“The Gilded Age” (1865-1900) Chapters 10-11. I. Immigration A. European Immigration: By 1900: E....

$: “The Gilded Age” (1865-1900) Chapters 10-11. I. Immigration A. European Immigration: By 1900: E. and S. Europeans made up more than 1\2 of all immigrants.$
““The Gilded Age”The Gilded Age”(1865-1900)(1865-1900)

Chapters 10-11Chapters 10-11

I. ImmigrationI. Immigration

A. A. European ImmigrationEuropean Immigration::

• By 1900: E. and S. Europeans made By 1900: E. and S. Europeans made up more than 1\2 of all immigrants up more than 1\2 of all immigrants (Italians, Greeks, Russians, etc.)(Italians, Greeks, Russians, etc.)

• 1860-1900: 14 million immigrated to 1860-1900: 14 million immigrated to the U.S. the U.S.


• Why did Europeans come? Why did Europeans come? (“Push” or “Pull”)(“Push” or “Pull”)

1) jobs 1) jobs

2) very few immigration restrictions2) very few immigration restrictions

3) to avoid military service3) to avoid military service

4) for religious freedom4) for religious freedom

5) a chance to move up the social ladder5) a chance to move up the social ladder

6) dreams of getting rich (gold)6) dreams of getting rich (gold)

7) free land (Homestead Act)7) free land (Homestead Act)


• Most immigrants took the difficult Most immigrants took the difficult trip to America in trip to America in steeragesteerage, the ships , the ships cargo holds (cheapest)cargo holds (cheapest)

-crowded, lice-infected bunks, shared -crowded, lice-infected bunks, shared toilets (disease spread quickly)toilets (disease spread quickly)

I. ImmigrationI. Immigration““Narrow, steep, and slippery stairways lead Narrow, steep, and slippery stairways lead

to it. Crowds everywhere, ill smelling to it. Crowds everywhere, ill smelling bunks, uninviting washrooms – this is bunks, uninviting washrooms – this is steerage. The odors of scattered orange steerage. The odors of scattered orange peelings, tobacco, garlic and disinfectants peelings, tobacco, garlic and disinfectants meeting but not blending. No lounge or meeting but not blending. No lounge or chairs for comfort, and a continual babble chairs for comfort, and a continual babble of tongues – this is steerage. The food, of tongues – this is steerage. The food, which is miserable, is dealt out huge kettles which is miserable, is dealt out huge kettles into the dinner pails provided by the into the dinner pails provided by the steamship company. When it is distributed, steamship company. When it is distributed, the stronger push and crowd…”the stronger push and crowd…”

Edward SteinerEdward Steiner


• The 14 day trip usually ended at The 14 day trip usually ended at Ellis Ellis IslandIsland, a small island in the NY Harbor, a small island in the NY Harbor

-served as a processing center for most -served as a processing center for most immigrants arriving on the East Coastimmigrants arriving on the East Coast

-most passed through in a day-most passed through in a day

-some with contagious diseases were -some with contagious diseases were quarantinedquarantined (a time of isolation) (a time of isolation)

-a few were sent back to Europe-a few were sent back to Europe


• Most immigrants settled in citiesMost immigrants settled in cities

-lived in neighborhoods separated -lived in neighborhoods separated into ethnic groups (ex: “Little Italy” in into ethnic groups (ex: “Little Italy” in NY)NY)

-attempted to re-created their -attempted to re-created their “culture” (churches, newspapers, “culture” (churches, newspapers, clubs, etc.) in their neighborhoodsclubs, etc.) in their neighborhoods


• Immigrants who learned English and Immigrants who learned English and adapted to American culture adapted to American culture adjusted welladjusted well

• 33% returned to Europe shortly after 33% returned to Europe shortly after coming to the U.S.coming to the U.S.


B. B. Asian ImmigrationAsian Immigration::• Why did Asians (Chinese, Japanese) Why did Asians (Chinese, Japanese)

come? come? (“Push” or “Pull”)(“Push” or “Pull”)

1)1) CA gold rushCA gold rush

2)2) Taiping Rebellion in China – 20 Taiping Rebellion in China – 20 million deadmillion dead

3)3) Demand for railroad workersDemand for railroad workers


• Chinese mainly settled in western cities Chinese mainly settled in western cities

--worked as laborers or servants or worked as laborers or servants or merchantsmerchants

• Jan. 1910: Jan. 1910: Angel IslandAngel Island in CA opened to in CA opened to accommodate Asian immigrantsaccommodate Asian immigrants

-most were young males (teens, twenties)-most were young males (teens, twenties)

-delays could last for months-delays could last for months


C. C. Resurgence of NativismResurgence of Nativism::

• NativismNativism – a – a preference for native-born preference for native-born people and a desire to limit immigrationpeople and a desire to limit immigration

• Late 1800s: discrimination focused on Late 1800s: discrimination focused on Jews, Asians, and eastern EuropeansJews, Asians, and eastern Europeans

• 1882: banned convicts, paupers, and 1882: banned convicts, paupers, and mentally disabled from immigrating to mentally disabled from immigrating to the U.S.the U.S.


• Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act (1882): (1882):

-barred Chinese immigration for 10 -barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese years and prevented the Chinese already in the country from becoming already in the country from becoming citizenscitizens

-renewed in 1892-renewed in 1892

-made permanent in 1902-made permanent in 1902

-not repealed until 1943-not repealed until 1943

II. UrbanizationII. Urbanization

A. A. Americans Migrate to the CitiesAmericans Migrate to the Cities::

• Urban pop. = Urban pop. = 2,500 or more people2,500 or more people

-1870: 10 million lived in cities-1870: 10 million lived in cities

-1900: 30 million lived in cities-1900: 30 million lived in cities

• Most immigrants lacked the money to Most immigrants lacked the money to buy farms and the education to obtain buy farms and the education to obtain higher-paying jobs (so…remained in higher-paying jobs (so…remained in cities)cities)


• Lack of a class system in the U.S. gave Lack of a class system in the U.S. gave immigrants freedom many have never immigrants freedom many have never known beforeknown before

• Rural Americans also began moving to Rural Americans also began moving to the cities forthe cities for more and better-paying more and better-paying jobsjobs

• Other attractions: bright lights, running Other attractions: bright lights, running water, plumbing, museums, libraries, water, plumbing, museums, libraries, theaterstheaters


B.B. New Urban EnvironmentNew Urban Environment::

• As millions moved to the cities…As millions moved to the cities…new new approaches to housing and approaches to housing and transportation were neededtransportation were needed

• As city pop. grew, demand raised As city pop. grew, demand raised the price of land – owners began to the price of land – owners began to build upward rather than outwardbuild upward rather than outward

• skyscrapersskyscrapers began to appear began to appear


-First skyscraper: Chicago’s ten-story -First skyscraper: Chicago’s ten-story Home Insurance Building, built in 1885Home Insurance Building, built in 1885

-NYC had more skyscrapers than any -NYC had more skyscrapers than any city in the worldcity in the world

• Various kinds of Various kinds of mass transitmass transit developed developed in the late 1800s to move huge in the late 1800s to move huge numbers of people around cities quicklynumbers of people around cities quickly


--horse carhorse car: railroad car pulled by : railroad car pulled by horseshorses

--cable carcable car: pulled along tracks by : pulled along tracks by underground cablesunderground cables

--electric trolley carelectric trolley car

--elevated railroadelevated railroad: Chicago: Chicago

--subwaysubway: Boston and NY: Boston and NY

II. UrbanizationII. UrbanizationC.C. Separation By ClassSeparation By Class::• Definite boundaries could be seen Definite boundaries could be seen

between where the wealthy, middle between where the wealthy, middle class, and working class people livedclass, and working class people lived--wealthywealthy lived in the heart of the city lived in the heart of the city--middle classmiddle class (doctors, lawyers, (doctors, lawyers, teachers) lived away from the cityteachers) lived away from the city--working classworking class lived in lived in tenementstenements (dark, crowded multi-family (dark, crowded multi-family apartments) in the city slumsapartments) in the city slums

II. UrbanizationII. UrbanizationD. D. Urban ProblemsUrban Problems::• The growth of cities resulted in an The growth of cities resulted in an

increase of crime, fire, disease, and increase of crime, fire, disease, and pollutionpollution

• Native-born Americans blamed Native-born Americans blamed immigrants for the increase in crimeimmigrants for the increase in crime

• Alcohol contributed to crime in late Alcohol contributed to crime in late 1800s1800s

• Contaminated drinking water and Contaminated drinking water and sewage resulted in epidemics of sewage resulted in epidemics of typhoid fever and choleratyphoid fever and cholera


E.E. Urban PoliticsUrban Politics::

• A new political system was needed to A new political system was needed to cope with the new urban problemscope with the new urban problems

--political machinepolitical machine - an informal - an informal political group designed to gain and political group designed to gain and keep power keep power -provided essentials to -provided essentials to city dwellers in city dwellers in exchange for votes exchange for votes

-ran by -ran by party bossesparty bosses

II. UrbanizationII. Urbanization• The bosses had tight control of the The bosses had tight control of the

city’s moneycity’s money-many became wealthy due to fraud -many became wealthy due to fraud or or graftgraft – getting money through – getting money through dishonest or questionable meansdishonest or questionable means

• Tammany HallTammany Hall – the most famous – the most famous political machine – led by Boss political machine – led by Boss William M. TweedWilliam M. Tweed

• Opponents blasted political machines Opponents blasted political machines for their corruption – ex: cartoonist for their corruption – ex: cartoonist Thomas NastThomas Nast

III. Ideas for ReformIII. Ideas for Reform• ““Gilded AgeGilded Age” – post-reconstruction era ” – post-reconstruction era

(1877-1900) – “gilded” means gold (1877-1900) – “gilded” means gold covered – a few people were very rich covered – a few people were very rich but most were very poorbut most were very poor

• Many Americans linked all the Many Americans linked all the problems of the cities to immigrantsproblems of the cities to immigrants

• Temperance MovementTemperance Movement - movement - movement to ban the use of alcohol to ban the use of alcohol -members supported -members supported prohibitionprohibition (a (a ban on the manufacturing and selling ban on the manufacturing and selling of alcohol)of alcohol)

III. Ideas for ReformIII. Ideas for Reform

• Purity CrusadersPurity Crusaders – people who – people who wanted to get rid of the drugs, wanted to get rid of the drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other prostitution, gambling, and other forms of forms of vicevice (immoral behavior) – (immoral behavior) – often attacked political machinesoften attacked political machines

III. Ideas for ReformIII. Ideas for Reform

• Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement- developed - developed within religious organizationswithin religious organizations

-sought to apply the teachings of Jesus to -sought to apply the teachings of Jesus to societysociety

-focused on charity, justice, and labor -focused on charity, justice, and labor reformsreforms

-some created -some created settlement housessettlement houses (community center that offered social (community center that offered social services) ex: services) ex: Hull HouseHull House – started by Jane – started by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889

IV. Expansion of EducationIV. Expansion of Education

• 1870: 2% of all 17 year olds graduated 1870: 2% of all 17 year olds graduated high schoolhigh school

• Parents began to pressure local gov’ts Parents began to pressure local gov’ts to increase school funding and to increase school funding and lengthen the school yearlengthen the school year

• By 1900, many immigrants came to the By 1900, many immigrants came to the U.S. so their children could get an Am. U.S. so their children could get an Am. public school education (push? or pull?)public school education (push? or pull?)

IV. Expansion of EducationIV. Expansion of Education• Schools taught literacy (reading and Schools taught literacy (reading and

writing) skillswriting) skills• Schools also tried to assimilate Schools also tried to assimilate

immigrants – immigrants – assimilationassimilation (process (process which people of one culture become which people of one culture become part of another culture) – schools were part of another culture) – schools were trying to “Americanize” immigrantstrying to “Americanize” immigrants

• Schools were segregated and African-Schools were segregated and African-Am. schools received less money than Am. schools received less money than white schoolswhite schools


• 1880-1900: 250 new Am. colleges 1880-1900: 250 new Am. colleges opened and college enrollment opened and college enrollment doubleddoubled

• Separate colleges for women were Separate colleges for women were created by men’s collegescreated by men’s colleges

• Some colleges accepted African-Some colleges accepted African-Am.’s but most did not (separate Am.’s but most did not (separate colleges created for Afr. Am.’s)colleges created for Afr. Am.’s)


• Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington – formed the – formed the Tuskegee Institute (AL) in 1881 – Tuskegee Institute (AL) in 1881 – focused on vocational skillsfocused on vocational skills

• W.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. Dubois – the first African-Am. – the first African-Am. to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard – wanted to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard – wanted African-Am.’s to focus on liberal arts African-Am.’s to focus on liberal arts education – co-founder of the NAACPeducation – co-founder of the NAACP

V. Popular CultureV. Popular Culture

• SaloonsSaloons were the most popular place were the most popular place where working men gathered – NYC where working men gathered – NYC had 10,000 saloons in 1900had 10,000 saloons in 1900

• Women went to music halls and Women went to music halls and theaterstheaters

• Trolley ParksTrolley Parks – amusement park at – amusement park at the ends of trolley lines – popular the ends of trolley lines – popular family spotfamily spot


• Moving picture shows began – Moving picture shows began – nickelodeonsnickelodeons (theaters set up in (theaters set up in converted stores or warehouses)converted stores or warehouses)

• VaudevilleVaudeville – live theater shows – live theater shows consisting of racial humor, jugglers, consisting of racial humor, jugglers, song and dance, etc.song and dance, etc.


• Sports became popular – boxing, Sports became popular – boxing, horse racing – women ice-skated, horse racing – women ice-skated, bicycled, swam, gymnasticsbicycled, swam, gymnastics-Football began when -Football began when Walter CampWalter Camp adapted the game of rugby in the adapted the game of rugby in the 1880s1880s-Basketball was invented in 1891 by -Basketball was invented in 1891 by Dr. James NaismithDr. James Naismith in Springfield, MA in Springfield, MA – wanted a sport to keep athletes in – wanted a sport to keep athletes in shape during the wintershape during the winter


-Baseball was the most popular sport – -Baseball was the most popular sport – Cincinnati Red StockingsCincinnati Red Stockings (1869) (1869) became the first professional team – became the first professional team – all races were allowed to play all races were allowed to play together for a short timetogether for a short time


• Newspapers introduced new features – Newspapers introduced new features – comics, graphic pictures, sports sections comics, graphic pictures, sports sections

-publishers competed with each -publishers competed with each other other to sell papers to sell papers

-“-“yellow journalismyellow journalism”” (reported (reported onon murders, vice, and scandals) – murders, vice, and scandals) – ex: ex: Joseph Pulitzer (NY World), WilliamJoseph Pulitzer (NY World), WilliamRandolph Hearst (NY Journal)Randolph Hearst (NY Journal)


• Magazines and fiction novels became Magazines and fiction novels became popular – ex: Mark Twain’s “The popular – ex: Mark Twain’s “The Adv. of Tom Sawyer” and “The Adv. Adv. of Tom Sawyer” and “The Adv. of Huckleberry Finn”of Huckleberry Finn”

VI. DiscriminationVI. Discrimination

• ““Post-Reconstruction” discrimination Post-Reconstruction” discrimination existed in the North and the Southexisted in the North and the South

• Poll taxPoll tax – pay to vote – pay to vote

• Segregation existed legally in Segregation existed legally in schools, parks, hospitals, schools, parks, hospitals, transportation, etc.transportation, etc.

VI. DiscriminationVI. Discrimination

• Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme (1896) – Supreme Court said segregation was legal as long Court said segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities were equal – as the separate facilities were equal – “separate but equal” – very hard to “separate but equal” – very hard to enforceenforce

• LynchingLynching – mob’s illegal seizure and – mob’s illegal seizure and execution of a person – from 1882 to 1892 execution of a person – from 1882 to 1892 est. 1200 African-Am.’s were lynchedest. 1200 African-Am.’s were lynched

VII. Women in the late VII. Women in the late 1800s1800s

• Continued to work at home – Continued to work at home – however, new technology reduced however, new technology reduced the amt. of time women spent on the amt. of time women spent on choreschores

• Department storesDepartment stores – emerged to – emerged to carry a wide variety of goods – lower carry a wide variety of goods – lower prices – ex: Macy’s in NYCprices – ex: Macy’s in NYC

VII. Women in the late VII. Women in the late 1800s1800s

• Mail-order catalogsMail-order catalogs – allowed rural – allowed rural families to buy products – ex: Sears, families to buy products – ex: Sears, Montgomery WardMontgomery Ward

• Women that did work earned about Women that did work earned about 30-60% less than men for the same 30-60% less than men for the same jobjob

“The Gilded Age” (1865-1900) Chapters 10-11. I. Immigration A. European Immigration: By 1900: E....

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