The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or...

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or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced out by a point, P(x,y), as it moves in obedience to a given condition. Simple loci: sketch the locus, then write down its equation. Harder loci: use algebraic methods to find the equation of a locus, sketch the locus with a general point P(x, y) placed in the plane, then formal algebraic work should begin with 'The condition that P lie on the locus is .....' Example: (1) Sketch the locus of a point whose distance from the yaxis is 4 units, then write down its equation. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x y (2) A point P moves so that its distance from the yaxis is always equal to its distance from the xaxis. What is the locus of P? x y $ /RFXV DQG LWV (TXDWLRQ

Transcript of The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or...

Page 1: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

PA = PB∴ y = x

The equation of the locus is 

or

The Geometry of the Parabola ­ Ch 9

A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced out by a point, P(x,y), as it moves in obedience to a given condition.

Simple loci: sketch the locus, then write down its equation.

Harder loci: use algebraic methods to find the equation of a locus, sketch the locus with a general point P(x, y) placed in the plane, then formal algebraic work should begin with 'The condition that P lie on the locus is .....'

Example:

(1) Sketch the locus of a point whose distance from the y­axis is 4 units, then write down its equation.

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(2) A point P moves so that its distance from the y­axis is always equal to its distance from the x­axis. What is the locus of P?

x

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A Locus and its Equation

Page 2: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

(3) A point P(x,y) moves so it is always equidistant from the points A(­1,6) and B(3,2). Find the equation of the locus.

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PA = PBPA = 

PB =

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P(x,y)

Page 3: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

A circle is the locus of all points in the plane that are a fixed distance (called the radius) from a given point (called the centre).

(4) What is the equation of a circle with centre at the origin and radius 4 units?

Proof: 

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(5) Find the equation of the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from the point A(2, 1) is twice its distance from the point B(­4, ­5). Describe the locus geometrically.

PA = 2 x PBPA2 = 4 x PB2

∴Circle with centre (­6,­7) and radius 

Page 4: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

(6) Find the equation of the locus of all points that are equidistant from the point S(4,3) and the line d: y = ­3.

PS = PMPS2 = PM2

∴ Parabola

Finding the Equation of a Parabola:

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Page 6: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced
Page 7: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

The Geometric Definition of the Parabola

A parabola is the locus of all points equidistant from:• a given point S (called the focus) and• a given line d (called the directrix)where the directrix does not pass through the focus.

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d : y = ­a

• The vertex, V, is the point on the parabola midway between the focus and the directrix.• The axis of symmetry is the line through the focus, perpendicular to the directrix.• The line AB passes through the focus S and is parallel to the directrix. The interval AB is the latus rectum (the line at right angles to the axis of symmetry).• A and B lie on the parabola and are equidistant from the focus and directrix.

• The focal length is the distance between the vertex and the focus. ­ distance from focus to vertex = a      (the focal length)­ distance from focus to directrix = 2a (twice the focal length)­ length of latus rectum = 4a                 (four times the focal length)

• An interval joining any two points on the parabola is called a chord.• A chord that passes through the focus is called a focal chord.

SV is the focal length

focus

directrix

S(0,a)

V

AB AB is the latus rectum

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Similarity and Congruence of Circles and Parabolas:

Any two circles with the same radius are congruent.Any two parabolas with the same focal length are congruent.Any two circles are similar.Any two parabolas are similar.

Page 9: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

Examples:(1) a) Use the definition of the parabola to find the equation of the parabola with focus S(0,2) and directrix d: y = ­2.

b) What are the vertex, focal length and length of the latus rectum?

(0 , 2)

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a) PS = PM    PS2 = PM2

b) Vertex (0,0)     Focal length = 2     Latus rectum = 8

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The four standard positions of the parabola with focal length a, vertex at the origin and whose axis is vertical or horizontal are:

(2) Sketch the parabola x2 = ­16y showing the focus, the directrix and the endpoints of the latus rectum.

Find 4a then a:

The parabola is concave down, with 4a = 16∴a = 4

Therefore, the focus S(0, ­4), the directrix is y = 4 and the latus rectum has endpoints (­8,­4) and (8,­4).

(­8 , ­4)

(8 , ­4)

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Establish the orientation, then find the values of 4a and a.

S(0, ­4)

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(3) Write down the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin and directrix x = 3.

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Facing left, a = 3 and 4a = 12.

Page 12: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

Ex 9B

Q11) 

Page 13: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

Q12)

Page 14: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

Translations of the Parabola

The four shifted standard forms of the parabola:

Every parabola whose axis is vertical or horizontal has an equation that can be put into exactly one of the four forms:

where a>0 is the focal length and (h,k) is the vertex.

Hint: to write down the equation of a given parabola, it is important to draw a sketch. It is also important to find the focal length a and the vertex (h,k).

Examples:(1)  By sketching first, write down the equation of the two parabolas that have focal length 3, focus (2,1) and axis parallel to the x­axis.Hence, find and describe their points of intersection.

­7 ­6 ­5 ­4 ­3 ­2 ­1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

­8­7­6­5­4­3­2­1

12345678

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Vertex (­1,1)

Vertex (5,1)

The points of intersection are the endpoints of their latus rectum.

So, points of intersection are:(2,7) and (2,­5).

Page 15: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

(2) Find the focus, directrix, focal length and endpoints of the latus rectum of the parabola y = ­3 ­ 4x ­ x2. 

So, vertex is (­2,1). Parabola is concave down.

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Directrix:

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If the equation of a parabola is given, the parabola should be forced into the appropriate standard form by completing the square. Always find the focal length, a. A sketch is essential.

Page 16: The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A Locus and its … = PB ∴ y = x The equation of the locus is or The Geometry of the Parabola Ch 9 A locus is a set of points. It is a path traced

(3) Express the equation of the parabola y2 = 6 ­ 2x in the form or in the form                . Sketch a graph, clearly indicating the focus, vertex and directrix. 

Focal length

Vertex is (3,0)

Focus

Directrix

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