THE GAS GIANTS PREPARED BY KARL CANLAS

THE GAS GIANTS

JUPITER

THE JUPITER

PARTS OF JUPITER

JUPITER IS SO BIG!!!!

THE PROFILE OF JUPITER Mass: 1,898,130,000,000,000,000 billion kg (317.83 x Earth) Equatorial Diameter: 142,984 km Polar Diameter: 133,709 km Equatorial Circumference: 439,264 km Known Moons: 67 Notable Moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, & Callisto Known Rings: 4 Orbit Distance: 778,340,821 km (5.20 AU) Orbit Period: 4,332.82 Earth days (11.86 Earth years) Surface Temperature: -108°C First Record: 7th or 8th century BC

FACTS OF JUPITERA. Jupiter has the shortest day of all the planets: It turns on its

axis once every 9 hours and 55 minutes. The rapid rotation flattens the planet slightly, giving it an oblate shape.

B. Jupiter orbits the Sun once every 11.8 Earth years: From our point of view on Earth, it appears to move slowly in the sky, taking months to move from one constellation to another.

C. Jupiter has unique cloud features: The upper atmosphere of Jupiter is divided into cloud belts and zones. They are made primarily of ammonia crystals, sulfur, and mixtures of the two compounds.

D. The Great Red Spot is a huge storm on Jupiter: It has raged for at least 350 years. It is so large that three Earths could fit inside it.

E. Jupiter’s interior is made of rock, metal, and hydrogen compounds: Below Jupiter’s massive atmosphere (which is made primarily of hydrogen), there are layers of compressed hydrogen gas, liquid metallic hydrogen, and a core of ice, rock, and metals.

IO THE VOLCANO MOON

Io- Is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter. It is the fourth-largest moon, has the highest density of all the moons, and is the driest known object in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1610.

THE DISCOVERY OF IO Artist's concept of the internal structure of Jupiter's moon Io. A

global magma "ocean" (shown in orange) lies beneath a crust 30 to 50 kilometers thick. The rest of Io's mantle is shown in gold, while the moon's core is rendered in silver.Credit: Xianzhe Jia (University of Michigan) and Krishan Khurana (UCLA)View full size image

Io was the first of Jupiter’s moons discovered by Galileo Galilei on Jan. 8, 1610. He actually discovered the moon the day prior, but could not differentiate between Io and Europa, another Jupiter moon, until the next night. The discovery, along with three other Jovian moons, was the first time a moon was discovered orbiting a planet other than Earth. Galileo’s discovery eventually led to the understanding that planets orbit the sun, instead of our solar system revolving around Earth.

EUROPA THE ICY MOON

Europa- Is the sixth-closest moon of the planet Jupiter, and the smallest of its four Galilean satellites, but still the sixth-largest moon in the Solar System. Europa was discovered in 1610.

THE DISCOVERY OF EUROPA Galileo Galilei discovered Europa on Jan. 8, 1610. It is possible that

German astronomer Simon Marius (1573-1624) also discovered the moon at the same time. However, it is Galileo who is most often credited with the discovery. For this reason, Europa and Jupiter's other three largest moons are often called the Galilean moons. Galileo, however, called the moons the Medicean planets in honor of the Medici family.

It is possible Galileo actually observed Europa a day earlier, on Jan. 7, 1610. However, because he was using a low-powered telescope, he couldn't differentiate Europa from Io, another of Jupiter's moons. It wasn't until later that Galileo realized they were two separate bodies.

The discovery of the Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter helped scientists realize that the planets in our solar system, including Earth, revolved around the sun and not the Earth.

GANYMEDE THE LARGEST SATELLITE

Ganymede- Is the largest moon of Jupiter and in the Solar System, and the only moon known to have a magnetosphere. It is the seventh satellite outward from Jupiter and third of the Galilean moons.

THE DISCOVERY OF GANYMEDE Ganymede was discovered by Galileo

Galilei on Jan. 7, 1610. The discovery, along with three other Jovian moons, was the first time a moon was discovered orbiting a planet other than Earth. Galileo’s discovery eventually led to the understanding that planets orbit the sun, instead of our solar system revolving around Earth.

CALLISTO THE DEAD MOON

Callisto- Is a moon of the planet Jupiter. It was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei. It is the third-largest moon in the Solar System and the second largest in the Jovian system.

THE DISCOVERY OF CALLISTO Callisto is the fourth of Jupiter’s moons to

be discovered by Galileo Galilei on Jan. 7, 1610. The discovery, along with three other Jovian moons, was the first time a moon was discovered orbiting a planet other than Earth. Galileo’s discovery eventually led to the understanding that planets orbit the sun, instead of our solar system revolving around Earth.

SATURN

PARTS OF SATURN

SATURN IS THE SECOND LARGEST

PROFILE OF SATURN Mass: 568,319,000,000,000,000 billion kg (95.16 x

Earth) Equatorial Diameter: 120,536 km Polar Diameter: 108,728 km Equatorial Circumference: 365,882 km Known Moons: 62 Notable Moons: Titan, Rhea & Enceladus Known Rings: 30+ (7 Groups) Orbit Distance: 1,426,666,422 km (9.58 AU) Orbit Period: 10,755.70 Earth days (29.45 Earth

years) Surface Temperature: -139 °C First Record: 8th century BC

FACTS OF SATURNA. It is the fifth brightest object in the solar system and

is also easily studied through binoculars or a small telescope

B. It is named for the roman god Saturnus, and was kown to the Greeks as Cronus.

C. Its polar diameter is 90℅ of its equatorial diameter, this is due to its low density and fast rotation. Saturn turns on its axis once every 10 hours and 34 minutes giving the second shortest day of any of the solar system’s planets.

D. All are frozen worlds. The largest moons are Titan and Rhea. Enceladus appears to have an ocean below its frozen surface.

E. It exist in layers that get denser farther into the planet. Eventually, deep inside, the hydrogen becomes metallic. At the core lies a hot interior.

TITAN A LARGE SATELLITE

Titan- Is the largest moon of Saturn. It is the only natural satellite known to have a dense atmosphere, and the only object other than Earth where clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found.

THE ATMOSPHERE OF TITAN Titan is surrounded by an orange haze that kept its surface a mystery for

Earth´s scientists until the arrival of the Cassini mission. Titan's atmosphere extends about 370 miles high (about 600 kilometers), which makes it a lot higher than Earth's atmosphere. Because the atmosphere is so high, Titan was thought to be the largest moon in the solar system for a long time. It wasn't until 1980 that Voyager was close enough to discover it was actually smaller than Ganymede.

Titan's atmosphere is active and complex, and it is mainly composed of nitrogen (95 percent) and methane (5 percent). Titan also has a presence of organic molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen, and that often include oxygen and other elements similar to what is found in Earth's atmosphere and that are essential for life. 

There is an unsolved mystery surrounding Titan's atmosphere: Because methane is broken down by sunlight, scientists believe there is another source that replenishes what is lost. One potential source of methane is volcanic activity, but this has yet to be confirmed.

RHEA THE DIRTY SNOWBALL MOON

Rhea- Is the second largest moon of saturn and the ninth-largest moon in the solar system. It is the smallest body in the solar system confirmed to be in the hydrostatic equilibrium. It was discovered in 1672.

THE DISCOVERY OF RHEA Rhea is one of the four moons discovered

by Italian astronomer Giovanni Cassini. He spotted the icy moon on Dec. 23, 1672. It was the second moon he observed, and the third to be found in orbit around the ringed planet. At 949 miles (1,528 kilometers) in diameter, it is the second largest moon of Saturn, but less than a third the size of the largest contender, Titan.

ENCELADUS TINY, SHINY MOON

Enceladus- is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn. It was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel, but little was known about it until the two Voyager spacecraft passed nearby in the early 1980s.

THE DISCOVERY OF ENCELADUS When Sir William Herschel turned his

1.2-meter telescope toward the sky for its first observation on Aug. 28, 1789, the new instrument proved its worth by aiding him in the discovery of a new moon around the ringed planet, Saturn. Enceladus would be the first of two moons discovered by Herschel, and the sixth moon found orbiting Saturn.

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