The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age - - Industrialization, Urbanization Industrialization, Urbanization

Chapters 19-20Chapters 19-20

Sign of the Times:Sign of the Times:The Great DeflationThe Great Deflation

manufacturing manufacturing efficiencies efficiencies

Tight money policiesTight money policies

““Necessity is the Mother of Invention”Necessity is the Mother of Invention”

homemade to factory madehomemade to factory made typewriter typewriter adding machineadding machine telephone telephone telegraphtelegraph railroadsrailroads

Frank Zappa is also the Mother Frank Zappa is also the Mother of Inventionof Invention

RailroadsRailroads

Expansion, post Civil War Expansion, post Civil War Bessemer process steelBessemer process steel Big names: Vanderbilt, Hill, Stanford, HarrimanBig names: Vanderbilt, Hill, Stanford, Harriman

The Railroad BoomThe Railroad Boom

Build with free enterprise AND gov. Build with free enterprise AND gov. assistance such as:assistance such as:

Land grantsLand grants Financial assistanceFinancial assistance

Biggest Boost: Corporations with limited Biggest Boost: Corporations with limited liabilityliability

risk only money invested; not liable for risk only money invested; not liable for debts & problemsdebts & problems

Provided a great money making Provided a great money making opportunityopportunity

Impact of the RRImpact of the RR

Standard time zones, track sizeStandard time zones, track size Standards established for moving Standards established for moving

goodsgoods Tech advancesTech advances Transportation needs met for both Transportation needs met for both

transport of people and goodstransport of people and goods

““and up from the ground came a and up from the ground came a bubblin’ crude…oil that is…Black bubblin’ crude…oil that is…Black

Gold…Texas T”Gold…Texas T” 1859 Edwin Drake 1859 Edwin Drake

successfully drilled for successfully drilled for oiloil

PA, IN TXPA, IN TX Cleveland- first great Cleveland- first great

refining centerrefining center

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie1835-19191835-1919

Andrew Carnegie & the era of Social Andrew Carnegie & the era of Social DarwinismDarwinism

Worked his way up the “ladder”Worked his way up the “ladder”- A Real-Life Ragged Dick- A Real-Life Ragged Dick

Became a model for industryBecame a model for industry The The Theory of Social DarwinismTheory of Social Darwinism

– Discuss Gospel of WealthDiscuss Gospel of Wealth– Discuss Progress & PovertyDiscuss Progress & Poverty

J. Pierpont MorganJ. Pierpont Morgan

BornBornApril 17, 1837 April 17, 1837 Hartford, CTHartford, CT

DiedDiedMarch 31, 1913 March 31, 1913 Rome, ItalyRome, Italy

Seize the OpportunitySeize the Opportunity Business Practices of the Gilded AgeBusiness Practices of the Gilded Age

Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration Control of production from raw mmaterials to finished Control of production from raw mmaterials to finished

productproduct Carnegie (steel); Gustavus Swift (livestock/cattle)Carnegie (steel); Gustavus Swift (livestock/cattle)

Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration Control all of one stage of productionControl all of one stage of production

John Davidson RockefellerJohn Davidson Rockefeller

John D. Rockefeller & Monopoly John D. Rockefeller & Monopoly PowerPower

Wanted to control the world’s oil market, live to be Wanted to control the world’s oil market, live to be 100 100

Established Standard Oil of Ohio – Cleveland’s Established Standard Oil of Ohio – Cleveland’s leading oil company – with an eye on controlling leading oil company – with an eye on controlling the entire industrythe entire industry

By 1880 Standard Oil will control 95% of the oil By 1880 Standard Oil will control 95% of the oil marketmarket

Rockefeller believe he was just providing a service Rockefeller believe he was just providing a service that the American people wanted/neededthat the American people wanted/needed

Rockefeller:Rockefeller:

1) Reap huge profits; re-invest; low pay for 1) Reap huge profits; re-invest; low pay for workers; undersell competitionworkers; undersell competition

3) Team up with the RR – cut overhead and 3) Team up with the RR – cut overhead and costs – both benefit. Today highly illegalcosts – both benefit. Today highly illegal

The Great ImmigrationThe Great Immigration

A huge increase in immigration after the Civil WarA huge increase in immigration after the Civil War””

IrishIrish GermansGermans Yiddish-Speaking JewsYiddish-Speaking Jews Scandinavians (Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, FinnsScandinavians (Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Finns

and even a few Icelanders and Faeroese)and even a few Icelanders and Faeroese) HungariansHungarians RussiansRussians ItaliansItalians SlavsSlavs EnglishEnglish

Amerikavisan (Swedish Folk Song)

Bröder vi har långt att gåBröder vi har långt att gåÖver salta vatten Över salta vatten Å så finns Amerika Å så finns Amerika Invid andra strandenInvid andra stranden

Inte är det möjlikInte är det möjlikAch jo det är så frödelikAch jo det är så frödelikSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaLigger skall så långt ifrånLigger skall så långt ifrån

Träden som på marken stå Träden som på marken stå Söter är som sockerSöter är som sockerLandet är av flickor fulltLandet är av flickor fulltDäjeliga docker!Däjeliga docker!

Let us go brothersLet us go brothersOver the salt water Over the salt water There’s AmerikaThere’s AmerikaOn the other shoreOn the other shore

Isn’t it wonderfulIsn’t it wonderfulYes it fabulousYes it fabulousToo bad that AmericaToo bad that AmericaToo bad that AmerikaToo bad that AmerikaIs so far awayIs so far away

Trees grow in the groundTrees grow in the groundSweet as sugarSweet as sugarThe place is full of girlsThe place is full of girlsMan, that’s great!Man, that’s great!

Inte är det möjlikInte är det möjlikAk jo det är så frödelikAk jo det är så frödelikSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaLigger skall så långt ifrånLigger skall så långt ifrån

Solen den går aldrig nedSolen den går aldrig nedSläkt i var jag människaSläkt i var jag människaHär är munterhet och sångHär är munterhet och sångKällare full ChampangjeKällare full Champangje

Inte är det möjlikInte är det möjlikAk jo det är så frödelikAk jo det är så frödelikSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaSkada att AmerikaLigger skall så långt ifrånLigger skall så långt ifrån

Isn’t it wonderfulIsn’t it wonderfulYes it fabulousYes it fabulousToo bad that AmericaToo bad that AmericaToo bad that AmerikaToo bad that AmerikaIs so far awayIs so far away

The Sun never setsThe Sun never setsAll your friends are there All your friends are there All is joy and songAll is joy and songCellars full of ChampagneCellars full of Champagne

Isn’t it wonderfulIsn’t it wonderfulYes it fabulousYes it fabulousToo bad that AmericaToo bad that AmericaToo bad that AmerikaToo bad that AmerikaIs so far awayIs so far away

The American Workforce:The American Workforce: Immigrants ImpactImmigrants Impact

Workers came to alleviate labor shortageWorkers came to alleviate labor shortage

Workers slowly became prosperousWorkers slowly became prosperous

F. W. Taylor and Taylorism F. W. Taylor and Taylorism

Aimed at increasing worker production in a Aimed at increasing worker production in a more efficient manner based on the idea of more efficient manner based on the idea of standardization.standardization.

Brings about a reduction in specializations; Brings about a reduction in specializations; thus making certain workers less valuable.thus making certain workers less valuable.

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Long hours in dangerous conditionsLong hours in dangerous conditions 12 hours a day 6 or 7 days a week12 hours a day 6 or 7 days a week No workman’s compensationNo workman’s compensation No vacation timeNo vacation time No sick leaveNo sick leave No minimum wageNo minimum wage

The Labor MovementThe Labor Movement

Knights of Labor-Knights of Labor-Terence PowderlyTerence Powderly AF of L - AF of L - Samuel Gompers ARU- Eugene V. Debs IWW (Wobblies)- Big Bill Haywood

Striking WorkersStriking Workers

The Great Railway Strike (1877)The Great Railway Strike (1877)The Haymarket Affair (1886)The Haymarket Affair (1886)The Homestead Strike (1892)The Homestead Strike (1892)

The Pullman Strike (1892)The Pullman Strike (1892)

Part IIIPart III

Bright Light – Big CityBright Light – Big CityThe Growth of America’s Cities at The Growth of America’s Cities at

the turn of the Centurythe turn of the Century

The Growth of the CityThe Growth of the City

Physical Changes to the City LandscapePhysical Changes to the City Landscape Mass TransitMass Transit PavingPaving SewersSewers ParksParks City ServicesCity Services SkyscrapersSkyscrapers Electricity and gasElectricity and gas

Flatiron BuildingFlatiron BuildingNew York CityNew York City

Carson Pirie Scott Bldg.Carson Pirie Scott Bldg.(1903)(1903)1 South State St.1 South State St.Chicago, ILChicago, IL

Hamm Building (1915)Hamm Building (1915)408 St. Peter St. St. Paul, MN408 St. Peter St. St. Paul, MN

TenementsTenementsRow Houses Row Houses

3-Deckers3-Deckers

The Suburban WorldThe Suburban World

Middle class workersMiddle class workers

Middle class managementMiddle class management The move to the suburbs represented an The move to the suburbs represented an

advance in living standards – more light, air, advance in living standards – more light, air, quiet, freedom to move, flush toilets, privacyquiet, freedom to move, flush toilets, privacy

Minneapolis-St. Paul, 1880Minneapolis-St. Paul, 1880

Baseball in the 19Baseball in the 19thth Century Century

Adrian “Cap” AnsonAdrian “Cap” Anson Honus WagnerHonus Wagner

Baseball in the 19Baseball in the 19thth Century Century

Christopher Von der AheChristopher Von der Ahe““Old Hoss” RadbourneOld Hoss” Radbourne

Status Quo Politics in the Gilded AgeStatus Quo Politics in the Gilded Age

Five Presidents between 1877-1893Five Presidents between 1877-1893 Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) - RepublicanRutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) - Republican James Garfield (1881) – Republican -assassinatedJames Garfield (1881) – Republican -assassinated Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) -RepublicanChester A. Arthur (1881-1885) -Republican Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) -DemocratGrover Cleveland (1885-1889) -Democrat Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) -RepublicanBenjamin Harrison (1889-1893) -Republican

Little difference between the parties, or factions within te Little difference between the parties, or factions within te partiesparties

Biggest Issues of the TimeBiggest Issues of the Time

Patronage & Spoils System ReformPatronage & Spoils System Reform 1883 Pendleton Act1883 Pendleton Act

Regulation of RailroadsRegulation of Railroads The TariffThe Tariff

The PopulistsThe Populists Economics of the 1890’s (Depression of 1893)

– Farm foreclosures– Railroad bankruptcies– Stock market drop– Unemployment up– Farmers suffering in profits

Farmers needed organization & representation:The Grange Movement & Farmer’s Alliances:

The Populist Platform in 1892The Populist Platform in 1892Omaha, NebraskaOmaha, Nebraska

Labor UnionsLabor Unions, which give a voice to workers, be , which give a voice to workers, be allowed to exist.allowed to exist.

Transportation & Communication,Transportation & Communication, owned by the owned by the governmentgovernment

LandLand, should be cheap, should be cheap BanksBanks owned by the government owned by the government Australian BallotAustralian Ballot 16-116-1 ratio of Silver to Gold in currency ratio of Silver to Gold in currency Graduated Income TaxGraduated Income Tax Direct Election of SenatorsDirect Election of Senators

Election of 1896Election of 1896

William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan (D)(D)

--supported bimetallismsupported bimetallism-Was supported by Populism-Was supported by Populism- Delivered “cross of gold Delivered “cross of gold

speech”speech”- Rep. called him radical, Rep. called him radical,

revolutionary, and revolutionary, and anarchisticanarchistic

William McKinleyWilliam McKinley (R) (R)- Gold bugGold bug- Front-porch campaign & Front-porch campaign &

Mark HannaMark Hanna- Called upon big business Called upon big business

and raised a lot of moneyand raised a lot of money- Wins election, but the door Wins election, but the door

is open for reform and is open for reform and eventual Progressivismeventual Progressivism

Dorothy-Dorothy- Everyman – Everyman Everyman – Everyman

Uncle Henry & Auntie Em – Uncle Henry & Auntie Em – Lonely independent HomesteadersLonely independent Homesteaders

Hard working, little reward, everything is greyHard working, little reward, everything is grey

Wicked Witch of the WestWicked Witch of the West- the Railroads- the Railroads

Wicked Witch of the EastWicked Witch of the East-the Banks-the Banks

MunchkinsMunchkins- Factory “slaves” to the big business- - Factory “slaves” to the big business- remember the Wicked Witch of the East had cast a spell on remember the Wicked Witch of the East had cast a spell on them making the Munchkins her subjects. Or the Indians?them making the Munchkins her subjects. Or the Indians?

Tin Woodman-Tin Woodman- Industrial worker who lost economic Industrial worker who lost economic independence because of factoriesindependence because of factories..

ScarecrowScarecrow-Farmers-Farmers

Lion-Lion- Bryan Bryan

Wizard of OzWizard of Oz – any POTUS from Grant to McKinley - – any POTUS from Grant to McKinley - comes in comes in

various forms but essentially does the various forms but essentially does the same thing- same thing- nothing but smoke. nothing but smoke.

Yellow Brick RoadYellow Brick Road-- the Gold standard the Gold standard

Silver slippersSilver slippers (in the book they were silver) bimetallism (in the book they were silver) bimetallism Flying MonkeysFlying Monkeys – Pinkertons – Pinkertons

Emerald CityEmerald City-- Big Cities specifically Washington D.C. Big Cities specifically Washington D.C.