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![Page 1: The Geography of China James Engstrom Associate Professor of Geography Georgia Perimeter College Faculty/Staff Development Seminar March 28, 2008.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649efe5503460f94c133fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Geography of China
James Engstrom Associate Professor of Geography
Georgia Perimeter College Faculty/Staff Development Seminar
March 28, 2008
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Physical Geography
• Land area
• Landforms
• Climate
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Continentality
• Land heats and cools more quickly than water
• The greater the distance from moderating ocean influence, the greater the extreme in summer and winter temperatures and the lower the precipitation
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Population (in millions)
• 1950: 563
• 1960: 650
• 1970: 820
• 1980: 984
• 1990: 1,148
• 2000: 1,268
• 2007: 1,322
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Anthropogenic Landscape
• A landscape that has been heavily transformed by human activity
• 7,000 years of cultivated agriculture
• Han Dynasty census, 2 A.D. – 60 million people
• Difficult to identify native vegetation
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Population Policies
• Early period of Communist China – women encouraged to have many children
• Early 1970’s – family planning • 1979 – “one child per family” policy• Resulted in dramatic drop in population growth• Larger male population• Current economic and social changes weakening
its impact• China undergoing a “natural” demographic
transition
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Language in East Asia
• Several closely related spoken languages in China• One commonly written form shared by these
spoken languages (writing appeared in China more than 3,000 years ago)
• Chinese uses IDEOGRAPHS (symbols representing ideas) and PHONEMIC GRAPHS (sound symbols) writing system
• The sounds represent the same ideas in the different Chinese spoken languages – Mandarin, Cantonese, Taiwanese, etc.
• 68% of population speaks Mandarin
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Language in East Asia
• 60,000 different characters• Newspaper – 2,000 – 3,000 symbols • Translation systems : Wade Gales (1867), since
1970’s pinyin system increasingly used• 1956 – Chinese government simplified the
characters – part of effort to increase literacy• Hong Kong and Taiwan still use traditional
characters
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Ethnicity
• 56 officially recognized “nationalities” in China
• 92% - Han Chinese
• Han Chinese are a blending of various groups in a composite
• Expansion of Chinese territory – groups
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Ethnicity
• 55 minority groups
• Largest minority group – 12 million
• Minorities live in 60% of territory
• Poor, isolated
• Areas have important mineral resources
• Minority groups receive “preferential” treatment – example: population policy
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Urbanization
• Independent rise of early urban civilizations in North China, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley
• Various economic functions
• Most cities traditionally walled but torn down
• Xian – wall remains
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Urbanization
• Beijing – Imperial Capital • 19th century – Treaty ports became important
centers of international trade• During first 20 years of Communist rule,
urbanization was stifled• Balanced urban development• Hakou system of household registration • Today: Unbalanced urban development – also the
result of government policies
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YEAR URBAN POPULATION
1953 13%
1975 17%
1985 24%
1993 28%
2003 40%
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The Chinese State (Empire)
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19th Century – Colonial Spheres of Influence
• China uninterested in European products• Opium war (1839 - 1842)• Treaty ports - gave colonizers access to and
control of important trading cities• Extraterritoriality • Leasing agreements – Hong Kong and Macau• All of these expanded the “sphere of influence” of
European countries – formal power in small enclaves, but informal influence and economic clout
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Political Units of China
• 31 first-order administrative units (provinces) - includes 4 cities
• 5 autonomous regions – little political autonomy, significant cultural autonomy
• 2 Special Administrative Regions (SAR’s) –Hong Kong and Macau
• Economically defined units – Special Economic Zones, open cities, etc.
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Most populated provinces
PROVINCE Population 2003
Shandong 91.3 million
Sichuan 87.0 million
Guangdong 79.5 million
Jiangsu 74.1 million
Hebei 67.7 million
Hunan 66.6 million
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Economic Reforms in China – c. 1980 – present
• agriculture – move to household (not the collective) as
basic unit of agricultural production • “township enterprises” • Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s) - free trade zones
established mainly along the southeastern coast• Laboratories of free-enterprise capitalism • Southeastern coastal areas of China experience economic
boom • “Beachfront property” – access to East Asian and global
trade networks • Hong Kong and Macau returned to China – under “one
country, two systems” policy
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• “RUNNING A LARGE COUNTRY IS LIKE COOKING A SMALL FISH”
Laozi, 6th century BC?