THE GLASTONBUR ZODIACY. A New Horizons Researc...
Transcript of THE GLASTONBUR ZODIACY. A New Horizons Researc...
THE GLASTONBURY ZODIAC.
A New Horizons Research Report.
September 1986.
Copyright: New Horizons, S.M. Intner, J.A. Farrington, and J.A. Andresen.
January 1985.
This i s the report of research financed by the New Horizons Research Foundation and carried out at Princeton University.
The Glastonbury Zodiac
Phase I-
A Review of the Relevant L i t e r a t u r e
S. M. Intner
J . A. Farrington
J . A. Andresen
with the assistance of
B. J . Dunne
R. G. Jahn
M. Kriegman
E . G. Jahn
June 1984
Abstract
As a qua l i fy ing phase of the proposed systematic study of
the purported Glastonbury Zodiac i n Somerset, England, an
extensive review of the ava i lab le relevant l i t e r a t u r e has been
conducted. These major topics were invest igated: the v a l i d i t y
of the claimed topographical boundaries of the Zodiac; a general
survey of zodiaca l origins*, and the d i r e c t l y relevant c u l t u r a l
h i s tory of ancient B r i t a i n . L i t t l e convincing evidence was found
to substantiate the existence of a t e r r e s t r i a l zodiac i n th i s
l o c a t i o n . However, a number of a n c i l l a r y f indings suggest that
there are a few more p laus ib l e myst ica l aspects of th i s area that
may merit further study.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Table of Contents
Introduction
Report of the Survey
1) Topographical Boundaries
2) Zodiacal Orig ins
3) C u l t u r a l His tory
Conclusions
Re c ommen da t i on s
Bibl iography
Supplementary Bibl iography
Appendix A: Maps
Introduction
This report summarizes the resu l t s of the f i r s t phase of a
proposed study of the purported Glastonbury Zodiac. An extensive
l i t e r a t u r e survey was conducted over a four-month per iod commenc
ing mid-January, 1984, to assess the ava i l ab l e spectrum of
scho lar ly and popular publ icat ions r e l a t i n g to t e r r e s t r i a l
zodiacs i n general , and the Glastonbury Zodiac i n p a r t i c u l a r , to
determine i f a more comprehensive on-s i te inves t iga t ion of the
topic was merited.
Three persons have ac t ive ly p a r t i c i p a t e d i n th i s phase of
the pro jec t : Susan Intner, a Princeton alumna,'79; Jensine
Andresen, an undergraduate i n the Department of C i v i l Engineer
ing; and Jeremiah A. Farr ington , Ass i s tant Dean of the School of
Engineer ing/Appl ied Science. E r i c Jahn, 179 and Miche l l e
Kriegman, an undergraduate, also made valuable contr ibut ions to
the p r o j e c t , which was c a r r i e d out under the guidance of Robert
G. Jahn and Brenda J . Dunne of the Princeton Engineering
Anomalies Research laboratory.
T h i s phase of the p r o j e c t had three major t h r u s t s :
1) An attempt to v e r i f y the topographical boundaries of the
e f f i g i e s a l leged to comprise the Glastonbury Zodiac;
2) An inves t iga t ion of the or ig ins of zodiacs and the i r
associated symbolic representations;
3) A review of the ava i lab le documentation on the cultures
of p r e - h i s t o r i c B r i t a i n .
The bulk of the b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l and cartographica l resources
were obtained through the Princeton and Columbia Univers i ty
l i b r a r i e s and the i r i n t e r - l i b r a r y loan serv ices . A d d i t i o n a l
materials and information were supplied through various publ ic
l i b r a r y systems. Discussions with academic colleagues here and
i n Great B r i t a i n also proved h e l p f u l .
The resu l t s of these inves t igat ions can be summarized as
fol lows:
1) Topographical Boundaries
A number of ordnance survey and other maps,^^ dating
back to the 18th century, were studied i n an attempt to v e r i f y
(2)
the boundaries of the zodiaca l e f f i g i e s proposed by Maltwood,
which are based on a v a r i e t y of na tura l and man-made geographical
conf igurat ions . Attempts were made to reconstruct the various
c o n s t e l l a t i o n f igures by applying Maltwood's topographical (3)
descr ipt ions to the 1782 Day and Masters map and to the 1822 (3)
Greenwood map of the Somerset area with no success, and to
modern maps with only p a r t i a l success. Comparisons between the
modern and pre -20 th century maps were made to confirm the
h i s t o r i c a l existence of the various roads, f i e l d s , streams, e tc .
which comprised major features of Maltwood's f i gures . There were
numerous incons i s tenc ies , p a r t i c u l a r l y with regard to roads, many
of which appeared to be of r e l a t i v e l y recent o r i g i n . 1. References 29, 40, 49, 62, 63, M2-M6, Appendix A
2. Reference 83
3. References M6 and Appendix A
The outl ines from Maltwood's i l l u s t r a t i o n of the zodiacal
f igures were used as an overlay for two of the older maps, which
had been reduced i n s ize to achieve a uniformity of sca le . Thus
a d i rec t cartographical comparison between Maltwood's e f f i g i e s
and topo log ica l features shown on the older maps could be made.
Except for the "Phoenix", l i t t l e conformity was observed between
the two.
One a d d i t i o n a l exercise involved asking several i n d i v i d
uals not involved i n the project to examine unmarked maps to
determine whether "figures" were discernable . Once again, the
only cons is tent ly recognized pattern was the "Phoenix."
Much of the work of subsequent authors on the Glastonbury
planisphere demonstrates e i ther a complete skept ic ism, ^ o r an
unquestioning a c c e p t a n c e o f Maltwood's geographical boundaries
for the f i g u r e s . Addi t iona l authors who accept the existence of
the p lan i sphere^^ question some of the e f f igy boundaries or
charac ter i za t ions , while accepting others . C a i n e ^ ^ has sub
s t a n t i a l l y redrawn cer ta in of the f i gures , t o t a l l y a l t ered
others , and found s t i l l new e f f i g i e s . Caine's boundaries,
purportedly substantiated by a e r i a l photographs, are unconvincing
and appear to be almost a r b i t r a r y i n t h e i r de l inea t ion .
4. References 18, 71
5. References 75, 76, 105
6. References 17, 85, 92, 94-98, 101, 105, 124
7. References 30, 85, 101
A re-eva luat ion of these proponents' analyses ra i s e
considerable doubt as to the geographical c r e d i b i l i t y of a
phys i ca l zodiac , p a r t i c u l a r l y since i t i s known that u n t i l the
modern era , southern England, inc luding the Glastonbury region,
was subject to per iod ic f looding and other c l i m a t i c changes.
As a r e s u l t , over the past 5000 years much of the Somerset area
was frequently under water and subs tant ia l port ions of i t com-(8)
p r i s e d swamps and peat bogs. ' In the middle ages, monks from
the Glastonbury Abbey carr i ed out a drainage program to r i d the
area of swamps. There i s some evidence that at l east one earth-(9)
quake, i n approximately 1270 AD, ' may have had substant ia l
impact on the l o c a l geography. F i n a l l y , urbanizat ion over the
past 150 years , as we l l as human intervent ion i n the
determination of the boundaries of woods and f i e l d s , which may
have begun i n Neo l i th i c times, make i t d i f f i c u l t to accept
the present day existence of a planisphere landscaped as ear ly as
2700 BC, as Maltwood suggests.
2) Z o d i a c a l o r i g i n s
In addi t ion to pursuing v e r i f i c a t i o n of the Glastonbury
planisphere's topographical boundaries, an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the
or ig ins and h i s tory of zodiacs was undertaken i n order to obtain
8. References 10, 29, 32-36, 50, 62-64, 67, 72, 73, 99, 100, 109
9. References 58, 125, M2
10. References 36, 50, 55, 72, 73, 81, 100, 109
some understanding of ancient astronomy and zodiacs , and thereby
to evaluate the f e a s i b i l i t y of the existence of a formulated
zodiac i n prehis tory i n general , and B r i t i s h prehis tory i n
p a r t i c u l a r .
The word 'zodiac' comes from the Greek phrases zodiakos
kyklos , " c i r c l e of animals," or ta zod ia , "the l i t t l e animals",
used to describe the band i n which the c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , often
v i s u a l i z e d as animals, crossed the paths of the p lanets . (12)
Readings on the or ig ins of the zodiac 7 are contradictory about the o r i g i n a t i n g cul ture or era . It seems reasonably c e r t a i n that
the concept of a zodiac was common to diverse p r e h i s t o r i c
(13)
cu l tures , and there are strong arguments supporting both
c.4000-2000 B C ( 1 4 ) and c.300 B C ( 1 5 ) as dates of o r i g i n . However,
h i e r a r c h i c a l questions such as when and where c e l e s t i a l
cons te l la t ions were o r i g i n a l l y perceived; which cu l ture(s )
or ig inated the ideas of the zodiaca l path and a c i r c u l a r zodiaca l
pa t tern , a 12-house zodiac , a standardized zodiac d iv ided into 12
houses of 30° each, or the 12 s p e c i f i c c o n s t e l l a t i o n depict ions
a l leged at Glastonbury; and which cul ture transmitted each part
11. Reference 129
12. References 7, 12, 21-25, 31, 42, 55, 59, 61, 67, 70, 71,
81, 85, 101, 105, 110, 116, 126, 129
13. References 7, 24-25, 31, 59
14. References 7, 21, 31, 70
15. References 12, 24, 42, 110, 116, 129
of th i s heritage to other cu l tures , are a l l as yet unre-(16)
solved. A comprehensive examination of these issues would
require a l e v e l of background and o r i g i n a l research we l l beyond
the scope of th is study.
The topographical configurations a t t r ibuted to the
Glastonbury zodiac appear to be those associated with the Greco-(15)
Roman zodiac , c.300 BC, and the older Phoenician, Babylonian
(or Chaldean) and Egyptian zodiacs upon which the Greek vers ion
was based.
No convincing d i rec t correspondences have been found
between the arrangement of stars def ining the c e l e s t i a l conste l
l a t i o n s , and notable or exceptional features of the landscape
comprising t h e i r hypothet ica l counterparts i n the Somerset
p lanisphere . Often the stars do not f a l l on the corresponding
e f f igy at a l l . Although many of the images representing a given
zodiaca l c o n s t e l l a t i o n d i f f e r from cul ture to c u l t u r e , the
Glastonbury zodiac does not r e f l e c t any astronomical ly correct
conf igurat ion , and i n fact presents incorrect placement of
s e v e r a l of the c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , as w e l l as i n c o r r e c t c o n s t e l l a
t ions themselves. For example, L i b r a i s represented as a dove
and placed i n the center of the zodiac; Cetus, the Whale, not
usua l ly considered part of the zodiac , i s located between
16. References 7, 24-25, 31, 42, 59, 67, 70, 85, 101, 105, 110,
116
17. References 30, 85, 101, 105
Aquarius and Pisces; and Orion , a c o n s t e l l a t i o n not included i n
the Greek zodiac , i s pos i t ioned i n Argo Navis , a c o n s t e l l a t i o n of
the southern hemisphere, here v i s u a l i z e d as a sh ip , which Caine
considers to represent Cancer. Caine's many a l t era t ions and (18)
addit ions to Maltwood's planisphere ' serve only to increase
doubts about the legit imacy of the depict ions ascr ibed to the
Glastonbury zodiac.
These differences i n i t i a l l y suggested other feas ib le
hypotheses: that the Glastonbury zodiac i l l u s t r a t e s a var iant or
forerunner to the Greco-Roman zodiac; or that i t i s not a zodiac
at a l l , but simply a large-sca le grouping of e f f i g i e s s imi lar to (19)
the works of the Nazca Indians i n Peru. Both hypothesis were
found to be without demonstrable mer i t , however, p r i m a r i l y
because topo log ica l proof of the e f f i g i e s themselves i s almost
always l a c k i n g , and because other kinds of substant iat ion r e l y
upon h ighly subject ive in terpreta t ions of " t r a d i t i o n a l " e v i
dences. Sympathetic authors on t e r r e s t i a l zodiacs frequently
u t i l i z e mythology, f o l k l o r e , l i t e r a t u r e and the putat ive h i s tory
of place names, as both demonstration and explanation of the
s i m i l a r i t i e s and the discrepancies between the Glastonbury zodiac
and other known p r e h i s t o r i c character izat ions of d e i t i e s , heros,
legends, c o n s t e l l a t i o n and zodiaca l representat ions , etc .
18. References 30, 83
19. References'21, 23, 31, 39, 55, 66, 67, 71, 76, 92, 95
20. References 11, 17, 27, 30, 75-76, 83, 85, 92-98, 101, 105,
106, 124
8
These r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n s are large ly adequate and
incons i s tent . For example, Caine argues that Cancer and L i b r a
are purposeful ly misplaced, disguised (a ship and a dove respec
t i v e l y ) , and out of correspondence with t h e i r s t ar s , i n order to
i l l u s t r a t e se lect mythological and C h r i s t i a n concepts, i . e . , "to
sum up the message of the whole Zodiac, as Jesus' two command
ments [revealed i n Deuteronomy, according to Caine] summed up the (21)
other ten. I t i s the story of Creat ion and i t s purpose." (22)
According to Leader, Cancer and L i b r a are absent, the dove i s
simply an a d d i t i o n a l f i gure , and the grouped e f f i g i e s of a giant
c h i l d , a boat, a g r i f f i n and a l i t t l e dog probably subst i tute for
Cancer and Gemini.
Since the equinoxes f a l l wi th in Taurus and Scorpio i n
her depic t ion of the Somerset zodiac , Maltwood dates i t to 2700 (23)
BC on the basis of the 26,000-year cycle of precess ion, but
other evidence to support th i s date i s l ack ing . The Romans,
rather than the Greeks and Chaldeans, were the f i r s t to separate
the stars of L i b r a into a d i s t i n c t zodiaca l c o n s t e l l a t i o n , which
could we l l date the Glastonbury planisphere to a pos t -Ju l ius
21. Reference 30
22. References 75-76, 124
23. References 83;
On Precession i n General
12, 21, 23, 24, 42, 55, 59, 67, 71, 105, 116
Caesar per iod . Maltwood claims that the s i m i l a r i t y between
the names Sumer and Somerset provides evidence for a Sumerian (25)
settlement i n Somerset and the o r i g i n of the planisphere .
Other wr i ters do not concern themselves with the s p e c i f i c time
per iod i n which the planisphere was presumably landscaped.
3) C u l t u r a l h i s tory
A b r i e f review of the l i t e r a t u r e on pre-Roman
(preh i s tor i c ) B r i t a i n was undertaken to provide a contextual
background against which the purported earthworks of the (26)
Glastonbury zodiac might be assessed.^
24. References 85, 101
25. References 83, 85, 96
26. References On Archaeology/Antiquary
1, 3, 6, 13, 21, 23, 26, 28, 36, 37, 39, 40, 50,
55, 58, 60, 62-67, 71-74, 76, 95, 99, 100, 109,
111, 113, 127, M2, B1-B14
On Mythology/Religion/Druids
2, 8-11, 17-23, 27, 28, 32-35, 43, 49, 51-53, 55,
56, 61, 69, 78, 79, 82, 87, 89, 90, 92, 104, 105,
110, 117, 123, 126
On Arthur ian Legends
1, 4, 5, 19, 22, 57, 58, 66, 70, 84, 88, 102,
103, 114, 117
10
J u l i u s Caesar's descr ip t ion of the p r e h i s t o r i c Br i ton as (27)
an ignorant and p r i m i t i v e hunter-gatherer v ' has been t r a d i t i o n
a l l y accepted by many h i s tor ians and archaeolog is t s . This
impression i s supported by a r e l a t i v e l y large number of phys ica l
a r t i f a c t s from Bronze Age (c.2000-500 BC) and Iron Age (c.500
BC-43 AD) human a c t i v i t y . ( 2 8 ) However, l i t t l e d i r e c t
substant iat ion has been obtained of the l i v e s and knowledge of
Druid ic and "pre-Druidic" occupants of B r i t a i n .
Any theory concerning a more advanced c i v i l i z a t i o n i n
B r i t a i n f l o u r i s h i n g p r i o r to the Bronze Age has long been
obstructed by the absence of phys i ca l evidence of a wri t ten
language, the r a r i t y of t y p i c a l archaeolog ica l a r t i f a c t s such as
pot tery , u tens i l s and t o o l s , and the s c a r c i t y of accepted sc ien
t i f i c recogni t ion and analys is of the various megal i thic s truc
tures which abound i n B r i t a i n . The o r a l h i s t o r y and t rad i t ions (29) (^0) encompassed i n the Welsh t r i a d s v ' and other sagas, ' though
commonly a t t r ibuted to much e a r l i e r per iods , were probably not
wr i t ten down i n f u l l u n t i l the twelfth century AD, and thus do
not s a t i s f a c t o r i l y mit igate the need for tangible evidence.
27. References 2, 37, 64
28. References 3, 10, 17, 18, 20, 29, 31, 32-35, 39, 50, 60,
63-66, 72-74, 99, 100, 104, 109, 111, 113, 127
29. References 22, 33, 35, 43
30. References 28, 51-53, 57, 61, 62, 68-70, 78, 79, 82, 87,
102-104, 114, 117
11
Nonetheless, some conventional academic researchers are
current ly i n the process of re -eva luat ing ex i s t ing theories and (31)
archaeologica l a r t i f a c t s r e l a t i n g to ear ly B r i t i s h cu l ture . Several l ines of evidence strongly suggest a far more complex and
( 3 ? )
sophis t icated Neo l i th i c cul ture (c.4800-1700 BC) V ' than pre
v ious ly thought poss ib le . Recent f inds of crop husbandry, f i e l d (31)
use, and purposeful land clearance and regeneration imply a (33)
more advanced and stable a g r i c u l t u r e . ' Radiocarbon and po l l en
techniques date a r t i f a c t s such as the Somerset l eve l s (wooden
trackways or roads through the peat bogs) and wood henges to as
ear ly as c.3200 BC. The emergence of new evidence of the
extensive astronomical knowledge embodied i n Stonehenge and other
megal i thic monuments indicates the large-sca le app l i ca t ion of
c e l e s t i a l analys is and engineering concepts. Such monuments
imply the existence of an advanced, and poss ib ly s t r a t i f i e d s o c i
ety, since the construct ion of megaliths presumably required the
accumulation of a large body of data p r i o r to i t s use i n the
design and construct ion of the various stages of each monument,
and the a b i l i t y of a s o c i e t y to s u s t a i n workers u n i n v o l v e d i n the
gathering and production of food, c lo th ing and she l t er .
31. References 50, 67, 73, 81, 109
32. References 7, 67
33. References 23, 50, 81, 109
34. References 39, 50, 73, 109
12
The extraordinary , incompletely understood configurations
such as h i l l f o r t s , tumuli , stone c i r c l e s , c a i r n s , barrows, and (35)
chalk f igures which appear throughout B r i t a i n , t e s t i f y to the
existence of at least one complex ear ly c u l t u r e . There i s some
evidence that the use of major earthworks as b u r i a l s i tes i n some
cases occurred long a f ter t h e i r o r i g i n a l construct ion .
At various but as yet uncertain per iods , r e l i g i o u s
worship i n B r i t a i n i s be l ieved to have been d irec ted to de i t i e s
represented by horses, b u l l s , the "White Goddess", and other (37)
magical f i gures . ' The construct ion of C h r i s t i a n churches,
often dedicated to St. Michae l , on s i tes sacred to the indiginous
B r i t o n s ( 3 8 ^ (Ce l t s , "pre-Cel ts" , Druids , "pre-Druids", e t c . ) , may
be an i n d i c a t i o n of which areas and constructs were important to
these p r e h i s t o r i c inhabi tants , and why. Modern-day ley-hunters ,
geomancers, and amateur antiquarians have appl ied th i s assoc ia
t i o n between sacred C h r i s t i a n and p r e - C h r i s t i a n s i t e s i n B r i t a i n
35. References 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, 29, 31, 39,
40, 49, 55, 58, 63, 65, 66, 71, 73, 78, 92, 94,
95, 101, 105, 113, M2, M5
36. References 50, 72, 73, 100, 109
37. References 4, 28, 43, 49, 51-53, 67, 69, 73, 78, 79, 82,
104, 105
38. References 1, 2, 18, 62-64, 85, 99, 102, 103, 117
as one kind of evidence to support theories concerning the
cont inui ty of m y s t i c a l / s p i r i t u a l knowledge from p r e h i s t o r i c times (39)
through the present, a l b e i t often i n less than scho lar ly
fashion.
The infus ion of C h r i s t i a n precepts , symbols, and
r i t u a l s couple with the Arthur ian legends to obfuscate
further any indigenous pre-Roman c u l t u r a l a t t r i b u t e s . Yet a
l i t e r a l app l i ca t ion of the Arthur ian legends - - themselves of
c o n t r o v e r s i a l and doubtful h i s t o r i c a l a c c u r a c y i s a
cornerstone of the favorable evaluations of the Glastonbury
zodiac . Maltwood envisions the planisphere as an
embodiment of Arthur , his Round Table , and the associated
legends. Caine and Leader, also with l i t t l e convincing
evidence, go a step further and argue that the Glastonbury zodiac
i l luminates the myths and legends of a much larger number of
cul tures and i d e n t i f i a b l e time periods .
39. References 11, 23, 27, 30, 55, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86,
91-98, 101, 105, 106, 115, 124
40. References 2, 4, 20, 32-35, 57, 70, 72, 73, 99
41. References See footnote 26: On Arthur ian Legends, also
32-35
42. References 17, 23, 30, 75, 76, 83, 92, 105, 124
43. Reference 83
44. Reference 30
45. References 75, 76
14
Nevertheless, the p lethora of myths, legends, and ear ly
epic t r a d i t i o n s assoc iat ing the Glastonbury region with ancient
Avalon, King Arthur and M e r l i n , Joseph of Arimethea and the Holy
G r a a l , and other h i s t o r i c a l or s e m i - h i s t o r i c a l personages and
events, t e s t i f i e s to the s i g n i f i c a n t h i s t o r i c a l importance of
th i s area. It has drawn the at tent ion of wr i ters and h i s tor ians
such as J u l i u s Caesar, Geoffrey of Monmouth, John Dee, and others
since ear ly times. However, with the exception of Dee, who may
have described the discovery of zodiaca l e f f i g i e s i n the s ix
teenth century, we found no h i s t o r i c a l mention of a zodiac or
planisphere associated with the area.
46. References 57, 58, 62, 91
47. References 44, 45-48, 54, 107, 108
15
Conclusions
Within the l i m i t e d scope of th i s l i t e r a t u r e survey l i t t l e
convincing phys ica l evidence has been found to substantiate the
existence of a t e r r e s t r i a l zodiac at Glastonbury, such as that
proposed by Maltwood, Caine and Leader. Although t h e i r claims
may have aesthet ic appeal , they are not w e l l supported by the
geographical or h i s t o r i c a l sources accessed i n th i s study, but
depend more upon r e l a t i v e l y oblique or symbolic assoc iat ions .
The major discrepancies found among the i n d i v i d u a l , subject ive
descr ipt ions of the various zod iaca l conf igurat ions by the
several proponents of the planisphere hypothesis may we l l be the
strongest argument against i t .
Although many i n t r i g u i n g ideas concerning h i s t o r i c a l and
symbolic impl icat ions are presented i n discussions of the Somer
set and other t e r r e s t r i a l zodiacs , there seems to be l i t t l e
substantive basis for these extremely subtle in terpre ta t ions and
anomalous c o r r e l a t i o n s . The vagueness surrounding the chrono
l o g i c a l and c u l t u r a l sources of the zodiaca l concept further
complicates any e f f o r t s to p l a c e the h y p o t h e t i c a l Glastonbury
formation wi th in an h i s t o r i c a l or c u l t u r a l context.
F i n a l l y , given the multitude of myths, legends, esoter ic
w r i t i n g s , and documented archaeologica l studies associated with
the Glastonbury reg ion , a l l of which suggest p r e h i s t o r i c cul tures
with c lose r e l i g i o u s and pragmatic bonds to nature, and many of
which contain d i r e c t references to s p e c i f i c n a t u r a l landmarks i n
the v i c i n i t y , the omission of any e x p l i c i t references i n the
t r a d i t i o n a l ear ly l i t e r a t u r e or o r a l records to a zodiac per se
16
or to a s i m i l a r conf igurat ion of such immense scale and
impl i ca t ion appears i r r e c o n c i l a b l e .
Recommendations
The paucity of phys i ca l or h i s t o r i c a l evidence to support
the existence of a t e r r e s t r i a l zodiac at Glastonbury does not
necessar i ly t o t a l l y inva l ida te the concept proposed by Maltwood
and others . It should be noted that i n essence any zodiac or
c o n s t e l l a t i o n i s a propos i t i on , rather than an object ive phys ica l
phenomenon, which the mind of man has found use fu l or st imulat ing
i n ordering the p r o l i f e r a t e astronomical d i sp lay into meaningful
or memnonic patterns . In th i s sense Maltwood's perception can
also be considered as an attempt to project onto the phys ica l
domain a subject ive i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of th is p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l i t y .
She was not the f i r s t to do so, although the p a r t i c u l a r pattern
she employed may be d i f f erent from those of most of her
predecessors.
For example, a biography of John D e e ^ ^ (1927-1608), geographer,
as tro loger , mystic , mathematician, phi losopher, and diplomat i n
the service of Queen E l i zabe th I , quotes, without c i t a t i o n , Dee's
descr ip t ion of p e c u l i a r i t i e s i n the form of c e r t a i n Somerset
h i l l s i n and around Glastonbury that led him to make or commis
s ion maps which, i n turn , d isplayed zodiaca l f i gures . Unfortun
a t e l y , i t was not poss ib le to locate e i ther Dee's o r i g i n a l text
or copies of h is maps.
48. Reference 44
17
The p r o l i f e r a t i o n of legends, myths, and r e l i g i o u s and
h i s t o r i c a l a r t i f a c t s associated with Glastonbury and i t s
environs t e s t i f i e s to an enduring myst ica l aura associated with
th i s v i c i n i t y , which might be deserving of further study i n
somewhat d i f f erent terms. For example, there are a number of
we l l - e s tab l i shed phys i ca l features that might prove to be more
amenable to s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
Much of the evidence reviewed i n th i s study suggests that
the e f f igy of the Phoenix, encompassing the town of Glastonbury,
Glastonbury Tor , and Chal ice H i l l , a c t u a l l y e x i s t s . Unlike the
other f i gures , th i s one i s c l e a r l y defined by v a r i a t i o n s i n
ground contour, rather than by more t r a n s i t o r y roads, waterways,
or f i e l d boundaries of questionable h i s t o r i c a l o r i g i n , and i t i s
c l e a r l y apparent on the various maps we have s tudied, whether i t
i s wholly a natura l phenomenon or whether man has also had a ro le
i n i t s design i s s t i l l uncerta in . Nor i s i t known whether i t
may be one of Dee's f igures . It i s poss ib le that th i s very large
e f f igy i s not simply a natura l c u r i o s i t y , but an actual pre
h i s t o r i c a r t i f a c t . I f th is were the case, we would be dealing
with an earthwork of a s ize and k ind quite d i s t i n c t from the more
f a m i l i a r mounds, barrows, tumuli , and h i l l f o r t s , and other
classes of known a r t i f a c t s , such as the giant chalk f igures and
the megal i thic stone conf igurat ions .
49. References 17, 30, 75, 76, 105, 106
18
Also of substant ia l in teres t i s Glastonbury Tor , a h i l l
carry ing an ancient C h r i s t i a n chapel on i t s crown, that appears
to support a labyr in th on i t s slopes rather than the common
concentric t e r r a c i n g , suggesting that the human manipulation had
some s p i r i t u a l or r e l i g i o u s purpose, rather than construct ion for
defense or a g r i c u l t u r e . The s p i r a l , h e l i x , and l a b y r i n t h are
motifs common to many cultures i n both the eastern and western
hemispheres, and have been found inc i s ed on human and animal
bones dating as ear ly as 20,000 BC, and i n succeeding m i l l e n i a as
petroglyphs and as decorations on pot tery , metalwork, cups, and
bu i ld ings .(50) These symbols are so ubiquitous that they may be
a u n i v e r s a l and fundamental pat tern , perhaps i n the sense of a
Jungian archetype of human consciousness. Among the Hopi and
other American Indian tr ibes t j i e S p i r a i w a s used to represent
the Earth Mother and the migratory trave l s of the t r i b e , and to
symbolize i t s emergence from the underworld to i t s present
l o c a t i o n on earth. In B r i t a i n , the maypole dances of Saffron,
Walden, Alkborough, Sneinton, and elsewhere lead i n i t i a t e s along
r i t u a l , labyr inth ine paths meant to represent the route from the (52)
phys i ca l to the s p i r i t u a l world. S imi lar labyr inth ine forms
50. References 7, 17, 18, 21, 23, 31, 38, 39, 55, 56, 64, 65,
71-73, 76, 92, 105, 106, 128
51. References 21, 31, 55, 65, 67, 118
52. References 17, 18
19
can be found throughout eastern and western Europe, the Middle
and Far East , and North and South America. They have been
associated with known cultures as o ld as ancient Egypt and as
recent as medieval France, and have frequently been found i n
conjunction with the symbol of the doubleheaded axe (Gr. Labrys) ,
a representat ion often l inked with the worship of the Great
Mother goddess. In p r e - C h r i s t i a n times, Glastonbury Tor was
considered the holy h i l l of the C e l t i c god of the underworld,
Gwyn ap N u d d . ( 5 3 )
One could ask whether the t errac ing of the Tor i s i n fact a
three dimensional l a b y r i n t h , perhaps intended by i t s unknown
bu i lders to provide r i t u a l passage between th is world and the
s p i r i t u a l domain.
I f these topics are found to merit further i n v e s t i g a t i o n , we
would recommend that such research address the fo l lowing points :
1) l oca t ion and evaluation of the pert inent works of John
Dee;
2) assessment of sources and publ icat ions unavai lable for
th i s study, i . e . , the actual a e r i a l photographs of the
Glastonbury reg ion , Caine's 16mm f i l m of the area, per iod maps by
the B r i t i s h Ordnance Survey, and many of the more esoter ic works
r e l a t i n g to Glastonbury;
53. References 43, 104
54. Reference Supplementary Bibl iography
20
3) review of the works of pre-20th century scholars other
than Dee, to determine whether any other observations were
recorded regarding the unusual nature of the Tor , the putat ive
Phoenix, and/or the Tor l abyr in th or other such motifs i n the
v i c i n i t y ;
4) interviews with appropriate B r i t i s h scholars concerning
the Glastonbury e f f i g i e s , the Tor , recent archaeolog ica l and
geo log ica l studies of the reg ion , and the current state of
knowledge regarding p r e h i s t o r i c astronomy i n B r i t a i n ;
5) care fu l study of the works of Freder ick B l igh Bond,
who discovered the remains of two ancient chapels i n Glastonbury,
using the techniques of psychic archeaology (automatic w r i t i n g ) ;
6) on-s i te inves t igat ion of the Tor and other components of
the Phoenix, employing s c i e n t i f i c instrumentation, e .g .
magnetometers and gravitometers, to test for geo log ica l anomalies
i n the area which might provide some phys i ca l basis for the
unusual environment associated with the v i c i n i t y ;
7) on-s i te invest igat ions of l o c a l f o l k l o r e , museums, and
l i b r a r i e s , and inspections of other a n c i e n t symbols, earthworks,
and construct ions , such as the Ghalice Well and i t s reported
heal ing proper t i e s .
55. References 14-16, 91
21
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Items of p a r t i c u l a r pertinence are marked w i t h an a s t e r i s k . )
1. A l c o c k , L e s l i e , Arthur's B r i t a i n : h i s t o r y and archaeology. A.D. 367-634. A l l e n Lane, The Penguin P r e s s , London, 1971.
2. A l l c r o f t , A. Hadrien, The c i r c l e and the c r o s s , a. study i n c o n t i n u i t y , two v o l . , MacMillan, London, 1930.
3. , Earthworks of England.: P r e h i s t o r i c . Roman. Saxon, Danish, and Medieval. MacMillan, London, 1908.
4. Ashe, Geoffrey, Camelot and the v i s i o n of A l b i o n . Heimann, London, 1971.
5. , King Arthur's Avalon: the s t o r y of Glastonbury. Fontana Books, London and Glascow, 1973
6. A t k i n s o n , R.J.C., " M e g a l i t h i c astronomy - a p r e h i s t o r i a n s comments," Journal f o r the H i s t o r y of Astronomy, v o l . 6, 1975, pp.42-53.
7. * B a i t y , E l i z a b e t h Chesley, "Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so f a r , " (with comments and r e p l y ) , Current anthropology. V o l . 14, No. 4, October 1973, pp. 389-449. ( r e p r i n t e d i n C a r l s o n , John B., ed., Archaeoastronomy. s e l e c t e d readings, two v o l . , 2nd ed., Astronomy Program, U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1977, pp. 9-69.)
8. Bayley, Harold, A r c h a i c England. J.P. L i p p i n c o t t , P h i l a d e l p h i a , and Chapman and H a l l , London, 1920.
9. , The l o s t language of symbolism, two v o l . , W i l l i a m and Norgate, London, 1912.
10. Beaumont, Comyns, The r i d d l e of p r e h i s t o r i c B r i t a i n , R i d e r , London, 1945
11. Behrend, Michael, The landscape geometry of southern England. r e p r i n t w i t h minor amendments, The I n s t i t u t e f o r Geomantic Research, Occasional Paper No. 1, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, J u l y 1976.
12. Berry, A r t h u r , A short h i s t o r y of astronomy from the e a r l i e s t times through the nineteenth century, John Murray, London, 1898; r e p r i n t e d Dover P u b l i c a t i o n s , New York, 1961.
13. Black, W i l l i a m H., W.H. Black: pioneer geomantic researcher ( c o l l e c t e d works). Cambridge, 1976.
14. Bond, F r e d e r i c k B l i g h , The gate of rememberance: the s t o r y of the p s y c h o l o g i c a l experiment which r e s u l t e d i n the d i s c o v e r y of the Edgar Chapel at Glastonbury, B a s i l B l a c k w e l l , Oxford, 1921.
22
— , The Glastonbury s c r i p t s ( s c r i p t of John A l l e y n e ) , ( p u b l i s h e r not g i v e n ) , 1925.
— » The h i l l of v i s i o n ; a_ f o r e c a s t of the great war and of s o c i a l r e v o l u t i o n w i t h the coming of the new race. M a r s h a l l Jones, Boston, 1919.
17. * Bord, Janet and C o l i n , Mysterious B r i t a i n , Doubleday, New York, 1973.
18. * , The secret country, an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the f o l k l o r e of
ancient s i t e s i n the B r i t i s h I s l e s . Paul E l e k , London, 1976
19. Bramwell, James, Lost A t l a n t i s . Harper, New York, 1938.
20. Branston, B r i a n , The l o s t gods of England. Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1974.
21. Brecher, Kenneth and F e i r t a g , M i c h a e l , ed., Astronomy of the a n c i e n t s . MIT Press, Cambridge, MA and London, 1979.
22. Bromwich, Rachel, Trioedd ynys p r y d e i n , the Welsh t r i a d s , U n i v e r s i t y of Wales Press, C a r d i f f , 1961.
23. * Brown, Peter Lancaster, M e g a l i t h s . myths. and men. an i n t r o d u c t i o n to astro-archaeology. T a p l i n g e r , New York, 1976.
24. Brown, Robert, Researches i n t o the o r i g i n of the p r i m i t i v e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s of the Greeks, Phoenicians. and Babylonians. two v o l . , W i l l i a m s and Norgate, London, 1899-1900.
25. , Eridanus; r i v e r and c o n s t e l l a t i o n , a. study of the a r c h a i c southern asterisms. Longmans, Green, London, 1883.
26. B u l l e i d , A rthur and Gray, George H., Somerset, The Glastonbury lake v i l l a g e . two v o l . , Glastonbury A n t i q u a r i a n S o c i e t y , Glastonbury, 1911.
27. Bunn, I . and Burgess, M., L o c a l c u r i o s i t i e s . East S u f f o l k . and
N o r f o l k A n t i q u a r i a n s , Lowestoft, 1976.
28. B u r l , Aubrey, R i t e s of the gods. J.M.Dent and Sons,London, 1981.
29. Burrow, Edward J . , Ancient earthworks and camps of Somerset. Ed. J . Burrow and Co., London, 1924.
30. * Caine, Mary, The Glastonbury zodiac. Grael Communications, Devon, 1978.
31. * C a r l s o n , John B., ed., Archaeoastronomy, s e l e c t e d readings, two v o l . , 2nd ed., Astronomy Program, U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1977.
32. Chadwick, Nora K., C e l t i c B r i t a i n , Praeger, New York, 1963.
15.
16.
23
33. , E a r l y B r i t t a n y . U n i v e r s i t y of Wales P r e s s , C a r d i f f , 1969.
34. et a l . , C e l t i c and Saxon st u d i e s i n the e a r l y B r i t i s h border. I — The U n i v e r s i t y P ress, Cambridge, 1963.
35. Chadwick, E.M. et a l . , Studies i n e a r l y B r i t i s h h i s t o r y . The tm U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , Cambridge, 1954.
Magi
m
36. C h i l d e , V. Gordon, P r e h i s t o r i c communities of the B r i t i s h I s l e s . W.& R. Chambers, London and Edinburgh, 1940.
37. C h u r c h i l l , Winston S., The b i r t h of B r i t a i n , v o l . 1 of A h i s t o r y of the English-speaking peoples. Bantam Books, New York and London,
m 1963.
38. Cook, Theodore Andrea, The curves of l i f e /_ being an account of s p i r a l formations and t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n to growth i n nature, to science . and to a r t . w i t h s p e c i a l reference to the manuscripts of Leonardo da V i n c i . Dover P u b l i c a t i o n s , New York, 1979. ( F i r s t
^ published by Constable, London, 1914.)
39. * C o r l i s s , W i l l i a m R., compiler, Ancient man: a handbook of p u z z l i n g a r t i f a c t s . The Source Book P r o j e c t (one v o l . of a s e r i e s ) , Glen
i i i Arm, MD, 1978.
40. Cox, R. H i p p i s l e y , The green roads of England. r e p r i n t of 2nd ed., m r e v i s e d and enlarged, Garnstone P r e s s , London, 1973.
41. C r i t c h l o w , K e i t h , Order i n space. V i k i n g P r e s s , New York, 1965.
42. Cronin, Vincent, The view from the ea r t h (man looks at the cosmos), W i l l i a m Morrow, New York, 1981.
Hi 43. Davies, Edward, The mythologies and r i t e s of the B r i t i s h druids, J . Booth, London, 1809.
44. Deacon, Richard, John Dee. Frederick Muller, London, 1968. mm
45. Dee, John, The autobiographical t r a c t s of Dr. John Dee, ed. James Crossley, The Chatham Society, v o l . 24, Chatham, 1851.
46. , Propaedeumata a p h o r i s t i c a (1558 and 1568). ed. and trans. Wayne Shumaker and J . L. Heilbron i n John Dee and astronomy. Univ e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1978.
, 47. , "True & f a i t h f u l r e l a t i o n s of what passed f o r many yeers *• ( s i c ) between Dr. John Dee ... and some s p i r i t s , " i n John Dee's
conversations wi t h angels. i n Renaissance c u r i o s a . Center f o r Medieval and E a r l y Renaissance S t u d i e s , Binghamton, New York,
Htf 1982.
mi
2k
48. , The p r i v a t e d i a r y of John Dee and the c a t a l o g of h i s l i b r a r y of manuscripts. ed. James Orchard H a l l i w e l l , The Cambden S o c i e t y , 1842, r e p r i n t e d , Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York, 1968.
49. Duke, E., The d r u i d i c temples of the county of W i l t s h i r e . John Russel Smith, London, and W.B. Brodie, S a l i s b u r y , 1846.
50. * Evans, John G., The environment of e a r l y man i n the B r i t i s h I s l e s . U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1975.
51. Faber, George Stanley, The o r i g i n of pagan i d o l o t r y , three v o l . , F. and C. R i v i n g s t o n s , London, 1816.
52. Feldman, Burton and Richardson, Robert D., The r i s e of modern mythology 1680-1860. Indiana U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , Bloomington/London, 1972.
53. F r a z i e r , James, The new golden bough. abridged e d i t i o n , Gaster, Theodore H., ed., The New American L i b r a r y , New York, 1964.
54. French, Peter J . , John Dee: world of an e l i z a b e t h a n magus. Routledge
and Kegan P a u l , London, 1972.
55. * Furneaux, Rupert, Ancient m y s t e r i e s . McGraw H i l l , New York, 1977.
56. Galanopoulos, A. G. and Bacon, Edward, A t l a n t i s and the t r u t h behind the legend. B o b b s - M e r r i l l , Indianapolis/New York, 1969.
57. Geoffrey of Monmouth, H i s t o r y of the kings of B r i t a i n , t r a n s . Sebastian Evans, rev. ed., Dent, London, 1963.
58. Glastonbury A n t i q u a r i a n S o c i e t y , Proceedings f o r the year 1886. Frank Goodall, Glastonbury, 1887.
59. Gleadow, Rupert, The o r i g i n of the zodiac. Jonathan Cape, London, 1968.
60. Gomme, George Laurence, ed., Index of a r c h e o l o g i c a l papers. 1665-1890, two v o l . , Burt Franklon, New York, 1907.
61. Graves, Robert, The white goddess ]_ a. h i s t o r i c a l grammer of p o e t i c myth, amended and enlarged e d i t i o n , F a r r a r , Straus and Giroux, New York 1966, 11th p r i n t i n g 1978.
62. G r e s w e l l , W i l l i a m H.P., Chapters on the e a r l y h i s t o r y of Glastonbury abbey, Wessex Press, Taunton, 1909.
63. G r i n s e l l , L.V., The ancient b u r i a l mounds of England, Metheun, London, 1936.
64. Harding, D.W., The i r o n age i n lowland B r i t a i n . Routledge & Kegan P a u l , London, 1974.
25
65. Havkes, Jacquetta, ed., A t l a s of ancient archaeology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.
66. Hawkins, Gerald S., Beyond Stonehenge. Harper and Rowe, New York, 1973.
mi 67. Hodson, F.R. ed., The place of astronomy i n the ancient world ( j o i n t symposium of the Royal S o c i e t y and the B r i t a i n Academy), Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P ress, London, 1974.
68. Jannan, A.O.H., Geoffrey of Monmouth, U n i v e r s i t y of Wales Press, C a r d i f f , 1966.
*t 69. Jennings, Hargrave, The Rosi c r u c i a n s J_ t h e i r r i t e s and mysteries• John Camden Hotton, London, 1870.
m 70. Jenkins, E l i z a b e t h , The mystery of ki n g A r t h u r . Michael Joseph, London, 197 5.
Mil
mi
mi
71. * Krupp, E. C , ed., In search of ancient astronomies. Doubleday, New York, 1977.
7 2 . L a i n g , L l o y d , C e l t i c B r i t a i n . R o u t l e d g e & K e g a n P a u l , L o n d o n a n d M i H e n l e y , 1 9 7 9 .
7 3 . L a i n g , L l o y d a n d J e n n i f e r , T h e o r i g i n s o f B r i t a i n . R o u t l e d g e a n d H i K e g a n P a u l , L o n d o n a n d H e n l e y , 1 9 8 0 .
74. L a v a l l , Cherry, " P u b l i c a t i o n : an o b l i g a t i o n : a r c h a e o l o g i c a l documentation i n B r i t a i n today," U n i v e r s i t y of London B u l l e t i n of the I n s t i t u t e of Archaeology. No. 18, 1981, pp. 91-125.
75. * Leader, E l i z a b e t h , "The Somerset zodiac myths and legends," i n Glastonbury a study i n p a t t e r n s . 5th r e p r i n t , RILKO (#), London, J u l y 1976 ( f i r s t pub. August 1969.
76. * , and Jackson, Jannett, compilers, The Glastonbury planisphere as at eas t e r . 1968. p r i v a t e c o m p i l a t i o n . (See commentary, Appendix A)
77. Lethaby, W.R. A r c h i t e c t u r e . mysticism and myth. London, 1892.
78. Lethbridge, T.C., Gogmagog and the bu r i e d gods, Routledge and Kegan ^ P a u l , London, 1957.
79. , Witches J_ an. i n v e s t i g a t i o n of an ancient r e l i g i o n i n v o l v i n g the worship of Diana — the w i t c h c u l t — l a y i n g as much s t r e s s on the consorts of the goddess as on the lady h e r s e l f , The C i t a d e l P r ess., Secaucus, New Je r s e y , 1962.
(#) RILKO: Research into Lost Knowledge Organization
Hi
26
80. Lockyer, J . Norman, Stonehenge. London, 1909.
81. * Mackie, Evan W., Science and s o c i e t y i n p r e h i s t o r i c B r i t a i n . Paul E l e k , London, 1977.
82. Mann, Ludovic MacLellan, A r c h a i c s c u l p t u r i n e s J_ notes on a r t . philosophy, and r e l i g i o n i n B r i t a i n 2000 B.C. to 900 A.D., W i l l i a m Hodge, Edinburg and London, 1915.
83. * Maltwood, Katherine E., A guide to Glastonbury's temple of the s t a r s . rev.ed. V i c t o r i a P r i n t i n g and Pub. Co,, V i c t o r i a , B. C , 1950. ( f i r s t pub. John Watkins, London, 1934; see commentary, Appendix A.)
84. Matthews, John, The g r a i l : quest f o r the e t e r n a l . Thames and Hudson, London, 1981.
85. * M i c h a e l , John, "Caer S i d i : the zodiac temples of south B r i t a i n , " i n Glastonbury ancient Avalon, new Jerusalem. R i d e r , London, ND. (see commentary, Appendix A ) .
86. M i c h e l l , John, "Introductory note on gemetria" and "The 12 hides of G l a s t o n , " i n C i t y of r e v e l a t i o n : on the proportions and symbolic numbers of the cosmic temple. Garnstone P r e s s , London, 1972, pp. 7-8, 43-50. (see commentary, Appendix A)
87. Newman, E r i c h , t r a n s , by Manheim, Ralph, The great mother [_ an a n a l y s i s of the archetype. B o i l i n g e n S e r i e s XLVII, P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , P r i n c e t o n , New Jersey, 1972.
88. Nutt, A l f r e d , Studies on the legend of the holy g r a i l . F o l k l o r e S o c i e t y , No. X X I I I , London, 1888.
89. O l i v e r , G. , The h i s t o r i c a l landmarks and other evidence of freemasonry. Jno. W. Leonard, New York, 1855.
90. , The h i s t o r y of i n i t i a t i o n . Jno. W. Leonard, New York, 1855.
91. Owen, A.R.G., "The g h o s t l y aids of F r e d e r i c k B l i g h Bond," I n t e r n a t i o n a l Journal of Parapsychology. V I I I , No. 1 (Winter 1966), pp. 147-150.
92. * Pennick, N i g e l , The ancient science of geomancy. Thames and Hudson, London, 1979.
93. , The mysteries of king's c o l l e g e chapel. Thorsons P u b l i s h e r s , Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, 1978.
94. , Leys and zodiacs. M e g a l i t h i c V i s i o n s A n t i q u a r i a n Papers, 2nd ed., Fenris-Wolf, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, 1976.
95. , Ancient h i l l - f i g u r e s of England. Occasional Paper No. 2, I n s t i t u t e of Geomantic Research, Fenris-Wolf, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, 1976.
2?
96. , European metrology. F e n r i s Wolf, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, 1976.
97. * and Lord, Robert, T e r r e s t i a l zodiacs i n B r i t a i n , the Nuthampsted zodiac and the Pendle zodiac. I n s t i t u t e f o r Geomantic Research, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, 1976
98. , Geomancy. The Cokaygne P r e s s , Cambridge, 1973.
99. P o r t e r , H.M., The Saxon conquest of Somerset and Devon, James Brodie, Bath, 1967.
100. Renfrew, C o l i n , ed., B r i t a i n p r e h i s t o r y j_ a. new o u t l i n e . Noyes Pr e s s , Park Ridge, New J e r s e y , 1974.
101. Roberts, Anthony,, "Giants i n the e a r t h , " i n Sowers of thunder. g i a n t s i n myth and h i s t o r y . R i d e r , London, 1978, pp. 49-74.
102. Robertson, J . Armitage, The times of St. Dunstan, Clarendon P r e s s , Oxford, 1923.
103. , Two Glastonbury legends; King Arthur and S t . Joseph of Arimathea. U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , Cambridge, 1926.
104. R o l l e s t o n , T.W., Myths and legends of the C e l t i c r a c e , George G. Harrap, Great B r i t a i n , 1911.
105. * Screeton, P a u l , Q u i c k s i l v e r h e r i t a g e . the mystic l e y s : t h e i r legacy and ancient wisdom. Thorsons P u b l i s h e r s , Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, 1974.
106. * Seikmann, Gustav R., "The mystery of Glastonbury Tor," R o s i c r u c i a n D i g e s t , March 1969, pp. 104-114.
107. Shumaker, Wayne, Rennaissance c u r i o s a . Center f o r Medieval and E a r l y Renaissance Studies, Binghamton, New York, 1982.
108. and H e i l b r o n , J.L., John Dee on astronomy (propaendeumata a p h o r i s t i c a 1558 and 1568). L a t i n and E n g l i s h , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e ss, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1978.
109. * Simmons, I.G. and Tooley, M.J.,eds., The environment i n B r i t i s h p r e h i s t o r y . Duckworth, London, 1981.
110. Smith, Richard Furnald, Prelude to science j_ an e x p l o r a t i o n of magic and d i v i n a t i o n , Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1975.
111. Somersetshire A r c h a e o l o g i c a l N a t u r a l H i s t o r y S o c i e t y , Proceedings. V o l . L I I I , B a i n i c o t t and Pearce, Taunton, 1908.
112. Thorn, Alexander, M e g a l i t h i c s i t e s i n B r i t a i n , Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1967.
113. Thomas, Stanley, Pre-Roman B r i t a i n , New York Graphic S o c , Greenwich, CT, 1966.
28
114. Trehame, R. F., The Glastonbury legends of Joseph of Arimathea. the h o l y g r a i l and king A r t h u r . Cresset P r e s s , 1967.
115. Underwood, Guy, The p a t t e r n of the past. Museum Pr e s s , London, 1968.
116. van der Waerden, B.L. ( t r a n s . Arnold Dresden), Science awakening. 4th ed., Noordhoff I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h i n g , Leyden, 1975.
117. Waite, Arthur Edward, The hidden church of the h o l y g r a i l : i t s legend and i t s symbolism. Rebman, London, 1909.
118. Waters, Frank, Book of the Hopi. drawings and source m a t e r i a l recorded by Oswald White Bear F r e d e r i c k s . Penguin Books, Middlesex, England/New York, 1977.
119. Watkins, A l f r e d , E a r l y B r i t i s h trackways. London, 1922.
120. , The o l d s t r a i g h t t r a c k . London, 1925.
121. , The l e y hunter's manual. London, 1927, B r i s t o l , 1977.
122. Watkins, Dom A l f r e d , The great c h a r t u l a r y of Glastonbury. Somerset Record S o c i e t y , V o l s . 59, 63, 64, B u t l e r and Tanner, Frome, 1956.
123. Wilhelm, Richard, t r a n s , and annotator, The secret of the golden flower j_ a. Chinese book of l i f e . European commentary by C.G. Jung, Kegan P a u l , Trench, Trubner & Co., London, 1931.
124. W i l l i a m s , Mary, Glastonbury, a. study i n p a t t e r n s . 5th r e p r i n t , RILKO, London, J u l y 1976.
125. Williamson, J . , Glastonbury: i t s abbey, i t s r u i n s , e t c . J . Brock, Gazette O f f i c e , Glastonbury, 1880.
126. Wilson, C o l i n , Mysteries j_ an i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o the o c c u l t . the paranormal, and the su p e r n a t u r a l . G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1978.
127. Wilson, C.E., " B u r i a l s w i t h i n settlements i n southern B r i t a i n during the pre-Roman i r o n age," U n i v e r s i t y of London B u l l e t i n of the I n s t i t u t e of Archaeology. No. 18, 1981, pp. 127-169.
128. Woodward, Kathryn C h r i s t i , E r r o r l a b y r i n t h i : an iconographic study of l a b y r i n t h s as symbolic of submission and deli v e r a n c e i n manuscripts and on pavements d a t i n g from l a t e a n t i q u i t y through the high middle ages. d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , Department of Philosophy, Bryn Mawr C o l l e g e , A p r i l 1981.
129. The encyclopedia B r i t a n n i c a . e d i t i o n of 1969.
29 U0
Hi
B i b l i o g r a p h i e s and D i c t i o n a r i e s
B l . A r c h a e o l o g i c a l b i b l i o g r a p h y f o r Great B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d . 1940/46, Co u n c i l f o r B r i t i s h Archaeology, London, 1949.
B2. A b i b l i o g r a p h y of E n g l i s h h i s t o r y to 1485. based on the souces and l i t e r a t u r e of E n g l i s h h i s t o r y from the e a r l i e s t times to about 1485 by Charles Gross, ed., Edgar B. Graves, Clarendon Press, Oxford and New York, 1975.
tend
B3. Bonser, W i l f r i d , An Anglo-Saxon and C e l t i c b i b l i o g r a p h y (450-1087), 2 v o l . , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1957.
B4. — • — , A Romano-British b i b l i o g r a p h y , 55 B.C.-A.D.449. 2 v o l . , B. B l a c k w e l l , Oxford, 1964.
B5. Brand, John, Popular a n t i q u i t i e s of Great B r i t a i n . F a i t h s and f o l k l o r e . ed. by W. Carew H a z l i t t , 2 v o l . , Reeves, London, 1905.
m ( r e p r i n t e d — see BIO.)
B6. F r a z i e r , S i r James George, The golden bough. a study i n magic and r e l i g i o n . 3rd edn., 12 v o l . , M a c m i l l i a n , London, 1907-15.
w ( r e p r i n t e d MacMillan, London, St. M a r t i n ' s , New York, 1955, 13 v o l . i n c l . Aftermath)
B7. , Aftermath. a_ supplement to the golden bough, MacMillan, London, 1936.
^ B8. Gross, Ch a r l e s , The sources and l i t e r a t u r e of e n g l i s h h i s t o r y from the e a r l i e s t times to about 1485, 2nd edn. r e v i s e d and enlarged, Longman's, London, r e p r i n t e d Peter Smith, New York 1951 and A.M. K e l l y , New York, 1970.
i i B9. Guide to the h i s t o r i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s of the s o c i e t i e s of England
and Wales. Suppl. 1-13, 1929-1942/46, Longman's, London, 1930-48, m 13 v o l . , ( B u l l e t i n of the I n s t i t u t e of H i s t o r i c a l Research,
Suppl., Nov. 1930-48).
B10. H a z l i t t , W i l l i a m Carew, F a i t h s and f o l k l o r e of the B r i t i s h I s l e s , a. M d e s c r i p t i v e and h i s t o r i c a l d i c t i o n a r y . 2 v o l . , B. Blom, New York,
1965.
MM B l l . Index of A r c h a e o l o g i c a l papers published i n 1891-1910. v o l s . 1-20, Constable, London, 1892-1914.
m
30
m
B12. M u l l i n s , Edward Lindsay Carson, A guide to the h i s t o r i c a l and a r c h a e o l o g i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s of s o c i e t i e s i n England and Wales. 1903-1933. compiled f o r the I n s t i t u t e of H i s t o r i c a l Research, Athlone P r e s s , London, 1968.
B13. Mythology of a l l r a c e s . Louis Herbert Gray, ed., v o l s . 1,3,6,9-12, John A r n o t t Maccoulloch and G.F. Moore, eds. v o l s . 2,4,5,7,8,13, A r c h a e o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e of America, M a r s h a l l Jones Co., Boston, 1916-32.
B14. V i c t o r i a h i s t o r y of the counties of England.: Somerset. 2 v o l . , Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r ess, London, 1906-11.
mt
m
mt
m
m
31
MAPS
Ml. Harley, J.B. and P h i l l i p s , C.W., The h i s t o r i a n ' s guide to ordnance survey maps. The N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of S o c i a l S e r v i c e , London, 1964
M2. A handbook f o r t r a v e l e r s i n Somerset. 5th ed. w i t h maps and pl a n s , John Murray, London, 1899.
M3. Bartholomew's map of England and Wales. Sheet 34 ( p a r t s of Somerset and D o r s e t ) . Scale 2 m i l e s to an i n c h . Edward Stanford, London, c. 1935. /#
M4. Ordnance Survey of England, sheets 18 ( D o r s e t ) , 19 (Wells Center), 20 (Bridge Water, Somerset), and 21 ( S h i r e , T i r e t o n ) , L t . C o l . Mudge, the Tower, London, 1809, 1811, 1817.
M5. Ordnance survey of Great B r i t a i n , sheets 165 (Weston-Super-Mare), 166 (Frome), and 177 (Taunton and Lyme R e g i s ) , seventh s e r i e s , one i n c h to the m i l e , The D i r e c t o r General of the Ordnance Survey, Chessington, Surrey, 1965, 1967, 1970.
M6. Somerset Maps. containing reproductions of the maps of Day and Masters (1782) and Greenwood (1822) w i t h an i n t r o d u c t i o n by J . B. Harley and R. W. Dunning, Somerset Record S o c i e t y P u b l i c a t i o n s , V o l . 76, Taunton, Somerset, 1981.
(#) This i s one of the maps r e f e r r e d to by Maltwood. We were unable to f i n d many of her demarcations.
32
Supplementary B i b l i o g r a p h y (Books and a r t i c l e s not located i n the U.S.
by the I n t e r l i b r a r y Loan Service)
'Atun, 1 "Gypsy l o r e , zodiacs, and A l b i o n , " The l e v hunter. No. 19, 1971.
Benham, T i n a , "Glaston and the Phoenix," Tore. No. 2, 1971.
Caine, Mary, "The Glastonbury Zodiac." Gandalf's Garden. No. 4, 1969.
Campbell, I r i s , "The o r i g i n s of Glastonbury Tor," Tore. No. 4, 1972
, "Magnetism i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to p r e h i s t o r i c s i t e s (and o t h e r s ) , " The l e v hunter. No. 12. 1970.
Carr-Gomm, M.C., "They knew where they were going i n the bronze age," A t l a n t i s . V o l . 11, No. 6, 1958.
Chaundy, Douglas, "The S a l i s b u r y s t a r map and the white horse t r i a n g l e , " Enigmas of the p l a i n , ( b o o k let, no p l a c e , no date.)
Cohen, A l a n , " B r i t a i n , A l b i o n , and New Jerusalem," The l e v hunter. No. 24, 1971.
C o l l i e r , Mary, "Mysteries of the Fosse way," The A t l a n t e a n . No. 144, 1972.
C o l l i n s o n , John, The h i s t o r y and a n t i q u i t i e s of the county of Somerset. 1791, (no p u b l i s h e r g i v e n ) .
Dames, M i c h a e l , The S i l b u r v t r e a s u r e . London, 1976.
, The Avebury c y c l e . London, 1977
Dobson, D.P. The archaeology of Somerset. Methuen, London, 1931.
Fagan, C y r i l , Zodiacs; o l d and new, w i t h c h a r t . London, 1915.
Forbes, John F o s t e r , The unchronicled past. London, 1938.
Ford, Nancy, "Glastonbury v i s i o n . " The l e y hunter. No. 23, 1971.
Graves, Tom, Dowsing,, London, 1976
Goddard, J . , Handbook of leys and orthoteny. London, 1966.
, "A Somerset l e y hunt," Awareness. Aug. 1969, r e p r i n t e d i n The l e v hunter. No. 3, 1970.
, "The Somerset z o d i a c . " The l e v hunter. No. 18, 1971.
33
Heinsch, J o s e f , "The p r i n c i p l e s of p r e h i s t o r i c c u l t geography," Proceedings of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l geographic congress. Amsterdam, 1938. ( i n German)
H i g g i n s , Godfrey, The C e l t i c d r u i d s . R. Hunter, 1827.
Lord, Robert, " T e r r e s t i a l zodiac r e s e a r c h , " Proceedings of the f i r s t Cambridge geomancy symposium. Cambridge, 1977.
MaItwood, Katherine E., The enchantments of B r i t a i n . , V i c t o r i a , Nova S c o t i a , 1946.
, King Arthur*s round t a b l e of the zodiac. w i t h map, 1946.
, A i r views: supplement to Glastonbury's temple of the s t a r s . 1937
, A l o s t c i v i l i z a t i o n . 1927. (unpublished; the s u r v i v i n g fragments recovered by the I n s t i t u t e f o r Geomantic Research and published as an Occasional Paper. 1977.)
Matthews, W.H., Mazes and L a b y r i n t h s . London, 1922.
Moorhouse, Geoffrey, "Temple of the s t a r s , " The Guardian. 25 Jan. 1966. ( i n t e r v i e w w i t h Mary and Osmond Caine.)
Pennick, N i g e l , Caerdroia. I n s t i t u t e f o r Geomantic Research, Cambridge, 1974.
P l u n k e t , Emmaline, Ancient calendars and c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , London, 1903.
Roberts, Anthony, "Shadows over Glastonbury," The l e y hunter. No. 38, 1972.
Rudge, E.A. and E.L., "A stone age trade route i n East A n g l i a , " Discovery. J u l y 1952.
Screeton, P a u l , " T e r r e s t i a l zodiacs: a b i b l i o g r a p h y , " The o r a c l e of A l b i o n . No. 1, 1972.
Shepard, C.D.F., "Why i s Glastonbury the c r a d l e of the f u t u r e ? " Tore, No. 5, 1972.
, "Understanding Glastonbury's temple of the s t a r s , Quest, No. 11. 1972.
S t e e l e , H., "The Somerset g i a n t s . " Country l i f e , 11 Jan. 1948.
Thorn, A., "The geometry of cup and r i n g marks," Transactions of the Ancient Monument S o c i e t y . No. 74, 1969.
Waddell, Lawrence A., Phoenician o r i g i n of B r i t o n s . Scots, and Anglo- Saxons, Williams and Norgate (no date, no p l a c e ) .
Wedd, Tony, "A hunter's t a l e , " The l e v hunter. No. 2, 1969.
3^
Woods, K.F., " C i r c l e s — Clocks, Calendars, Computers," J o u r n a l . I n s t i t u t e of post o f f i c e e l e c t r i c a l engineers. Spring 1970.
Watts, F.R., "The ancient roads can s t i l l be t r a c e d , " Witney Gazette. 16 Dec. 1960.
MAPS
Ordnance Survey Maps of Great B r i t i a n . s i x i n c h to the m i l e and twenty f i v e inch to the m i l e , The D i r e c t o r General of the Ordnance Survey, Chessington, Surrey.
P e r i o d Maps of the Ordnance Survey
Roman B r i t a i n 1924 Roman B r i t a i n , 2nd ed. 1928 N e o l i t h i c Wessex 1932 Trent Basin ( N e o l i t h i c ) 1933 C e l t i c Earthworks of S a l i s b u r y P l a i n 1933 B r i t a i n i n the Dark Ages (South Sheet) 1935 N e o l i t h South Wales 1936 B r i t a i n i n the Dark Ages (North Sheet) 1938 Monastic B r i t a i n (South Sheet) 1950 Monastic B r i t a i n (North Sheet) 1950 Ancient B r i t a i n (South Sheet) 1951 Ancient B r i t a i n (North Sheet) 1951 Monastic B r i t a i n (South Sheet), 2nd ed. 1954 Monastic B r i t a i n (North Sheet), 2nd ed. 1955 Roman B r i t a i n , 3rd ed. 1956 Southern B r i t a i n i n the Ir o n Age 1962 Hadrians Wall 1963
35
Append
Day and Master's Map of 1782 Greenwood's Map of 1822 Ordnance Survey Map of 1971 Maltwood's Planisphere Caine's Ve r s i o n of Maltwood Caine 1s Planisphere
i t fell i I i 1. I t. t. i . i t * i i , - i
^ K n/ ">'•'•.• v?%f
9* ilk \ > f l ^ i i S W ^ i l L X \ \ C r . . . . l *TS>y..j
1 > . Qvnn'l Stuff* Moor
\ • -V,-
_• ^ ^ ^ , ; r.t
. ' <•••
\
T
Ordnance Survey Seventh Series Revised 1971