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

NA

A04

NA

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cam

bodi

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ALa

oPe

ople

’sD

emoc

ratic

Repu

blic

N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mal

dive

sA0

5A0

6/7

A05

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

yanm

ar

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

epal

N

AN

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3Ti

mor

-Les

te

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Yem

en

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

HH1

HH2

HH3

HH4

HH5

HH6

HH7

HH8

HH9

HH10

HH

11

HH12

HH

13

HR1

123


Latin

Am

eric

a an

d

the

Carib

bean

Haiti

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Oce

ania

Kirib

ati

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sam

oa

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Solo

mon

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Tuva

lu

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Vanu

atu

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sour

ce: I

TU a

nd E

uros

tat (

extra

cted

from

30

Nov

embe

r 200

7 ve

rsio

n).

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on a

nd e

cono

my

HH1

HH2

HH3

HH4

HH5

HH6

HH7

HH8

HH9

HH10

HH

11

HH12

HH

13

HR1

124


Dev

elop

ed e

cono

mie

s

Asia

Japa

nN

AN

AA0

5N

AA0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

A

Euro

pe Ålan

dIs

land

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AAn

dorr

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AAu

stria

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Be

lgiu

m

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Chan

nelI

slan

ds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Croa

tia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Czec

hRe

publ

ic

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Den

mar

kA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Es

toni

aA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Fa

eroe

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Finl

and

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Fran

ce

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7Ge

rman

yA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Gi

bral

tar

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Gree

ce

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Guer

nsey

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AHo

lyS

ee

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Hung

ary

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Icel

and

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Irela

nd

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Isle

ofM

an

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Italy

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Je

rsey

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ALa

tvia

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Li

echt

enst

ein

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Lith

uani

aA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Lu

xem

bour

gA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7M

alta

A0

5N

AA0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5A0

5M

onac

oN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ethe

rland

sA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

orw

ay

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Avai

labi

lity

of th

e co

re in

dica

tors

on

use

of IC

T by

bus

ines

ses

Levelofdevelopment,regionandeconomy

B1.Proportionofbusinesesusingcomputers

B2.Proportionofemployeesusingcomputers

B3.ProportionofbusinesesusingtheInternet

B4.ProportionofemployeesusingtheInternet

B5.ProportionofbusineseswithaWebpresence

B6.Proportionofbusineseswithanintranet

B7.ProportionofbusinesesreceivingordersovertheInternet

B8.ProportionofbusinesesplacingordersovertheInternet

B9.ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetbytypeofaccess

B10.ProportionofbusineseswithaLocalAreaNetwork(LAN)

B11.Proportionofbusineseswithanextranet

B12.ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetbytypeofactivity

125


Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on

and

econ

omy

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

B10

B11

B12

Pola

nd

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Port

ugal

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Sa

nM

arin

oN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASl

ovak

ia

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Slov

enia

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Sp

ain

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Sval

bard

and

Jan

May

en

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Swed

en

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Switz

erla

nd

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Unite

dKi

ngdo

mo

fGre

at

Brita

ina

ndN

orth

ern

Irela

nd

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Nor

ther

n Am

eric

a

Berm

uda

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

NA

A05

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cana

da

NA

NA

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7Gr

eenl

and

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sain

tPie

rre

and

Miq

uelo

nN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUn

ited

Stat

eso

fAm

eric

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Oce

ania

Aust

ralia

A0

5N

AA0

5N

AA0

5N

AA0

5A0

5A0

5N

AN

AA0

5N

ewZ

eala

nd

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Tran

sitio

n ec

onom

ies

Asia

Arm

enia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AAz

erba

ijan

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

5N

AN

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

5A0

6/7

Geor

gia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Kaza

khst

an

A05

NA

A05

NA

A05

NA

A05

A05

NA

A05

NA

A05

Kyrg

yzst

an

NA

NA

A05

NA

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Tajik

ista

nN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATu

rkm

enis

tan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Uzbe

kist

an

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Euro

pe

Alba

nia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Bela

rus

A05

NA

A05

NA

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

A05

NA

NA

Bosn

iaa

ndH

erze

govi

na

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Bulg

aria

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7M

onte

negr

oN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ARe

publ

ico

fMol

dova

N

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3N

AN

ARo

man

ia

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

Russ

ian

Fede

ratio

nA0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5A0

5N

AA0

5N

AA0

5Se

rbia

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Th

efo

rmer

Yug

osla

v

Repu

blic

ofM

aced

onia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUk

rain

eN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

126


Dev

elop

ing

econ

omie

s

Afric

a

Alge

ria

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Bots

wan

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ACa

mer

oon

A05

NA

A05

NA

A05

A05

NA

NA

A05

A05

A05

A05

Cong

oN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ACo

ted

’Ivoi

re

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Egyp

tA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Ga

bon

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Ghan

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AKe

nya

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Liby

anA

rab

Jam

ahiri

ya

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mau

ritiu

sA0

6/7

NA

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

NA

NA

May

otte

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

oroc

co

NA

NA

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

NA

NA

A05

Nam

ibia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

iger

ia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Réun

ion

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sain

tHel

ena

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Seyc

helle

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASo

uth

Afric

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASw

azila

nd

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Tuni

sia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Wes

tern

Sah

ara

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Zim

babw

eN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Asia

Bahr

ain

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Brun

eiD

arus

sala

m

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chin

aN

AN

AA0

5N

AA0

5N

AA0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5Cy

prus

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7D

emoc

ratic

Peo

ple’

sRe

publ

ic

ofK

orea

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AHo

ngK

ong

Spec

ial

Ad

min

istr

ativ

eRe

gion

ofC

hina

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7In

dia

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AIn

done

sia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Iran,

Isla

mic

Rep

ublic

of

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Iraq

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Isra

el

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Jord

an

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Kuw

ait

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Leba

non

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mac

aoS

peci

alA

dmin

istr

ativ

e

Regi

ono

fChi

na

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

NA

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

A02/

3A0

2/3

NA

NA

A02/

3M

alay

sia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on

and

econ

omy

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

B10

B11

B12

127


Mon

golia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AO

ccup

ied

Pale

stin

ian

Terr

itory

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AO

man

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

APa

kist

an

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Phili

ppin

es

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Qat

ar

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

NA

NA

NA

NA

Repu

blic

ofK

orea

A0

5N

AA0

5N

AA0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5N

AA0

5Sa

udiA

rabi

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASi

ngap

ore

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

SriL

anka

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASy

rian

Arab

Rep

ublic

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATa

iwan

,Chi

na

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Thai

land

A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7N

AA0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AN

AA0

6/7

Turk

ey

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

NA

NA

A05

NA

NA

A05

Unite

dAr

abE

mira

tes

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Viet

Nam

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

6/7

NA

NA

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d

the

Carib

bean

Angu

illa

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Antig

uaa

ndB

arbu

da

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Arge

ntin

aPA

05

PA05

PA

05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

A05

Arub

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ABa

ham

as

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Barb

ados

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ABe

lize

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Boliv

ia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Braz

ilA0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Br

itish

Virg

inIs

land

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ACa

yman

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chile

PA

05

NA

PA05

N

AA0

5N

AA0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5A0

5Co

lom

bia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cost

aRi

ca

A04

NA

A04

NA

A04

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A04

Cuba

A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

NA

NA

Dom

inic

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AD

omin

ican

Rep

ublic

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AEc

uado

rN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AEl

Sal

vado

rN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AFa

lkla

ndIs

land

s(M

alvi

nas)

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AFr

ench

Gui

ana

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Gren

ada

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Guad

elou

pe

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Guat

emal

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGu

yana

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AHo

ndur

as

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Jam

aica

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

artin

ique

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

exic

oA0

2/3

NA

A02/

3N

AA0

2/3

NA

NA

NA

NA

A02/

3N

AN

A

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on

and

econ

omy

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

B10

B11

B12

128


Mon

tser

rat

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Net

herla

nds

Antil

les

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Nic

arag

ua

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Pana

ma

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

NA

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7A0

6/7

A06/

7Pa

ragu

ay

NA

NA

A02/

3N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AA0

2Pe

ru

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Puer

toR

ico

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sain

tKitt

san

dN

evis

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASa

intL

ucia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASa

intM

artin

(Fre

nch

part

)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sain

tVin

cent

and

the

Gr

enad

ines

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASa

int-

Bart

héle

my

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Surin

ame

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Trin

idad

and

Tob

ago

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Turk

san

dCa

icos

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Unite

dSt

ates

Virg

inIs

land

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUr

ugua

yN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AVe

nezu

ela

(Bol

ivar

ian

Re

publ

ico

f)N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Oce

ania

Amer

ican

Sam

oa

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cook

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fiji

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fren

chP

olyn

esia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGu

am

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mar

shal

lIsl

ands

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

icro

nesi

a,F

eder

ated

Sta

tes

of

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Nau

ru

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

New

Cal

edon

ia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Niu

eN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

orfo

lkIs

land

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

orth

ern

Mar

iana

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Pala

uN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

APa

pua

New

Gui

nea

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Pitc

airn

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATo

kela

uN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATo

nga

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Wal

lisa

ndF

utun

aIs

land

sN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Leas

t dev

elop

ed e

cono

mie

s

Afric

a

Ango

la

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Beni

nN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ABu

rkin

aFa

so

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Buru

ndi

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cape

Ver

de

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on

and

econ

omy

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

B10

B11

B12

129


Cent

ralA

fric

anR

epub

lic

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chad

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ACo

mor

os

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Dem

ocra

ticR

epub

lico

fthe

Con

go

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Djib

outi

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Equa

toria

lGui

nea

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Eritr

ea

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Ethi

opia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGa

mbi

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGu

inea

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AGu

inea

Bis

sau

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Leso

tho

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Libe

ria

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mad

agas

car

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mal

awi

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mal

iN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

aurit

ania

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

ozam

biqu

eN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

iger

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ARw

anda

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASa

oTo

me

and

Prin

cipe

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASe

nega

lN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASi

erra

Leo

ne

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Som

alia

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ASu

dan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Togo

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUg

anda

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AUn

ited

Repu

blic

ofT

anza

nia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Zam

bia

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Asia

Afgh

anis

tan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Bang

lade

sh

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Bhut

an

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cam

bodi

aN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ALa

oPe

ople

’sD

emoc

ratic

Rep

ublic

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AM

aldi

ves

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mya

nmar

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

epal

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

ATi

mor

-Les

te

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Yem

en

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d

the

Carib

bean

Haiti

N

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

AN

A

Oce

ania

Kirib

ati

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on

and

econ

omy

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

B10

B11

B12

130


Sam

oa

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Solo

mon

Isla

nds

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Tuva

lu

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Vanu

atu

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sour

ce: U

NC

TAD

and

Eur

osta

t (ex

tract

ed fr

om 7

Dec

embe

r 200

7 ve

rsio

n).

Leve

l of d

evel

opm

ent,

regi

on

and

econ

omy

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

B10

B11

B12

131


Developed economies

Asia

Japan A05 A05 A06 A06

Europe

ÅlandIslands NA NA NC NCAndorra NA NA A04 A04Austria A04 A04 A06 A06Belgium A04 A04 A06 A06ChannelIslands NA NA NC NCCroatia PA04 NA A06 A06CzechRepublic A04 A04 A06 A06Denmark A04 A04 A06 A06Estonia A04 A04 A06 A06FaeroeIslands NA NA A06 A06Finland A04 A04 A06 A06France A04 A04 A06 A06Germany A04 A04 A06 A06Gibraltar NA NA NC NCGreece A04 A04 A06 A06Guernsey NA NA NC NCHolySee NA NA NC NCHungary A04 A04 A06 A06Iceland A05 A05 A06 A06Ireland A04 A04 A06 A06IsleofMan NA NA NC NCItaly A04 A04 A06 A06Jersey NA NA NC NCLatvia A05 A05 A06 A06Liechtenstein NA NA NC NCLithuania A04 A04 A06 A06Luxembourg A02/3 A02/3 A06 A06Malta A02/3 A02/3 A06 A06Monaco NA NA NC NCNetherlands A04 A04 A06 A06Norway A04 A04 A06 A06Poland A04 A04 A06 A06Portugal A04 A04 A06 A06SanMarino NA NA NC NCSlovakia A04 A04 A06 A06Slovenia A04 A04 A06 A06Spain A04 A05 A06 A06SvalbardandJanMayenIslands NA NA NC NCSweden A04 A04 A06 A06Switzerland NA NA A06 A06UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland A04 A05 A06 A06

Northern America

Bermuda A05 A05 NA NACanada A05 A02/3 A06 A06Greenland NA NA A02/3 A02/3SaintPierreandMiquelon NA NA NA NAUnitedStatesofAmerica A06 A06 A06 A06

Oceania

Australia A05 A05 A06 A06NewZealand A06 A05 A06 A06


Asia

Armenia NA NA A06 A06Azerbaijan PA04 NA A06 A06Georgia NA NA A06 A06Kazakhstan A05 NA A06 A06

Availability of the core indicators on the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods

Levelofdevelopment, ICT1.Proportionoftotal ICT2.Valueaddedinthe ICT3.ICTgoodsimports ICT4.ICTgoodsexportsregionandeconomy businesssectorworkforce ICTsector(asapercentage asapercentageof asapercentageof involvedintheICTsector oftotalbusinesssector totalimports totalexports valueadded).

132


Kyrgyzstan PA04 NA A06 A06Tajikistan NA NA NA NATurkmenistan NA NA NA NAUzbekistan NA NA NA NA

Europe

Albania NA NA A06 A06Belarus NA NA A06 A06BosniaandHerzegovina NA NA A06 A06Bulgaria PA04 PA04 A06 A06Montenegro NA NA NC NCRepublicofMoldova NA NA A06 A06Romania A05 A05 A06 A06RussianFederation A05 A05 A06 A06Serbia NA NA A06 A06TheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia NA NA A06 A06Ukraine PA02/3 NA A06 A06


Africa

Algeria NA NA A06 A06Botswana NA NA A06 A06Cameroon NA NA A06 A06Congo NA NA NA NACoted’Ivoire NA NA A06 A06Egypt PA02/3 NA A05 A05Gabon NA NA A06 A06Ghana NA NA A06 A06Kenya NA NA A04 A04LibyanArabJamahiriya NA NA NA NAMauritius A06 A06 A06 A06Mayotte NA NA A06 A06Morocco PA04 PA04 A06 A06Namibia NA NA A06 A06Nigeria NA NA A02/3 A02/3Réunion NA NA NC NCSaintHelena NA NA NC NCSeychelles NA NA A06 A06SouthAfrica PA02/3 NA A06 A06Swaziland NA NA A05 A05Tunisia NA NA A05 A05WesternSahara NC NC NC NCZimbabwe NA NA A05 A05

Asia

Bahrain NA NA A06 A06BruneiDarussalam NA NA A06 A06China NA NA A06 A06Cyprus A05 A05 A06 A06DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea NA NA NA NAHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina A04 A04 A06 A06India PA02/3 PA02/3 A06 A06Indonesia PA02/3 PA02/3 A06 A06Iran,IslamicRepublicof PA02/3 PA02/3 A06 A06Iraq NA NA NA NAIsrael A06 A06 A06 A06Jordan NA NA A06 A06Kuwait NA NA NA NALebanon NA NA A04 A04MacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina NA NA A06 A06Malaysia A04 NA A06 A06Mongolia NA NA A06 A06OccupiedPalestinianTerritory NA NA NC NCOman NA NA A06 A06Pakistan NA NA A06 A06Philippines NA NA A06 A06Qatar NA NA A06 A06

Level of development, region and economy ICT1 ICT2 ICT3 ICT4

133


RepublicofKorea A02/3 PA02/3 A06 A06SaudiArabia NA NA A06 A06Singapore PA02/3 PA02/3 A06 A06SriLanka NA NA A05 A05SyrianArabRepublic NA NA A06 A06Taiwan,China NC NC A06 A06Thailand A06 NA A06 A06Turkey NA NA A06 A06UnitedArabEmirates NA NA NA NAVietNam NA NA A05 A05

Latin America and the Caribbean

Anguilla NA NA A04 A04AntiguaandBarbuda NA NA A05 A05Argentina NA NA A06 A06Aruba NA NA A04 A04Bahamas NA NA NA NABarbados NA NA A06 A06Belize NA NA A06 A06Bolivia NA NA A06 A06Brazil A04 NA A06 A06BritishVirginIslands NA NA NC NCCaymanIslands NA NA NC NCChile A05 A05 A06 A06Colombia NA NA A06 A06CostaRica NA NA A06 A06Cuba A06 A06 A04 A04Dominica NA NA A06 A06DominicanRepublic NA NA NA NAEcuador NA NA A06 A06ElSalvador NA NA A06 A06FalklandIslands(Malvinas) NA NA NC NCFrenchGuiana NA NA NC NCGrenada NA NA A05 A05Guadeloupe NA NA NC NCGuatemala NA NA A06 A06Guyana NA NA A06 A06Honduras NA NA A06 A06Jamaica NA NA A06 A06Martinique NA NA NC NCMexico NA NA A06 A06Montserrat NA NA A06 A06NetherlandsAntilles NA NA NA NANicaragua NA NA A06 A06Panama A06 NA A06 A06Paraguay NA NA A06 A06Peru NA NA A06 A06PuertoRico NA NA NC NCSaintKittsandNevis NA NA A06 A06SaintLucia NA NA A05 A05SaintMartin(Frenchpart) NA NA NC NCSaintVincentandtheGrenadines NA NA A06 A06Saint-Barthélemy NA NA NC NCSuriname NA NA A05 NATrinidadandTobago NA NA A06 A06TurksandCaicosIslands NA NA A04 A04UnitedStatesVirginIslands NA NA NC NCUruguay NA NA A06 A06Venezuela(BolivarianRepublicof) NA NA A06 A06

Oceania

AmericanSamoa NA NA NA NACookIslands NA NA A05 NAFiji NA NA A06 A06FrenchPolynesia NA NA A06 A06Guam NA NA NA NAMarshallIslands NA NA NA NAMicronesia,FederatedStatesof NA NA NA NANauru NA NA NA NANewCaledonia NA NA A06 A06


134


Niue NA NA NA NCNorfolkIsland NA NA NC NCNorthernMarianaIslands NA NA NC NCPalau NA NA NC NCPapuaNewGuinea NA NA A02/3 A02/3Pitcairn NA NA NC NCTokelau NA NA NA NATonga NA NA NA NAWallisandFutunaIslands NA NA A02/3 NA


Africa

Angola NA NA NA NABenin NA NA A05 A05BurkinaFaso NA NA A04 A04Burundi NA NA A05 A05CapeVerde NA NA A06 A06CentralAfricanRepublic NA NA A05 A05Chad NA NA NA NAComoros NA NA NA NADemocraticRepublicoftheCongo NA NA NA NADjibouti NA NA NA NAEquatorialGuinea NA NA NA NAEritrea NA NA A02/3 A02/3Ethiopia NA NA A06 A06Gambia NA NA A06 A06Guinea NA NA A02/3 A02/3GuineaBissau NA NA NA NALesotho NA NA A02/3 A02/3Liberia NA NA NA NAMadagascar NA NA A06 A06Malawi NA NA A06 A06Mali NA NA A04 A04Mauritania NA NA A06 NAMozambique NA NA A06 A06Niger NA NA A05 A05Rwanda NA NA A02/3 A02/3SaoTomeandPrincipe NA NA A06 A06Senegal NA NA A06 A06SierraLeone NA NA A02/3 A02/3Somalia NA NA NA NASudan NA NA A06 A06Togo NA NA A05 A05Uganda NA NA A06 A06UnitedRepublicofTanzania NA NA A06 A06Zambia NA NA A06 A06

Asia

Afghanistan NA NA NA NABangladesh NA NA A04 A04Bhutan NA NA NA NACambodia NA NA A04 A04LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic NA NA NA NAMaldives NA NA A06 A05Myanmar NA NA NA NANepal NA NA A02/3 A02/3Timor-Leste NA NA A05 A05Yemen NA NA A06 A06

Latin America and the Caribbean

Haiti NA NA NA NA

Oceania

Kiribati NA NA A05 NASamoa NA NA A04 A04SolomonIslands NA NA NA NATuvalu NA NA NA NAVanuatu NA NA NA NA

Source:UNCTAD,UNIDO,OECDandUNCOMTRADE.


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Annex 2. Core indicators on ICT infrastructure and access

Indicator Definitions

Basiccoreindicators

A1Fixedtelephonelinesper100inhabitants

Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitantsiscalculatedbydividingthenumberoffixedtelephonelinesbythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100 .

Fixed telephone linesrefertotelephonelinesconnectingasubscriber’sterminalequipmenttothepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork(PSTN)andwhichhaveadedicatedportonatelephoneexchange .

A2

Mobilecellulartelephonesubscribersper100inhabitants

Mobile cellular telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitants is obtainedbydividing thenumberofmobilecellularsubscribersbythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100 .

Mobile cellular telephone subscribersrefertousersofportabletelephonessubscribingtoapublicmobiletelephoneserviceusingcellulartechnology,whichprovidesaccesstothePSTN .Thiscanincludeanalogueanddigitalcellularsystems .ThisshouldalsoincludesubscriberstoIMT-2000(ThirdGeneration,3G) .Usersofbothpost-paidsubscriptionsandpre-paidaccountsareincluded .

A3Computersper100inhabitants

Computers per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingtheestimatednumberofcomputersinstalledinacountrybythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100 .

Computersmeasuresthenumberofcomputersinstalledinacountry .ThestatisticincludesPCs,laptops,notebooksetc,butexcludesterminalsconnectedtomainframeandmini-computersthatareprimarilyintendedforshareduse,anddevicessuchassmart-phonesthathaveonlysome,butnotall,ofthecomponentsofaPC(e .g .theymaylackafull-sizedkeyboard,alargescreen,anInternetconnection,drivesetc .) .

A4Internetsubscribersper100inhabitants

Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthenumberofInternetsubscribersbythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100 .

Internet subscribersrefertousersoftheInternetsubscribingtopaidfixedaccesstothepublicInternet(aTCP/IPconnection),includingdial-upandfixedbroadband .Itexcludessubscribers with access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobilecellularnetworks .Onlyactivesubscribersthathaveusedthesystemwithinareasonableperiodoftimeareincluded .

Annex 2. Core indicators on ICTinfrastructure and access

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A5BroadbandInternetsubscribersper100inhabitants

Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthenumberofbroadbandInternetsubscribersbythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100 .

Broadband Internet subscribers refer tousersof theInternetsubscribingtopaidhigh-speedfixedaccess to thepublic Internet (aTCP/IPconnection),at speedsequal to,orgreaterthan,256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections .Itexcludessubscriberswithaccesstodatacommunications(includingtheInternet)viamobilecellularnetworks .

A6InternationalInternetbandwidthperinhabitant(bits)

International Internet bandwidth per inhabitant isobtainedbydividing theamountofbandwidthbythepopulation .

International Internet bandwidth refers to the total capacity of international Internetbandwidth .Ifcapacityisasymmetric(i .e .moreincomingthanoutgoing),theincomingcapacityisused .

A7

Percentageofpopulationcoveredbymobilecellulartelephony

Percentage of population covered by mobile cellular telephonyreferstothepercentageofacountry’sinhabitantsthatlivewithinareasservedbyamobilecellularsignal,irrespectiveofwhetherornottheyaresubscribers .Notethatthismeasuresthetheoreticalabilitytousemobilecellularservicesifonehasacellulartelephoneandasubscription .

A8

Internetaccesstariffs(20hourspermonth),inUS$,andasapercentageofpercapitaincome

The Internet access tariffincludesthetariffcomponentsofmonthlylinerental,lineusagechargeandInternetaccesscharge,plusanytaxthatmaybelevied(asthisisaserviceusedbybothresidentialandbusinessconsumers) .Thetariffchosenforaparticularcountrywouldbethepackagefor20hourspermonththatisthecheapest,thatiswidelyavailable(or,inthecaseofregionalserviceproviders,isavailableinthecapitalcity)andisavailabletothegeneralpublicwithoutrestriction(e .g .excludingin-companyorlimitedtimeoffers,andexcludingoffersthatarebundledwithsomeotherservice) .ThepricecomparisonisexpressedinUS$ .Theindicatorshouldbecompared,asfaraspossible,forthesamedatebetweencountries .

As a percentage of per capita incomeinvolvesdividingtheInternetaccesstariffbytheaveragemonthlygrossnationalincomepercapitaofthecountry .

A9

Mobilecellulartariffs(100minutesofusepermonth),inUS$,andasapercentageofpercapitaincome

TheMobile cellular tariff includes the tariff componentsofmonthly service rental (ifrelevant),50minutesoflocalpeaktimecallingand50minutesoflocaloff-peakcalling,plustax .Differencesinthedistanceofcalls,whichmaybeapplicableinsomecountries,arenottakenintoaccount,norareinternationalcallsorSMSmessages .Thepossibleone-timechargeforconnectionisnottakenintoaccount,exceptwherethisisbundledintothecostsofapre-paidaccount .Countriesshouldcalculatethetariffeitheronapost-paidorapre-paidservice,whicheveroneismorepopularlyused .Ifmorethan50%ofthemobilecellular subscribers use pre-paid, then the tariff should also be based on the pre-paidservice,andviceversa .ThepricecomparisonisexpressedinUS$ .Theindicatorshouldbecompared,asfaraspossible,forthesamedatebetweencountries .

As a percentage of per capita incomeinvolvesdividingthemobilecellulartariffbytheaveragemonthlygrossnationalincomepercapitaofthecountry .

A10

PercentageoflocalitieswithpublicInternetaccesscentres(PIACs)

Percentage of localities with public Internet access centres (PIACs) is computed bydividing the number of localities with at least one PIAC by the total number of thecountry’slocalitiesandthenmultiplyingby100 .Theindicatormaybebrokendownbyrural/urban .

A public Internet access centre (PIAC)isasite,location,orcentreofinstructionatwhichInternetaccessismadeavailabletothepublic,onafull-timeorpart-timebasis .Thismayincludetelecentres,digitalcommunitycentres,Internetcafés,libraries,educationcentresandothersimilarestablishments,whenevertheyofferInternetaccesstothegeneralpublic .AllsuchcentresshouldhaveatleastonepubliccomputerforInternetaccess .Localitiesrefertoacountry’svillages,townsandcities .

NotethatthisindicatorisusedtomeasuretheWSIStarget“to connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points”by2015 .

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Annex 2. Core indicators on ICT infrastructure and access

Extendedcoreindicators

A11Radiosetsper100inhabitants

Radio sets per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthenumberofradiosetsinusebythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100 .

A radio set is a device capable of receiving broadcast radio signals, using popularfrequencies,suchasFM,AM,LWandSW .Aradiosetmaybeastand-alonedevice,oritmaybeintegratedintoanotherdevice,suchasaWalkman,acar,oranalarmclock .

A12Televisionsetsper100inhabitants

Television sets per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthenumberofsetsinusebythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100 .

Atelevision setisadevicecapableofreceivingbroadcasttelevisionsignals,usingpopularaccessmeanssuchasover-the-air,cableandsatellite .Atelevisionsetmaybeastand-alonedevice,oritmaybeintegratedintoanotherdevice,suchasacomputeroramobilephone .

Source: Core ICT Indicators (Partnership, 2005c) and Telecommunication Indicators Handbook (ITU, 2007a).

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Annex 3. Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals


Basiccoreindicators

HH1Proportionofhouseholdswitharadio

The proportion of households with a radio is calculatedbydividing thenumber of in-scope households with a radio by the total number of in-scopehouseholds .

A radio is a device capable of receiving broadcast radio signals, usingpopularfrequencies,suchasFM,AM,LWandSW .Aradiosetmaybeastand-alonedevice,oritmaybeintegratedintoanotherdevice,suchasa‘Walkman’,acaroranalarmclock .

HH2ProportionofhouseholdswithaTV

The proportion of households with a TV is calculated by dividing thenumberofin-scopehouseholdswithaTVbythetotalnumberofin-scopehouseholds .

A TV (television) is a device capable of receiving broadcast televisionsignals,usingpopularaccessmeanssuchasover-the-air,cableandsatellite .Atelevisionsetmaybeastand-alonedevice,oritmaybeintegratedintoanotherdevice,suchasacomputeroramobilephone .

HH3Proportionofhouseholdswithafixedlinetelephone

Theproportion of households with a fixed line telephoneiscalculatedbydividingthenumberofin-scopehouseholdswithafixedlinetelephonebythetotalnumberofin-scopehouseholds .

Afixed telephone linereferstoatelephonelineconnectingacustomer’sterminalequipment (e .g . telephoneset, facsimilemachine) to thepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork(PSTN)andwhichhasadedicatedportonatelephoneexchange .

HH4Proportionofhouseholdswithamobilecellulartelephone

Theproportion of households with a mobile cellular telephoneiscalculatedby dividing the number of in-scope households with a mobile cellulartelephonebythetotalnumberofin-scopehouseholds .

Amobile cellular telephonereferstoaportabletelephonesubscribingtoapublicmobiletelephoneserviceusingcellulartechnology,whichprovidesaccesstothePSTN .Thisincludesanalogueanddigitalcellularsystems,aswellasIMT-2000(3G) .Usersofbothpost-paidsubscriptionsandpre-paidaccountsareincluded .


140


HH5Proportionofhouseholdswithacomputer

Theproportion of households with a computer iscalculatedbydividingthenumberofin-scopehouseholdswithacomputerbythetotalnumberofin-scopehouseholds .

A computer includes: a desktop, portable or handheld computer (e .g . apersonal digital assistant) . It does not include equipment with someembeddedcomputingabilitiessuchasmobilephonesorTVsets .1

HH6

Proportionofindividualswhousedacomputer(fromanylocation)inthelast12months

The proportion of individuals who used a computer is calculated bydividing the total number of in-scope individuals who used a computerfromanylocationinthelast12monthsbythetotalnumberofin-scopeindividuals .

HH7ProportionofhouseholdswithInternetaccessathome

Theproportion of households with Internet access at homeiscalculatedbydividingthenumberofin-scopehouseholdswithInternetaccessbythetotalnumberofin-scopehouseholds .

TheInternetisaworld-widepubliccomputernetwork .ItprovidesaccesstoanumberofcommunicationservicesincludingtheWorldWideWebandcarriesemail,news,entertainmentanddatafiles .Accessisnotassumedtobeonlyviaacomputer−itmayalsobebymobilephone,gamesmachine,digitalTVetc .

HH8

ProportionofindividualswhousedtheInternet(fromanylocation)inthelast12months

The proportion of individuals who used the Internet is calculated bydividing the totalnumberof in-scope individualswhoused the Internet(fromanylocation)inthelast12monthsbythetotalnumberofin-scopeindividuals .

HH9LocationofindividualuseoftheInternetinthelast12months

For international comparability, output is most simply presented as theproportionofin-scopeindividualsusingtheInternetateachlocation,forinstance,theproportionofindividualsusingtheInternetathome,atworketc .Analternativepresentation is theproportionof InternetusersusingtheInternetfromeachlocation .Individualscanrespondinrespectofmorethanonelocation .

Athome

AtworkWhereaperson’sworkplaceislocatedathis/herhome,thenhe/shewouldansweryestothehomecategoryonly .

Placeofeducation

Atanotherperson’shome

CommunityInternetaccessfacility

Includesaccessatcommunityfacilitiessuchaspubliclibraries,publiclyprovided Internet kiosks, digital community centres, other governmentagencies;accessistypicallyfreeorlowcostandisavailabletothegeneralpublic .

CommercialInternetaccessfacility

IncludespubliclyavailableaccessatInternetorcybercafés,hotels,airportsetc;eventhoughthevenueiscommercial,thecostisnotnecessarilyatfullmarketprice .

Otherplaces

HH10Internetactivitiesundertakenbyindividualsinthelast12months

For international comparability, output is most simply presented as theproportionofin-scopeindividualsundertakingeachactivity,forinstance,theproportionofindividualsusingtheInternettogetinformationaboutgoodsorservices .AnalternativepresentationistheproportionofInternetusersundertakingeachactivity .

NotethattheseactivitiesarerestrictedtoprivatepurposesandthereforeexcludeactivitiessuchaspurchasingovertheInternetundertakenaspartof a person’s job . Individuals can respond in respect of more than oneactivityandactivitiesarenotmutuallyexclusive .

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Forgettinginformation:

Aboutgoodsorservices

Relatedtohealthorhealthservices

Healthinformationcoversinjury,disease,nutritionandimprovinghealthgenerally .

Fromgovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesviawebsitesoremail

Governmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesarepreferablydefinedpertheSNA93 (http://unstats .un .org/unsd/sna1993/glossform .asp?getitem=219) .They include government organizations at local, regional and nationallevel .

Otherinformationsearchesorgeneralwebbrowsing

ForcommunicatingIncludes sending or receiving email, using chat rooms/sites, messageboards,instantmessaging,telephoningviaInternet .

Forpurchasingororderinggoodsorservices

Includespurchasinganddownloadingofdigitizedproducts,suchasmusic,fromtheInternet .

ForInternetbanking

Foreducationorlearningactivities

Thisreferstoformallearningactivitiessuchasstudyassociatedwithschoolortertiaryeducationcoursesaswellasdistanceeducationinvolvingon-lineactivities .(AmorenarrowinterpretationislikelytobelessmeaningfulasitcouldincludearangeofactivitiessuchasusingtheInternettosearchforinformation .)

Fordealingwithgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities

Governmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesarepreferablydefinedpertheSNA93 (http://unstats .un .org/unsd/sna1993/glossform .asp?getitem=219) .They include government organizations at local, regional and nationallevel .

Forleisureactivities:

Playing/downloadingvideoorcomputergames

Includesfilesharinggamesandplayinggamesonline .

Internetactivitiesundertakenbyindividualsinthelast12months

Downloadingmovies,musicorsoftware

Includesfilesharingandusingwebradioorwebtelevision .Forsoftware,includesdownloadingofpatchesandupgrades .

Reading/downloadingelectronicbooks,newspapersormagazines

Includesaccessingnewswebsites .

Otherleisureactivities Includesgambling .


HH11Proportionofindividualswithuseofamobilecellulartelephone

Theproportion of individuals with use of a mobile cellular telephone iscalculatedbydividingthetotalnumberofin-scopeindividualswithuseofamobiletelephonebythetotalnumberofin-scopeindividuals .

Use of a mobile telephonedoesnotmeanthatthetelephoneisownedorpaidforbythepersonbutshouldbereasonablyavailablethroughwork,afriendorfamilymember,etc . Itexcludesoccasionaluse,for instance,borrowingamobilephonetomakeacall .

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HH12ProportionofhouseholdswithaccesstotheInternetbytypeofaccess

For international comparability, output is most simply presented as theproportionofin-scopehouseholdsusingeachtypeofaccessservice,forinstance, the proportion of households accessing the Internet by DSL .Additionally,outputshouldbeavailablefortheaggregations,theproportionof households with broadband/narrowband access to the Internet .Alternatively,outputcanbepresentedasaproportionofhouseholdswithInternetaccess .

Categories should allow aggregation to narrowband and broadband .As households can use more than one type of access service, multipleresponsesarepossible .

Analoguemodem(dial-upviastandardphoneline)

Dial-up is a connection to the Internet via an analogue modem andtelephone line, which requires that the modem dial a phone numberwhenInternetaccessisneeded .Themodemconvertsadigitalsignalintoanaloguefortransmissionbytraditional(copper)telephonelines .Italsoconvertsanaloguetransmissionsbacktodigital .

ISDN(IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork)

ISDN is a telecommunication service that turns a traditional (copper)telephonelineintoahigherspeeddigitallink .ISDNisusuallyconsideredtobenarrowband .

DSL(DigitalSubscriberLine,includesADSL,SDSL,VDSL,etc .)

DSL (digital subscriber line) line is a technology for bringing high-bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinarycopper telephone lines . Speed should be equal to, or greater than, 256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections .

Cablemodem AcablemodemusescableTVlinesforconnectingtotheInternet .

Othernarrowband

Includes mobile phone and other forms of access with an advertiseddownloadspeedoflessthan256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections .NarrowbandmobilephoneaccessservicesincludeCDMA1x(Release0),GPRS,WAPandi-mode .

Otherbroadband

Includes high speed leased lines, fibre-to-the-home, some mobile phoneaccess(3Gand3 .5G),powerline,satellite,fixedwireless,WiMAXetcwithanadvertiseddownloadspeedofequalto,orgreaterthan,256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections .BroadbandmobilephoneaccessservicesincludeWidebandCDMA (W-CDMA), known as Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem(UMTS)inEurope;High-speedDownlinkPacketAccess(HSDPA),complementedbyHigh-SpeedUplinkPacketAccess(HSUPA);CDMA20001xEV-DOandCDMA2001xEV-DV .

HH13

Frequency of individual access to the Internet in the last 12 months (from any location)

For international comparability, output is most simply presented as the proportion of in-scope individuals using the Internet with each frequency, for instance, the proportion of individuals using the Internet at least once a day. An alternative presentation is the proportion of Internet users using the Internet with each frequency.

It is recommended that countries collect this information in respect of a typical period; therefore, respondents should ignore weekends (if they only access the Internet from work) and breaks from their usual routine, such as holidays.

At least once a day

At least once a week but not every day

At least once a month but not every week

Less than once a month

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Reference indicator

HHR1Proportion of households with electricity

Electricity is not an ICT commodity, but is an important prerequisite for using many ICTs. It is therefore included in the core list as a reference indicator.

Source: Core ICT Indicators (Partnership, 2005c). Updates have been applied to some definitions (radios, community Internet access facilities, mobile phone and Internet access service technologies) based on the Telecommunication Indicators Handbook (ITU, 2007a). The updates are not expected to affect statistical time series.

Classificatory variables

Forthehouseholdaccessindicators(HH1,HH2,HH3,HH4,HH5andHH7)sub-indicatorsmaybeconstructedusingthehouseholdclassificatoryvariables,household compositionandhousehold size .ThesearedefinedinPartnership(2005c)asfollows:

• Household composition (two-way classification: households with/without children under 16);and

• Householdsize(numberofmembers,includingthoseoutsidetheagescope) .

Fortheindividualuseindicators(HH6,HH8,HH9,HH10,HH11,HH12andHH13),sub-indicatorsmaybeconstructedusingtheindividualclassificatoryvariables,age,gender,highesteducationlevel,employmentstatusandoccupation .ThesearedefinedinPartnership(2005c)asfollows:

• Age:toshowthedifferencesbetweenagegroupings,reasonablyfineandequal-sizedrangesareproposed:16to24;25to34;35to44;45to54;55to64;65to74;

• Gender;• Highesteducationlevelreceived:afour-wayclassificationisproposed:Noformaleducationor

primary education (ISCED 0,1); Lower secondary education (ISCED 2); Upper secondary orpost-secondarynon-tertiary(ISCED3,4);Tertiary(ISCED5,6);

• Employmentstatus(four-wayclassification:paidemployee;self-employed,unemployed;notinthelabourforce);and

• Occupation(usingISCO88majorgroupswherepossible) .

1 NotethatthisisadifferentdefinitionofacomputerfromtheoneusedforindicatorA3,withthemaindifferencebeing that personal digital assistants (PDA) are included here but excluded fromA3 .There are practical andhistoricalreasonsforthisdifferencebut,forthepurposesofindicatorsHH5andHH6,thefunctionalityofPDAs,whichmayincludeInternetconnectivity,isofinterest .

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Annex 4. Core indicators on the use of ICT by businesses


Basiccoreindicators

B1Proportionofbusinessesusingcomputers

Theproportion of businesses using computersiscalculatedbydividingthenumberofin-scopebusinessesusingcomputersduringthe12-monthreferenceperiodbythetotalnumberofin-scopebusinesses .

Acomputer includes:adesktop,portableorhandheldcomputer(e .g .apersonal digital assistant), minicomputer and mainframe . A computerdoes not include equipment with some embedded computing abilities,suchasmobilephonesorTVsets,nordoesitincludecomputer-controlledmachineryorelectronictills .

B2Proportionofemployeesusingcomputers

Theproportion of employees using computers iscalculatedbydividingthenumberofemployeesusingcomputers(inallin-scopebusinesses)bythetotalnumberofemployees(inallin-scopebusinesses) .

Employeesrefertoallpersonsworkingforthebusiness,notonlythoseworkinginclericaljobs .Theyincludeworkingproprietorsandpartners,aswellasemployees .

B3ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternet

Theproportion of businesses using the Internetiscalculatedbydividingthenumberofin-scopebusinessesusingtheInternetbythetotalnumberofin-scopebusinesses .

TheInternetreferstoInternetprotocol(IP)basednetworks:WWW(theWorldWideWeb),anextranetover theInternet,EDIover theInternet,InternetaccessedbymobilephonesandInternetemail .

B4ProportionofemployeesusingtheInternet

Theproportion of employees using the InternetiscalculatedbydividingthenumberofemployeesusingtheInternet(inallin-scopebusinesses)bythetotalnumberofemployees(inallin-scopebusinesses) .

Annex 4. Core indicators on the useof ICT by businesses

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B5Proportionofbusinesseswithawebpresence

The proportion of businesses with a web presence is calculated bydividingthenumberofin-scopebusinesseswithawebpresencebythetotalnumberofin-scopebusinesses .

Aweb presence includesawebsite,homepageorpresenceonanotherentity’swebsite(includingarelatedbusiness) .Itexcludesinclusioninanon-linedirectoryandanyotherwebpageswherethebusinessdoesnothavesubstantialcontroloverthecontentofthepage .

B6Proportionofbusinesseswithanintranet

Theproportion of businesses with an intranet iscalculatedbydividingthenumberofin-scopebusinesseswithanintranetbythetotalnumberofin-scopebusinesses .

AnintranetreferstoaninternalcompanycommunicationsnetworkusingInternetprotocolallowingcommunicationwithintheorganization .It istypicallysetupbehindafirewalltocontrolaccess .

B7ProportionofbusinessesreceivingordersovertheInternet

For international comparability, the proportion of businesses receiving orders over the Internetismostsimplycalculatedbydividingthenumberof in-scope businesses receiving orders over the Internet by the totalnumberofin-scopebusinesses .Alternatively,outputcanbepresentedastheproportionofin-scopebusinessesusingtheInternet .

Orders receivedincludeordersreceivedviatheInternetwhetherornotpaymentwasmadeon line .They includeorders receivedviawebsites,specialized Internet marketplaces, extranets, EDI over the Internet,Internet-enabled mobile phones and email . They also include ordersreceivedonbehalfofotherorganizations–andordersreceivedbyotherorganizationsonbehalfofthebusiness .

Orders receivedexcludeordersthatwerecancelledornotcompleted .

B8ProportionofbusinessesplacingordersovertheInternet

For international comparability, the proportion of businesses placing orders over the Internetismostsimplycalculatedbydividingthenumberof in-scope businesses placing orders over the Internet by the totalnumberofin-scopebusinesses .Alternatively,outputcanbepresentedastheproportionofin-scopebusinessesusingtheInternet .

Orders placed include orders placed via the Internet whether or notpayment was made on line . They include orders placed via websites,specialized Internet marketplaces, extranets, EDI over the Internet,Internet-enabledmobilephonesandemail .

Orders placedexcludeordersthatwerecancelledornotcompleted .


B9ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetbytypeofaccess

For internationalcomparability,output ismost simplypresentedas theproportion of in-scope businesses using each type of access service,for instance, the proportion of businesses accessing the Internet byDSL .Additionally,outputshouldbeavailable for theaggregations, theproportion of businesses with broadband and narrowband access tothe Internet .Alternatively, output can be presented as a proportion ofbusinessesusingtheInternet .

Categories should allow aggregation to narrowband and broadband,where broadband excludes slower technologies, such as dial-up, ISDNand most 2G mobile phone access . Broadband will usually have anadvertiseddownloadspeedofatleast256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections .As businesses can use more than one type of access service, multipleresponsesarepossible .

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Analoguemodem(dial-upviastandardphoneline)

Dial-up is a connection to the Internet via an analogue modem andtelephone line, which requires that the modem dial a phone numberwhenInternetaccessisneeded .Themodemconvertsadigitalsignalintoanaloguefortransmissionbytraditional(copper)telephonelines .Italsoconvertsanaloguetransmissionsbacktodigital .

ISDN(IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork)

ISDN is a telecommunication service that turns a traditional (copper)telephonelineintoahigherspeeddigitallink .ISDNisusuallyconsideredtobenarrowband .

DSL(DigitalSubscriberLine,includingADSL,SDSL,VDSL,etc .)

DSL (digital subscriber line) line is a technology for bringing high-bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinarycopper telephone lines .Speed shouldbeequal to,orgreater than,256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections .

Cablemodem Acable modemusescableTVlinesforconnectingtotheInternet .

Othernarrowband

Includes mobile phone and other forms of access with an advertiseddownloadspeedoflessthan256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections .NarrowbandmobilephoneaccessservicesincludeCDMA1x(Release0),GPRS,WAPandi-mode .

Otherbroadband

Includeshigh speed leased lines,fibre-to-the-home, somemobilephoneaccess(3Gand3 .5G),powerline,satellite,fixedwireless,WiMAXetcwithanadvertiseddownloadspeedofequalto,orgreaterthan,256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections .

BroadbandmobilephoneaccessservicesincludeWideband CDMA(W-CDMA),knownasUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)inEurope;High-speedDownlinkPacketAccess(HSDPA),complementedbyHigh-SpeedUplinkPacketAccess(HSUPA);CDMA20001xEV-DOandCDMA2001xEV-DV .

B10Proportionofbusinesseswithalocalareanetwork(LAN)

Theproportion of businesses with a LAN is calculatedbydividing thenumberof in-scopebusinesseswithaLANby the totalnumberof in-scopebusinesses .

A local area network (LAN)refers toanetworkconnectingcomputerswithina localizedareasuchasasinglebuilding,departmentorsite; itmaybewireless .

B11Proportionofbusinesseswithanextranet

Theproportion of businesses with an extranet iscalculatedbydividingthenumberofin-scopebusinesseswithanextranetbythetotalnumberofin-scopebusinesses .

AnextranetisaclosednetworkthatusesInternetprotocolstosecurelyshareabusiness’informationwithsuppliers,vendors,customersorotherbusinesses partners . It can take the form of a secure extension of anIntranetthatallowsexternaluserstoaccesssomepartsofthebusiness’Intranet . It can also be a private part of the business’ website, wherebusinesspartnerscannavigateafterbeingauthenticatedinaloginpage .1

B12ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetbytypeofactivity

For internationalcomparability,output ismost simplypresentedas theproportionofin-scopebusinessesundertakingeachactivity,forinstance,theproportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetforsendingorreceivingemails .AnalternativepresentationistheproportionofbusinessInternetusersundertakingeachactivity .

Forgettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices:

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Forgettinginformationfromgovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesviawebsitesoremail

Government organizations/public authorities are preferably definedper the SNA93 (http://unstats .un .org/unsd/sna1993/glossform .asp?getitem=219) .Theyincludegovernmentorganizationsatlocal,regionalandnationallevel .

Forsendingorreceivingemail

ForperformingInternetbankingoraccessingotherfinancialservices

Forinteractingwithgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities

Interacting with government organizations includes downloading/requesting forms, completing/lodging forms on line, making on-linepaymentsandpurchasingfrom,orsellingto,governmentorganizations .Itdoesnotincludegettinginformationfromgovernmentorganizations .2

Government organizations/public authorities arepreferablydefinedperthe SNA93 (http://unstats .un .org/unsd/sna1993/glossform .asp?getitem=219) . They include government organizations at local, regional andnationallevel .

Forprovidingcustomerservices

Customer services include providing on-line or emailed productcataloguesorprice lists,productspecificationorconfigurationon line,aftersalessupport,andordertrackingonline .

Fordeliveringproductsonline

DeliveringproductsonlinereferstoproductsdeliveredovertheInternetindigitizedform,e .g .reports,software,music,videos,computergames;and on-line services, such as computer-related services, informationservices,travelbookingsorfinancialservices .

Forotherinformationsearchesorresearchactivities

Source: Core ICT Indicators (Partnership, 2005c). Updates have been applied to definitions of Internet access service technologies based on the Telecommunication Indicators Handbook (ITU, 2007a). Other changes have been made based on the UNCTAD Manual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy (UNCTAD, 2007a) and are shown in the endnotes. The updates are not expected to affect statistical time series.

1 ThedefinitionofanextranethaschangedsinceoriginallypublishedinCore ICT Indicators(Partnership,2005c) .

2 NotethattheresponsecategoryanddefinitionrelatingtodealingwithgovernmentorganizationshavechangedslightlysinceoriginallypublishedinCore ICT Indicators(Partnership,2005c) .

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Classificatory variables

Sub-indicatorsmaybeconstructed for thebusinessuse indicatorsusing theclassificatoryvariables,employmentsizeandindustry(oftenreferredtoaseconomic activity) .ThesearedefinedinPartnership(2005c)asfollows:• AminimalproposedbroadindustryoutputclassificationbasedonISICRev .3 .1is:manufacturing

(ISICD),construction(ISICF),wholesaleandretailtrade(includingrepairofmotorvehicles,motorcycles and personal and household goods) (ISIC G), hotels and restaurants (ISIC H),transport, storageandcommunications (ISICI),and realestate, rentingandbusinessservices(ISICK) .Notethatmanyeconomiescollectdataforabroaderindustryscopethanthis;and

• The size classification proposed is: 10-49 employees; 50-249 employees and 250 or more employees .Aswithindustry,manyeconomiescollectinformationforabroaderscopethanthis(commonlyincludingsmallerbusinesses) .

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Annex 5. Core indicators for the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods


ICT1

ProportionoftotalbusinesssectorworkforceinvolvedintheICTsector(usuallyexpressedasapercentage)

ICT workforce(orICTemployment)consistsofthosepersonsemployedin businesses that are classified as belonging to the ICT sector .Totalbusinessworkforcerepresentsallpersonsengagedindomesticproductioninthebusinesssector .Inanationalaccountsframework,employmentcanbemeasured in termsofheadcounts, jobs, full-timeequivalents (FTE)orhoursworked .Currently, totalheadcountsorjobsareusedformostcountries .

ICT2

ValueaddedintheICTsector(asapercentageoftotalbusinesssectorvalueadded) .

Value added for a particular industry represents its contribution tonationalGDP .ItissometimesreferredtoasGDPbyindustryandisnotdirectlymeasured(but isestimatedinanationalaccountsframework) .Ingeneral, it iscalculatedas thedifferencebetweenproduction(grossoutput) and intermediate inputs (the energy, materials and servicesrequiredtoproducefinaloutput) .SeealsoTable19 .

ICT3ICTgoodsimportsasapercentageoftotalimports

ICT goodsaredefinedbytheOECD’sICTgoodsclassificationintermsofthe1996and2002HSclassification(seeAnnex6) .

Other concepts are per the UN COMTRADE database e .g . re-exportsandre-importsarenotnettedout,anddataarepresentedinUSdollars(convertedbytheUNfromcountrycurrencies) .

ICT4ICTgoodsexportsasapercentageoftotalexports


Annex 5. Core indicators for the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods

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Annex 6. OECD list of ICT goods (2003)

HS 2002 HS 1996 Telecommunications equipment Notes

851711 851711 Linetelephonesetswithcordlesshandsets851719 851719 Othertelephonesets,videophones851721 851721 Facsimilemachines851722 851722 Teleprinters851730 851730 Telephonicortelegraphicswitchingapparatus851750 851750 Otherapparatus,forcarrier-currentlinesystemsorfordigitallinesystems851780 851780 Otherelectricalapparatusforlinetelephonyorlinetelegraphy851790 851790 Partsforotherelectricalapparatusforlinetelephonyorlinetelegraphy852020 852020 Telephoneansweringmachines852510 852510 Transmissionapparatusforradio-telephony,radio-telegraphy, radio-broadcastingortelevisionnotincorporatingreceptionapparatus852520 852520 Transmissionapparatusforradio-telephony,radio-telegraphy, radio-broadcastingortelevisionincorporatingreceptionapparatus852530 852530 Televisioncameras852610 852610 Radarapparatus852790 852790 Receptionapparatusforradio-telephony,radio-telegraphyor radio-broadcasting,whetherornotcombined,inthesamehousing,with soundrecordingorreproducingapparatusoraclock,n .e .s852910 852910 Aerialsandaerialreflectorsofallkinds;partssuitableforusetherewith853110 853110 Burglarorfirealarmsandsimilarapparatus (1)854420 854420 Co-axialcableandotherco-axialelectricconductors854470 854470 OpticalfibrecablesHS2002 HS1996 Computerandrelatedequipment847110 847110 Analogueorhybridautomaticdataprocessingmachines847130 847130 Portabledigitalautomaticdataprocessingmachines,weighingnotmore than10kg,consistingofatleastacentralprocessingunit,akeyboard andadisplay847141 847141 Digitalautomaticdataprocessingmachinescomprisinginthesame housingatleastacentralprocessingunitandaninputandoutputunit, whetherornotcombined847149 847149 Otherdigitalautomaticdataprocessingmachines,presentedintheform ofsystems847150 847150 Digitalprocessingunitsotherthanthoseofsubheadings8471 .41 and8471 .49,whetherornotcontaininginthesamehousingoneortwo ofthefollowingtypesofunit:storageunits,inputunits,outputunits847160 847160 Automaticdataprocessingmachines,inputoroutputunits,whetheror notcontainingstorageunitsinthesamehousing


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HS 2002 HS 1996 Telecommunications equipment Notes

847170 847170 Automaticdataprocessingmachines,storageunits847180 847180 Otherunitsofautomaticdataprocessingmachines847190 847190 Magneticoropticalreaders,machinesfortranscribingdataontodatamedia incodedformandmachinesforprocessingsuchdata,notelsewhere specifiedorincluded847330 847330 PartsandaccessoriesofthemachinesofheadingNo .84 .71

HS 2002 HS 1996 Electronic components Notes

850431 850431 Electricaltransformershavingapowerhandlingcapacitynotexceeding1kVA (1)850450 850450 Inductors (1)850490 850490 Partsof:electricaltransformers,staticconverters(forexample,rectifiers) andinductors (1)852330 852330 Cardsincorporatingamagneticstripe,unrecorded (1)852460 852460 Cardsincorporatingamagneticstripe,recorded (1)852990 852990 Partssuitableforusesolelyorprincipallywiththeapparatusofheadings Nos .85 .25to85 .28exceptaerialsandaerialsreflectors853221 853221 Capacitors,fixed,tantalumhavingareactivepowerhandlingcapacityof lessthan0 .5kvar853224 853224 Capacitors,fixed,ceramicdielectric,multilayerhavingareactivepower handlingcapacityoflessthan0 .5kvar853230 853230 Variableoradjustable(pre-set)capacitors853310 853310 Fixedcarbonresistors,compositionorfilmtypes853321 853321 Electricalresistors,fixed,(includingrheostatsandpotentiometers), otherthanheatingresistors,forapowerhandlingcapacity<=20W853329 853329 Electricalresistors,fixed,(includingrheostatsandpotentiometers), otherthanheatingresistors,n .e .s .853331 853331 Wirewoundvariableresistors,forapowerhandlingcapacity<=20W853339 853339 Resistors,wirewound,variable,n .e .s .853340 853340 Othervariableresistors,includingrheostatsandpotentiometers853390 853390 Partsforelectricalresistors(includingrheostatsandpotentiometers), otherthanheatingresistors853400 853400 Printedcircuits854011 854011 Cathode-raytelevisionpicturetubes,includingvideomonitortubes,colour854012 854012 Cathode-raytelevisionpicturetubes,includingvideomonitortubes,black andwhiteorothermonochrome854020 854020 Televisioncameratubes;imageconvertersandintensifiers;other photo-cathodetubes854040 854040 Data/graphicdisplaytubes,colour,withaphosphordotscreenpitch smallerthan0 .4mm854050 854050 Data/graphicdisplaytubes,blackandwhiteorothermonochrome854060 854060 Othercathode-raytubes854071 854071 Microwavetubes,magnetrons,excludinggrid-controlledtubes854072 854072 Microwavetubes–klystrons,excludinggrid-controlledtubes854079 854079 Microwavetubes,other,excludinggrid-controlledtubes854081 854081 Receiveroramplifiervalvesandtubes854089 854089 Valveandtubes,n .e .s .854091 854091 Partsofcathode-raytubes854099 854099 Partsofthermionicorphoto-cathode,valveandtubes,otherthan cathode-raytubes854110 854110 Diodes,otherthanphotosensitiveorlightemittingdiodes854121 854121 Transistors,otherthanphotosensitive,dissipationrate<1W854129 854129 Transistors,otherthanphotosensitivetransistors,n .e .s .854130 854130 Thyristors,diacsandtriacs,otherthanphotosensitivedevices854140 854140 Photosensitivesemiconductordevices,includingphotovoltaiccellswhether ornotassembledinmodulesormadeupintopanels;lightemittingdiodes854150 854150 Othersemiconductordevices854160 854160 Mountedpiezo-electriccrystals854190 854190 Partsforsemiconductordevices

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HS 2002 HS 1996 Electronic components Notes

854210 854212 Cardsincorporatingelectronicintegratedcircuits(‘smart’cards) (2)854221 854213-19 Digitalmonolitihicintegratedcircuits (2)854229 854230 Othermonolithicintegratedcircuits (2)854260 854240 Hybridintegratedcircuits (2)854270 854250 Electronicmicroassemblies (2)854290 854290 Partsforelectronicintegratedcircuitsandmicroassemblies

HS 2002 HS 1996 Audio and video equipment Notes

851810 851810 Microphonesandstandstherefor851821 851821 Singleloudspeakers,mountedintheirenclosures851822 851822 Multipleloudspeakers,mountedinthesameenclosure851829 851829 Otherloudspeakers,n .e .s851830 851830 Headphonesandearphones,whetherornotcombinedwithamicrophone,andsets

consistingofamicrophoneandoneormoreloudspeakers851840 851840 Audio-frequencyelectricamplifiers851850 851850 Electricsoundamplifiersets851890 851890 Partsofmicrophones,loudspeakers,headphones,earphones,combinedmicrophone/

loudspeakersets,audio-frequencyelectricamplifiersandelectricsoundamplifiersets851910 851910 Coin-ordisc-operatedrecord-players851921 851921 Record-players,withoutloudspeaker851929 851929 Record-players,n .e .s .851931 851931 Turntableswithautomaticrecordchangingmechanism851939 851939 Turntables,n .e .s .851940 851940 Transcribingmachines851992 851992 Pocket-sizecassette-players851993 851993 Othersoundreproducingapparatus,cassette-type851999 851999 Soundreproducingapparatus,notincorporatingasoundrecordingdevice,n .e .s .852010 852010 Dictatingmachinesnotcapableofoperatingwithoutanexternalsourceofpower852032 852032 Othermagnetictaperecordersincorporatingsoundreproducingapparatus,Digitalaudio

type852033 852033 Othermagnetictaperecordersincorporatingsoundreproducingapparatus,cassette-type852039 852039 Othermagnetictaperecordersincorporatingsoundreproducingapparatus852090 852090 Magnetictaperecordersandothersoundrecordingapparatus,whether ornotincorporatingasoundreproducingdevice,n .e .s .852110 852110 Videorecordingorreproducingapparatus,whetherornotincorporating avideotuner–magnetictape-type852190 852190 Videorecordingorreproducingapparatus,whetherornotincorporating avideotuner–othertype852210 852210 Partsandaccessoriessuitableforusesolelyorprincipallywiththeapparatus ofheadingsNos .85 .19to85 .21–pick-upcartridges852290 852290 Partsandaccessoriessuitableforusesolelyorprincipallywiththeapparatus ofheadingsNos .85 .19to85 .21–other852311 852311 Magnetictapes,unrecorded,width<=4mm(1/6in .) (1)852312 852312 Magnetictapes,unrecorded,width>4mm(1/6in .)but<=6 .5mm(1/4in .) (1)852313 852313 Magnetictapes,unrecorded,width>6 .5mm(1/4in .) (1)852320 852320 Magneticdiscs,unrecorded (1)852390 852390 Otherpreparedunrecordedmediaforsoundrecordingorsimilarrecording ofotherphenomena,otherthanproductsofChapter37 (1)852540 852540 Stillimagevideocamerasandothervideocamerarecorders,digitalcameras852712 852712 Pocket-sizeradiocassette-playerscapableofoperatingwithoutanexternal sourceofpower852713 852713 Radio-broadcastreceivers,capableofoperatingwithoutanexternal sourceofpower,combinedwithsoundrecordingorreproducingapparatus852719 852719 Otherradio-broadcastreceivers,capableofoperatingwithoutanexternal sourceofpower,notcombinedwithsoundrecordingorreproducingapparatus852721 852721 Radio-broadcastreceiverswithsoundrecordingorreproducingapparatus, formotorvehicles,requiringexternalsourceofpower852729 852729 Otherradio-broadcastreceiversformotorvehicles,notcombinedwithsound recordingorreproducingapparatus

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HS 2002 HS 1996 Audio and video equipment Notes

852731 852731 Otherradio-broadcastreceivers,includingapparatuscapableofreceiving alsoradio-telephonyorradio-telegraphy,combinedwithsoundrecording orreproducingapparatus852732 852732 Otherradio-broadcastreceivers,includingapparatuscapableofreceiving alsoradio-telephonyorradio-telegraphy,notcombinedwithsoundrecording orreproducingapparatusbutcombinedwithaclock852739 852739 Otherradio-broadcastreceivers,includingapparatuscapableofreceiving radio-telephonyorradio-telegraphy,n .e .s .852812 852812 Receptionapparatusfortelevision,whetherornotincorporating radio-broadcastreceiversorsoundorvideorecordingorreproducing apparatus,colour852813 852813 Receptionapparatusfortelevision,whetherornotincorporating radio-broadcastreceiversorsoundorvideorecordingorreproducing apparatus,blackandwhiteorothermonochrome852821 852821 Videomonitors,colour852822 852822 Videomonitors,blackandwhiteorothermonochrome852830 852830 Videoprojectors

HS 2002 HS 1996 Other ICT goods Notes

846911 846911 Word-processingmachines847010 847010 Electroniccalculatorscapableofoperationwithoutanexternalsource ofelectricpowerandpocket-sizedatarecording,reproducingand displayingmachineswithcalculatingfunctions847021 847021 Otherelectroniccalculatingmachinesincorporatingaprintingdevice847029 847029 Otherelectroniccalculatingmachines847040 847040 Accountingmachines847050 847050 Cashregisters847310 847310 Partsandaccessories(otherthancovers,carryingcasesandthelike)suitable forusesolelyorprincipallywithmachinesofheadingNo .84 .69847321 847321 Partsandaccessoriesoftheelectroniccalculatingmachinesofsubheading No .8470 .10,8470 .21or8470 .29847350 847350 Partsandaccessoriesequallysuitableforusewithmachinesoftwoor moreoftheheadingsNos .84 .69to84 .72852691 852691 Radionavigationalaidapparatus852692 852692 Radioremotecontrolapparatus901041 901041 Apparatusfortheprojectionordrawingofcircuitpatternsonsensitised semiconductormaterials–directwrite-on-waferapparatus (1)901042 901042 Apparatusfortheprojectionordrawingofcircuitpatternsonsensitised semiconductormaterials–stepandrepeataligners (1)901049 901049 Apparatusfortheprojectionordrawingofcircuitpatternsonsensitised semiconductormaterials–other (1)901410 901410 Directionfindingcompasses901420 901420 Instrumentsandappliancesforaeronauticalorspacenavigation(other thancompasses)901480 901480 Othernavigationalinstrumentsandappliances901490 901490 Partsandaccessoriesofdirectionfindingcompasses,othernavigational instrumentsandappliances901540 901540 Photogrammetricalsurveyinginstrumentsandappliances901580 901580 Othersurveyinginstrumentsandappliances901811 901811 Electro-cardiographs (1)901812 901812 Ultrasonicscanningapparatus (1)901813 901813 Magneticresonanceimagingapparatus (1)901814 901814 Scintigraphicapparatus (1)901819 901819 Otherelectro-diagnosticapparatus(includingapparatusforfunctional exploratoryexaminationorforcheckingphysiologicalparameters) (1)902212 902212 Computedtomographyapparatus (1)902213 902213 OtherapparatusbasedontheuseofX-rays,fordentaluses (1)902214 902214 OtherapparatusbasedontheuseofX-rays,formedical,surgicalor veterinaryuses (1)

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HS 2002 HS 1996 Other ICT goods Notes

902219 902219 OtherapparatusbasedontheuseofX-rays,forotheruses (1)902410 902410 Machinesandappliancesfortestingthehardness,strength,compressibility, elasticityorothermechanicalpropertiesofmaterials,metals902480 902480 Othermachinesandappliancesfortestingthehardness,strength, compressibility,elasticityorothermechanicalpropertiesofmaterials902490 902490 Partsandaccessoriesformachinesandappliancesfortestingthehardness, strength,compressibility,elasticityorothermechanicalpropertiesofmaterials902620 902620 Instrumentsandapparatusformeasuringorcheckingthepressureofliquids orgases,excludinginstrumentsandapparatusofheadingNos .9014,9015, 9028or9032902710 902710 Instrumentsandapparatusforphysicalorchemicalanalysis,gasorsmoke analysisapparatus902730 902730 Spectrometers,spectrophotometersandspectrographsusingopticalradiations (UV,visible,IR)902740 902740 Instrumentsandapparatusformeasuringorcheckingquantitiesofheat, soundorlight,exposuremeters902750 902750 Otherinstrumentsandapparatususingopticalradiations(UV,visible,IR)902780 902780 Otherinstrumentsandapparatusforphysicalorchemicalanalysis902810 902810 Gasmeters902820 902820 Liquidmeters902830 902830 Electricitymeters902890 902890 Partsforgas,liquidorelectricitysupplyorproductionmeters,including calibratingmeterstherefor902910 902910 Revolutioncounters,productioncounters,taximeters,mileometers, pedometersandthelike902920 902920 Speedindicatorsandtachometers;stroboscopes902990 902990 Partsandaccessoriesforrevolutioncounters,productioncounters,taximeters,

mileometers,pedometersandthelike;speedindicatorsandtachometers, otherthanthoseofheadingNo .90 .14or90 .15;stroboscopes903010 903010 Instrumentsandapparatusformeasuringordetectingionisingradiations903020 903020 Cathode-rayoscilloscopesandcathode-rayoscillographs903031 903031 Multimeterswithoutarecordingdevice903039 903039 Otherinstrumentsandapparatusformeasuringorcheckingvoltage,current, etc .withoutarecordingdevice903040 903040 Otherinstrumentsandapparatus,speciallydesignedfortelecommunications (forexample,cross-talkmeters,gainmeasuringinstruments,distortionfactor meters,psophometers)903082 903082 Otherinstrumentsformeasuringorcheckingsemiconductorwafersordevices903083 903083 Otherinstrumentsformeasuringorcheckingsemiconductorwafersordevices witharecordingdevice903110 903110 Measuringorcheckinginstruments,appliancesandmachinesn .e .s,machines forbalancingmechanicalparts903120 903120 Measuringorcheckinginstruments,appliancesandmachinesn .e .s,testbenches903130 903130 Measuringorcheckinginstruments,appliancesandmachinesn .e .s, profileprojectors903141 903141 Otheropticalinstrumentsandappliances,forinspectingsemiconductor wafersordevicesorforinspectingphotomasksorreticlesusedin manufacturingsemiconductordevices903180 903180 Othermeasuringorcheckinginstruments,appliancesandmachines,n .e .s .903190 903190 Partsandaccessoriesformeasuringorcheckinginstruments,appliances andmachines,n .e .s .903210 903210 Thermostats903220 903220 Manostats903289 903289 Otherautomaticregulatingorcontrollinginstrumentsandapparatus,n .e .s .903290 903290 Partsandaccessoriesforautomaticregulatingorcontrollinginstruments andapparatus

Source: Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2005 (OECD, 2005b).

Notes: Titles are according to the 2002 Harmonized System. Some have been changed slightly in the interests of clarity and space.

(1) Industry of origin not in the OECD ICT sector (2002).(2) HS 1996 and HS 2002 codes differ.

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