The Future of Water

2 | The Future of Water | SFSU | Advanced Graphic Design

May 2013

the futureof water


This report is a product of the San Francisco State University Department

of Design and Industry Advanced Graphic Design 3 course. The Department

of Design and Industry is an inclusive learning environment that promotes

creativity and scholarship, and mirrors the wide range of cultural, artistic

and scholarly interests in the San Francisco Bay Area.

ConTACTS

Stacy Asher

Course Instructor

[email protected]

Joshua Singer

Visual Communication Design Coordinator

[email protected]


Contentsexecutive summary 6

the Future of Water 9

Information 10

Alexander Hopson + Justin soong

Mobility 14

Gabriel Bentley + Federico Dejesus

Wellness 18

Judy Chu + Alisha Piccirillo

Nourishment 22

Anthony Buada + Celeste Freitas

Shelter 24

stella Cunanan + Carly Leung

Entertainment 31

Dana Lui

Waste 34

Gabriella Medina + Lindsey Millen

Energy 36

eliza Bolger + Dan Crannery

Commerce 39

Pichamon Chamroenrak +

Madeleine Lucero- simmons

Governance 42

sarah Groshans + thrudy Regan

Security 46

Ghazal Modarresi + Derek Wong

Conclusion 50

Contacts 54

Front + Back Matter / Ivonne Calderon


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In this modern age, it is

increasingly necessary and

difficult to track the social,

health, and environmental

effects of the water we

consume. People are

becoming increasingly

aware of how their choices

regarding water impact

every aspect human life.

Although we are often

encouraged to save

water by replacing our

showerheads and toilets

there are significant dangers

being largely ignored. We

must seriously consider

how we move water from its

source to our homes and

offices as well as where it is

transported after use.

A pioneer of environmental

movements, san Francisco

is integrating tap water

accessibility into the urban

landscape.

Using water for entertainment

affects the amount of water

available to us in the future.

We may not need to worry

about the amount of water we

have now, but it will become a

problem.

Water is a valuable resource

to humans, plants and

animals. It is what keeps our

bodies running and the world

connected. Water is present

in the food we consume as

well as the environment that

surrounds us.

Water is considered one of

the very basic requirements

for life and is a necessity

for survival. However, in

the modern age, water is

often overused in providing

comfort. the hotel industry

in particular uses copious

amounts of water to create a

sense of luxury.

2 Mobility 3 Wellness1 Information

4 nourishment 5 shelter 6 entertainment

twelve urban systems are common to every city throughout the world: water, information,

mobility, wellness, nourishment, shelter, entertainment, waste, energy, commerce, gover-

nance, and security. these systems are highly interconnected, and can be characterized by

the flow of physical resources and related services into, out of, and within the bounds of the

city. the following text examines the intersection of water and each additional urban system.


As drought, population

growth and water shortages

in America become an

increasing threat, California

must confront the biggest

contributor to water waste,

water distribution loss. An

average of seven billion

gallons of clean, treated

drinking water is lost daily

due to poor infrastructure.

the quantity of fresh water

consumed for energy

production is a massive

concern for todays society.

even more alarming, it is

predicted by the International

energy Agency (IeA) to

double within the next

25 years.

Water security is crucial to

our survival. the process

of obtaining and enjoying

the water we have access

to is sometimes taken for

granted, and may cause

problems in the future.

Local examples of

organizations that regulate

water use are highlighted in

this chapter. these programs

demonstrate the potential of

governance to save our water

supply and quality.

With the drought in California

getting worse every year,

the topic of water ownership

becomes increasingly

important as well. the public

should be questioning who

owns the water and why they

have the right to sell it.

7 Waste 8 energy 9 Commerce

10 Governance 11 security


InTRoDUCTIon

Urban areas are diverse in a multitude of ways, including climate,

culture, and the design of the built environment. In spite of these dis-

similarities, the urban systems that underlie each city remain relatively

constant. every city in every country has devised a system for managing

its inhabitants’ access to water, information, mobility, wellness, nourish-

ment, shelter, entertainment, waste, energy, commerce, governance,

and security.

Different cities have different approaches to organizing the flow of and

access to these twelve systems. A consideration of the relationships

between the different urban systems reveals compelling insights about

the capacities and priorities of a city, its leaders, and its inhabitants.

Water, one of the most basic human needs, has come to occupy an

increasingly complex role in city management. A necessity for health

and nourishment, a means for recreation, a factor in waste removal and

treatment, and a topic rife with political and environmental discussion,

water maintains a critical relationship with each element of the dense

network of interrelated activity that comprises urban life.

We invite you to use the following pages as a resource for engaging

more deeply with the water system within our own city of san Francisco.


2 | The Future of Water | Arup Foresight Arup Foresight | The Future of Water | 37water+ waste

11 | The Future of Water | SFSU | Advanced Graphic Design1


water / information


ThE pRoBlEM oF InFoRMATIon

In recent years it has become important to

track the social, health, and environmental

effects of the water we consume. people are

becoming increasingly aware of how their

choices regarding water impact every aspect

human life. however, this awareness can have a

paralyzing effect. With so many questions and

not enough credible information, we often find

ourselves unable to make truly effective choices

about water.

For example, how can we make environmentally

sustainable choices about our drinking water?

Many of us understand the importance of clean

water, but are often conflicted when faced with

a decision of choosing bottled water over

tap, weighing environmental concerns over

perceived quality and safety of water. With

the sheer volume of information out there, it

becomes difficult to discern a credible source.

This results in many well-meaning consumers

falling victim to “greenwashing,” a technique

companies use to build up an environmentally

friendly brand image which may misrepresent

their actual environmental impact. In october

2008, nestlé Waters advertised a bottle design

that used less plastic, claiming bottled water

was “the most environmentally responsible

consumer product in the world.” however, even

nestlé Waters (in direct contradiction to its own

claims) stated in a Corporate Citizenship Report

released that same year that the majority of their

plastic bottles ended up as solid waste.

nestlé was eventually taken to task by environmen-

tal groups for creating a misleading narrative

about their product, but they remain a prime

example of how mishandled information has

the potential subvert even our best intentions.

“Bottled water is the most environmentally responsible consumer product in the world.”

—Nestlé Waters Ad


SoURCE ChECk lIST

• look for information about the author; what’s

his or her point of view?

• What’s the purpose or motive of the content?

• Is the information objective?

• how accurate is the information. Can it be verified?

• Are the sources credible? What

institution (company, government, university,

etc.) has funded or sponsored the information?

• how current is the information? Check dates.

Can you trust what you know about water?

Endless amounts of resources are available with

the click of a button. We live in a time when

anyone can publish anything on the Web and

‘anything’ might pop up in your search. The Internet

has created an environment where information is

plentiful, but not consistently correct. Because

solid resources and quality information are at

a premium, it is more important than ever to

thoroughly evaluate the content we come across.

Information on vast, general topics like “water”

might seem infinite but focused and useful

information on topics like “clean water” is now

at a premium. It has become more important

for us to educate ourselves about water using

reliable and trustworthy resources and to keep

the topics focused.


In a sobering tale about water consumption

Robert Glennon’s Unquenchable: America’s

Water Crisis and What To Do About It confronts

wasteful water usage in America by document-

ing the many inefficient elements of the nation’s

water system.

In The Big Thirst: The Secret Life and Turbulent

Future of Water, Charles Fishman sets out to

change the way we think about water by exploring

our strange and complex relationship with it.

Alex Prud’homme’s The Ripple Effect: The

Fate of Fresh Water in the Twenty-First Century

is a collection of local water stories that have

major global implications.

The Atlas of Water, Second Edition: Mapping

the World’s Most Critical Resource by authors

Maggie Black and Jannet King is a compelling

visual guide to the state of water that uses

vivid graphics, maps, and charts to explore the

complexities of human interaction with water.

Free Range Studios has published videos

on educational topics that are entertaining

and informative for all age groups. The Story

of Bottled Water is a video that explains how

demand for products such as manufactured water

bottles is created. The beverage industry has

persuaded Americans to consume expensive

“processed” water to the tune of over half a

billion bottles of water every week.

www.storyofstuff.org

Project Wet is a website that contains

everything you need to know about water. It

is a teaching tool for schools or the home for

kids in a wide range of ages. Filled with solid

information, a lot of data and a wide array of

additional resources, project Wet is totally

committed to conveying the truth about water.

www.projectwet.org

California Water Awareness is an informative

source that presents a wide range of water-

related issues, challenges, and solutions

pertaining to California and San Francisco.

It has great potential for helping Californians

rediscover the importance of water through

tangible examples of water programs, sources

of drinking water and many more topics about

water usage. learn more about your water at

www.waterware.org

The United States Geological Survey presents

the widest spectrum of information related to

water in the United States. The USGS is the

ideal starting point for research. This website

is filled with resources to understand our water

situation and how to treat water resources

responsibly. www.water.usgs.gov

WATER EDUCATIon AnD AWAREnESS SoURCES


water / mobility


WATER SYSTEM InEFFICIEnCYAlthough we are urged to save water by re-

placing our showerheads and toilets, there are

pressing dangers being largely ignored. how

we move water from its source to our homes

and offices as well as where it is transported

after use requires some serious consideration.

Currently, San Francisco’s water originates

primarily within Yosemite national park, in the

hetch hetchy Valley. About 15% of the water

comes from other sources downriver, but the

majority makes the complete 167 mile trip. The

water is considered clean enough that it is not

filtered (with the exception of the water added

from downstream sources) and the entire

system is gravity-driven, which saves money

that would otherwise be used for pumping the

water through the system.

Despite these positives, San Francisco, along

with most other major cities, still wastes a large

amount of water on a systemic level. Some of

these problems are beginning to be addressed,

but some remain. San Francisco public Utili-

ties Commission which runs the hetch hetchy

Regional Water System, does not publish the

efficiency of their system. however, Tokyo

has made water system efficiency one of their

major priorities. So far they have drastically

reduced systemic water losses from leaks

and theft to just 3.6%. While this is far better

than the 20% losses Tokyo had in 1956, it still

means the city loses about 68 million cubic

meters every year. Considering the average

San Franciscan uses 108 gallons per day, the

Tokyo system is wasting the daily equivalent of

The smallest leaks are the most dangerous because they often go undetectedfor a long time.

Tokyo, as of 2006, has one of the most efficient water systems in the world, but still wastes the equivalent of the water used by 455,556 San Franciscans.


the water used by 455,556 San Franciscans. If

San Francisco’s water loss were to reach as

low a level as Tokyo’s, it would still be losing

the equivalent of the water used by about

47,970 San Franciscans. Improving efficiency

of shower heads and toilets can be helpful,

but the benefits still pale in comparison to the

gains that could be had by focusing on the

water losses in the delivery system.

Tokyo has made use of several methods to

reach their system efficiency levels. First and

foremost is the implementation of rigorous

leak detection. Existing leak detection is

typically done by using specialized listening

equipment to hear the sounds of leaks, but

this often misses the most dangerous leaks:

the small ones, because they are so difficult to

hear. Tokyo has made use of extensive system

monitoring that makes pinpointing leaks much

easier. They monitor flow during the lowest

demand hours, typically at night, which allows

them a much better picture of where losses are

occurring. San Francisco has been upgrad-

ing to smart meters that monitor the system

every hour, meaning that implementing similar

methods is possible. Additionally, Tokyo has

been replacing pipes proactively, and using

new materials such as ductile cast iron, which

has magnesium to create a more flexible pipe,

thereby requiring less repairs.

Monitoring systems can help detect and pinpoint leaks as well as helping to prevent water theft which means better, cheaper water for the consumer.


REUSE WATERMost citizens of San Francisco are aware

that their fresh water resources come from

hetch hetchy. Yet because of the lack of

infrastructure for reuse, waste is inevitable.

After water is used, it is carried to the water

treatment plant and then released into the

ocean. What if recycled water could be

reused for other purposes such as watering

our gardens, washing our cars, or even

entertainment? Greywater is the leftover water

from baths, showers, hand basins, washing

machines, and other clean sources. how can

we use greywater? We need to have a separate

system that would only be used to distribute

greywater to San Francisco’s underground

water system.


We have to limit the use of our water reserve

and think about how we can reduce the use

of fresh water. As part of the Water System

Improvement project, San Francisco is working

to collect greywater and use it where possible.

Recycled water is used water that has been

filtered for the purpose of non-potable use.

once the system is completed, water would

be collected from the houses, buildings, and

other places that use fresh water and then

transported to the water treatment plant before

making its way back to be reused.

With so many pipes underground, how can

we discern which one are freshwater and

which are recycled water? The International

Association of plumbing and the Mechanical

official’s Uniform plumbing Code has

standardized the system by using color as a

way to differentiate the pipes. Specifically,

recycled water pipes will be purple instead of

blue, as that is the color typically used for fresh

water pipes.

In the home, the system will have separate

piping for fresh water and recycled water.

Fresh water will be used in the kitchen and

showers. Recycled water will be used in

washing machines and toilets as well as having

separate colored faucets outside the house for

use when washing cars and watering the lawn.

“In 2002, San Francisco voters’ approval of Propositions A and E authorized the financing for the 40 WISP projects to be constructed within the city.”

—spur.org


water / wellness


hYDRATIon IS lIFE

The number one indicator of wellness in

a community is access to clean water for

hydration. A pioneer of environmental

movements, San Francisco is implementing

tap water accessibility in the urban landscape

to promote drinking tap water instead of

bottled. San Francisco has exceptional tap

water sourced from the hetch hetchy snow

melt in Yosemite national park. With high

quality tap water available, the challenge is in

design and delivery to urban public spaces.

In an urban location such as San Francisco,

many water fountains are broken and unusable.

Durable and low maintenance water station

designs are essential for public drinking

fountain installations. Since hydration is a

necessity and reducing plastic water bottle

consumption is a priortiy, both civic and

community sponsored programs are emerging

in San Francisco to encourage hydration by

offering access to clean tap water for drinking.

Many public water fountains in San Francisco are broken or unusable.


Essential for life, drinking enough water also

reduces stress, but dehydration creates stress

in the body which in turn generates thirst.

Maintaining hydration allows for necessary

body regulation such as:

• Maintenance of body temperature

• lubrication of joints and muscles

• Moisture of air in lungs

• Elasticity of skin

• protection of vital organs

• Absorbency of nutrients

• Transportation of nutrients and oxygen

into cells

In addition, hydration detoxifies the internal

system of the human body, reduces heart

disease and allows the kidneys to filter toxins

properly, lowering the risk of kidney stones.

Since the brain is comprised of 90% water,

drinking water keeps the brain hydrated and a

person functioning. Sometimes people mistake

hunger for thirst, turning to food rather than

a glass of water. Eating more than what they

really need creates the potential for overeating

and ultimately, obesity.

“Water is a human right allotment that must not be charged for. Scarcity of water should not affect peoples right to clean water.”

—Global Tap Mission

Being dehydrated can cause physiological

signs of stress, which in turn tends to cause

more dehydration. If you are thirsty you are

already dehydrated. how can a city promote

wellness by providing access to clean tap

water that citizens and visitors will use?

A vicious cycle

Stress Dehydration


WATER ACCESSIBIlITYIn an effort to reduce waste and promote free

public access to clean drinking water, San

Francisco has installed nine ADA compliant

Global TapTM bottle refill stations. Carrying re-

fillable water bottles and drinking tap water has

become more prevalent among San Francisco

residents and the Global Tap stations are an

example of a civic, industry, and community

based solution.

Global Tap stations are popping up across

the city as well as the nation. Depending on

the location, many people are not aware of

the station’s function or do not carry reus-

able water bottles with them. The Global Tap

station located in Yerba Buena park, where

many pedestrians pass by, is barely used. The

dispenser did create interest, as people were

looking at it and interacting with it in curiosity.

Municipal and community supported programs are emerging in San Francisco to encourage hydration by offering access to tap water refill stations.


Another industry and community level project

has emerged with a different solution to tap

water access. TapitTM, an organization that

works in conjunction with local cafes and

eateries to provide free tap water refills to the

public within their storefront, is an alternative

to outdoor water dispensers. This initiative

is beneficial to the establishments as they

gain more traffic. TapIt then promotes these

locations to the public via their website and

smartphone applications so people can locate

and hydrate on the go. There are currently

92 participating locations in San Francisco

and TapIt is quickly becoming a popular

phenomena.

The above map displays the Global Tap

and TapIt locations in San Francisco. These

projects have different approaches but the

same goal of providing hydration by offering

free, clean, environmentally and socially

responsible tap water.

partnersTM

Water Refill Stations

Locations for accessing clean and free tap water. Map data provided by Tapit and Global Tap.


water / nourishment


WhAT’S In YoUR WATER?

Water is a valuable resource to humans, plants

and animals. It is what keeps our bodies running

and the world connected. Water is in the foods

we consume as well as environments that

surround us. however, is the water we consume

safe? Unlisted chemicals are being dumped into

our water systems everyday. Many individuals

aren’t aware of the toxic chemicals that are in

the water they drink and use which can lead to

serious health issues.

Many people perceive commercialized bottled

water as safe and pure because it is advertised

as such. however, according to a test by The

Environmental Working Group, 38 low-level

contaminants were found in the 10 tested

brands of bottled water. An average of eight

chemicals including disinfection byproducts

(DBps) Caffeine, Tylenol, nitrate, industrial

chemicals, arsenic, and bacteria were all

detected. The plastic used to fabricate bottled

water contains bisphenol A (BpA), a toxin that

can cause structural brain damage, altered

immune function and stimulates prostate cancer

cells. In San Francisco, the idea of banning

bottled water was presented due to the notion

of high production cost of bottled water and

harm to the enivornment. “Think outside of the

bottle” was the slogan for the concept.

Tap water is easily accessible and widely used,

but the chances of running into contaminants

are very high. Tap water is used for many

activities such as cooking, gardening,

showering and washing clothes. Even after the

process of filtering water, there are still

a few contaminants that make their way

through the system and end up in the tap

water we utilize. Chemicals like nitrate, arsenic,

chlorine and fluoride are among the various

contaminants found in tap water. Garden hoses

and sinks contain the highest levels of lead

which can cause serious health issues for all

ages. Some symptoms of lead poisoning are

muscle pain, kidney failure, memory loss and

brain damage. In 2005, the Environmental

protection Agency (EpA) found perchlorate,

a rocket fuel chemical which is used for

fireworks and explosives, in 153 drinking

water sources.

“There are more than 80 ‘regulated’ contaminants and more unregulated toxins, like the rocket fuel component perchlorate, which are present in most tap water.”—www.globalhealingcenter.com

Alachlor

Benzene

Cadium

Carbon tetrachloride

Epichlorohydrin

Selenium

Xylenes (total)

Chemicals & Containments In Drinking Water

For more listed chemicals and contaminants, visit:http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#list

Health Risks

Eye, liver, kidney or spleen problems; anemia; increased risk of cancer

Anemia; decrease in blood platelets; increased risk of cancer

kidney damage

liver problems; increased risk of cancer

Increased cancer risk, and over a long period of time, stomach problems

hair or fingernail loss; numbness in fingers or toes; circulatory problems

nervous system damage


WATER FIlTERS

Water treatment plants in the United States

are some of the best treatment plants

in the world. however, even in the United

States, contamination of drinking water

sources does occur more than one might

think. Microbes, pollutants, and chemicals

includ-ing pharmaceuticals are some of the

major concerns. Microbes are easier to treat

in water systems, pollutants and chemicals

are becoming a pressing issue as they are

sometimes part of the treatment process.

For example chloramine, a combination of

chlorine and ammonia used for disinfection

and killing microbes, stays in the water. Is

there another way we can treat water without

the use of chemicals?

Although contaminants are found in water,

the typical water treatment processing plant

in the U.S. is advanced in comparison to

other countries. The majority of people have

access to drinking water without a high risk

of becoming ill due to poorly treated water.

In San Francisco, the majority of water comes

from snowmelt of the high Sierra nevada. The

natural cleanliness of this water is jeopardized

by the extensive distance it travels in pipes

made of contaminants and heavy metals during

its journey to the Bay Area.

Another threat to the quality of the water are

older pipe systems found in many homes and

apartments. These outdated pipes carry lead

and other heavy metals that also significantly

compromises the quality of our water.

With known contaminants found in our

municipal drinking waters, we can ensure

quality water by investing in a home water

filter. home filtration systems can eliminate

heavy metals, chemicals, pollutants,

parasites and bacteria. Since there is a

wide range of home filters, it’s important to

check your local water quality to see what

pollutants are most prevalent. It is stated that

citizens have the right to know whether their

drinking water is safe, as mandated in the 1996

amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.

Requesting or downloading a report from your

water company is the best way to determine

your water quality. Another water filter to

consider is a shower filter for your bathroom.

our skin is the largest organ and can absorb

chemicals which come in contact with it.

Attaching a shower head filter can prevent

or lower your exposure to contaminants.

obtaining a water filter for your home is

essential to protecting your health from

contaminants that most water treatment

plants in the United States do not process

out. This ensures the safety of the household

consuming the water.

Citizens have the right to know whether their drinking water is safe, as mandated in the 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.


water / shelter


ThE hoTEl InDUSTRY

Water is considered one of the very basic

needs of life and is necessary for survival.

While many homeless in San Francisco

struggle to obtain water for survival, the

hotel industry is overusing drinking water

to provide comfort and luxury. Many hotels

consume large amounts of water to achieve

a luxurious atmosphere. The average water

consumption of one guest per hotel room in

the United States is between 382-787 liters

per day; compared to about 300-380 liters the

average person uses at home. According to the

San Francisco Guardian, there are approxi-

mately 32,952 hotel rooms in San Francisco.

If at full capacity there could potentially be

upwards of 26 million liters of water being used

in San Francisco hotels.

Water used in hotels and other lodging businesses accounts for approximately 15% of the total water use in commercial and insti-tutional facilities in the United States.

– American Water Works Association Research Foundation.

38 | The Future of Water | SFSU | Advanced Graphic Design Arup Foresight | The Future of Water | 38

The Hotel Nikko: Changed to low flush toilets

(3.5 gallons to 1.5 gallons) which can save six

million gallons per day.

InterContinental San Francisco: provides

guests with real time water usage reports to

educate them and to allow them to participate in

the green initiative.

Galleria Park Hotel: Replaced toilets, faucets,

and shower heads to eliminate water waste.

They are also attempting to eliminate use of

water bottles.

Hotel Drisco: Implemented a reuse linen

program to reduce daily washings.

Hotel Carlton: First solar powered hotel which

provides roughly 12% of energy needed to run

the hotel.

Hotel Nikko uses low flow toilets which can save 6 million gallons a day.

SAn FRAnCISCo GREEn hoTElS

hoMElESS In ThE CITY According to the 2011 San Francisco

homeless Count, there are 6,455

homeless residents in San Francisco.

nearly half of the homeless residents are

left unsheltered, living in cars or tents.

Approximately 200 unsheltered homeless

individuals were denied access to shelters,

causing many to live in the streets. Reporter

Julia Scott followed the daily routines

of homeless individuals and discovered

their lack of access to restroom facilities.

homeless individuals use alternative sanitary

items because of the lack of water available

to them Joseph luna, a homeless man in

San Francisco, carries baby wipes, shaving

cream, purell and a bit of soap for his

sanitary needs. It is important for homeless

individuals to have access to clean water and

restroom facilities as it is a hygenic necessity

for everyday life.

“In the United States, homeless individuals struggle to access running water and restroom facilities.”

— Catarina de Albuquerque, U.N. Special Rapporteur


ACCESS To ClEAn WATER In the United States, homeless individuals

struggle to access clean running water and

restroom facilities. A non-profit organization

based in houston, Texas called the I Am Water

Foundation offers homeless clean bottled

water that have words of encouragement on

them. San Francisco has nine GlobalTap water

fountain stations that allow the homeless to

have access to drinking water. In terms of

facilities, Doniece Sandoval, a Bay Area tech

entrepreneur plans to convert MUnI buses to

shower facilities. With her latest project titled

lava Mae, the MUnI buses will provide 100

to 200 showers each day. having access to

clean water for sanitary needs may help many

homeless individuals to have a brighter and

safe future.

“The woman I passed was crying and saying that she would never be clean.”

— Doniece Sandoval, a Bay Area tech entrepreneur

42 | The Future of Water | SFSU | Advanced Graphic Design6 water / entertainment


Water and entertainment affects he amount of

water that is available to us in the future. We

may not need to worry about the amount of

water we have now, but it will become a prob-

lem as the population increases. The amount

of water that is wasted through entertainment

could easily be reduced if people were more

aware of the wasteful nature of their activities.

Entertainment and water will be discussed

through three different categories: natural

water activities, man-made water activities,

and water nutrient required activities.

Activities that require no direct interaction

with water still require excessive water usage.

Sports such as baseball, soccer, football, and

golf require gallons of water to maintain the

fields. These fields range from 90 feet to over

200 feet of grass.

noT noW, BUT lATER

WATER RElIAnT ACTIVITIES

2.5 billion gallons of water is used per day to feed the world’s golf courses, which is equivalent to the amount of water needed to support 4.7 billion people per day.


natural water activities include kayaking, surf-

ing, boating, scuba diving, snorkeling, fishing,

and riving rafting. These are all grouped into

natural water activities because they do not

require a water tank that is man made. Instead,

these activities utilize areas that were already

created by nature such as the ocean, rivers,

and lakes.

people may think that natural water activities

have no effect on the amount of water that is

wasted because we are not taking water out

of the ocean, but instead utilizing the water

while it is still in the natural water sources.

These activities have great effect on the ocean

because they alter the ocean’s ecosystem.

According to scientific studies, the amount of

important species is declining in many natural

water spots. This disables the ocean’s ability

to provide clean water for the population and

as a result, may create a scarcity of water for

the population.

nATURAl WATER ACTIVITIES

Recent studies have shown that the human impact on oceans are far worse than what scientists predicted. 40% of the world’s oceans are heavily affected by human activities.


1,960,786 GAL

3,170,064 GAL


Man-made water activities include swimming

pools, slip and slides, water parks, and

aquariums. All these activities require that are

built by man, and gallons of water to fill them.

San Francisco public swimming pools are

equal to approximately one fourth of a water

tower. Water towers typically hold water as an

emergency storage for towns. Swimming pools

may be used for our own entertainment and

health, but the continued waste of water used

to refill the pools could serve a better purpose.

There are a total of nine public pools in the San

Francisco recreation system; perhaps cutting

back on the amount of swimming pools could

be a start.

Water parks waste water the most. These parks

require a continual flow of new clean water

and the pools and slides are also bigger than

our typical swimming pool. One water park

pool can equal up to 350,000 gallons of

water per fill. Aside from water parks, water

inflatables that are used at home also take up

many gallons of water. Inflatables such as Slip

‘N Slides require the continual run of a water

hose in order to keep the inflatables wet. kids

can play with these for hours which also means

that the hose is running for hours.

Although many man-made water activities

wastefully require the use of gallons of water,

man-made activities like aquariums do not

waste any water. Instead, there is a system

created where the water that is within the

aquarium is circulated through the bay.

MAn-MADE WATER ACTIVITIES

A water tower can hold up to 3,170,064 gallons, the San Francisco public swimming pools total gallon per one fill is equal to approximately 1,960,786 gallons.

The aquarium circulates water through the bay, but this activity may be gone in the future due to the lack of water.


water / waste


An average of seven billion gallons of clean, treated drinking water is lost daily due to poor infrastructure.

-SMART PLANET


WATER loSS DISTRIBUTIonAs drought, population growth and water

shortages in America become an increasing

threat, California must confront the biggest

contributor to water waste, water distribution

loss. An average of seven billion gallons of

clean, treated drinking water is lost daily

because of poor infrastructure. Due to soil

movements, vibrations, materials used and

changes in water pressure, underground leaks

have amounted up to fifty percent of water

loss rates in California. In order to learn to

become environmentally responsible with the

water we do have, its important to see what

water system works best and to find available

methods for California.

Japan has one of the lowest levels of water

distribution losses in the world, consistently

exceeding its own strict standards for

consumption. The majority of the country

receives water from public utilities and

continues to reduce water loss by the change

in pipe materials, inspection of pipes and

system changes. Japan has reached a high

of ninety-two percent reduction of leakage

in their public utilities water system. Japan’s

waterworks technology is highly adaptable

to water systems worldwide. however, as

budgets decrease, these major infrastructure

upgrades become unobtainable, resulting in the

use of data analysis becoming the most cost

efficient and effective solution.

America’s infrastructures are in dire need

of repairs. The traditional detection system

that helps identify leaks is large transmission

testing; which often involves a hydrophone

that is carried through out the pipe, listening

for leaks. Though this method is helpful,

very few utilities in California conduct leak

detection on their transmission mains.

American Water is currently evaluating

several complex methods to listen for leaks

on large pipes including Continuous Acoustic

Monitoring. This process utilizes Itron MloG

technology which equips water service lines

with a leak detecting sensor that records

sound vibrations over a four-hour loop of

time and determines the status of a leak. The

Continuous Acoustic Monitoring is currently

being tested within California for potential

solutions to this withstanding problem.


Don’T FlUSh DRInkInG WATERFrom source to destination, leaks in the water

infrastructure can account for a 50 percent

loss. now that water scarcity is becoming a

global dilemma, it is critical to carefully use this

invaluable resource in our homes. of the re-

duced percentage of clean drinking water that

comes into our home, 26 percent goes to flush-

ing toilets in an average American household.

Conventional toilets in the U.S. have a standard

flush of 1.6 gallons, toilets pre-1980 can use

dramatically more per flush than the modern

standard. The EpA estimates that average

families of four can use up to 400 gallons of

water a day, which means about 100 gallons of

potable water is flushed into sewers and septic

tanks each day. The amount of water used in

flushing conventional toilets, 1.6 gallons, is

about the recommended daily intake for a man,

woman and child combined. The 100 gallons

of water flushed each day in American homes

could provide drinking water for a family of four

for nearly two months.

Commercial structures like office buildings,

hospitals, hotels and schools also allocate a

substantial portion of water used to domestic

and restroom use. Thirty to fifty percent of

daily usage in these kind of buildings is used in

sinks, showers and by toilet use. Toilets are by

far the main source of water use in this catego-

ry, accounting for nearly 30 percent of indoor

water consumption. high efficiency toilets use

20% less water than conventional counterparts

although vacuum toilets are the most efficient

and use only 1.5 liters per flush, a 75% reduc-

tion in water use. These toilets could save 2

billion gallons per year, saving residents and

businesses money and sparing that water for

other uses. Updating old appliances to high ef-

ficiency toilets and appliances would save the

country more than three trillion gallons of water

and more than 18 billion dollars per year. For

homes without these appliances, lowering the

consumption of water can be accomplished by

fixing leaking faucets and plumbing and updat-

ing older appliances dating before 1992.

The water that is diverted through faucets,

showers and clothes washers all which have

the potential for reuse, known as greywater.

Collected greywater removes the need for the

use of potable water in toilets, residents who

take advantage of greywater would drastically

reduce their water consumption. Someday the

use of potable water for toilet flushing will be-

come a thing of the past and both homes and

businesses will consider the use of greywater

and onsite water treatment. high efficiency

The national standard toilet flush uses six liters of water, which is approximately the recommended daily in-take for a man, woman and child combined.


toilets minimize the amount of water per flush,

some of the most efficient being vacuum toilets

which use only 1.5 liters of water per flush. The

collection of greywater will substantially reduce

not only the water bill, but the environmental

impact. Water from flushing toilets in traditional

septic tanks are used only once, and use water

clean enough to drink which is outdated and an

irresponsible use of an essential resource. Re-

ducing water intake by incorporating greywater

puts less stress on the water infrastructure

and allows more water for useful purposes.

Changing the national system would be costly

and take years to be implemented, greywater

use presents a solution which could be put

into effect quickly in commercial or residential

spaces.


water / energy


WATT IS ThE ISSUE?The quantity of fresh water consumed for energy

production is a massive concern for todays

society. Even more alarming, it is predicted by

the International Energy Agency (IEA) to double

within the next 25 years.

It is assumed the worst water consumers for

energy production would be fracking and

high-pressure hydraulic fracturing, as these are

the methods that constantly hit the headlines.

however, the largest strain on water resources

according to the IEA’s forecast is coal-powered

electricity and bio-fuel production. We are

putting too much energy and money into these

systems, rather than investing in renewable

energy methods to ensure a sustainable future

of fresh water.


Steam driven coal plants have always required

the most amount of water. “They are the back-

bone fuel for electric generation” (IEA) and are

responsible for fueling 41% of power around

the world. The coal power producers are spend-

ing a lot of money improving their technologies,

although their new methods are consuming more

fresh water than ever.

It is clear that coal plants do not ensure a sus-

tainable future for fresh water. They use up too

much fresh water and damage the environment.

We need to make the switch to renewable energy

as quickly as possible. Using technologies such

as wind and solar photovoltaic power, which

have minimal water needs, (they account for

only 1% of fresh water consumption.) natural

Gas is also a better option. Whilst currently

responsible for fueling 23% of today’s electricity

worldwide, it is only responsible for 2% of

energy water consumption.

Biofuel is the second largest energy stress of the

future. The IEA predicts an incredible surge with a

242% increase in water consumption by the year

2035. This figure is even more worrisome when

you compare it with how much energy biofuel is

actually contributing. It is a very modest amount

as biofuels such as ethanol and bio-diesel produce

less energy per gallon than petroleum based fuels.

Today these biofuels account for more than half

of the fresh water consumed for primary energy

production (the production of fuels only and not

electricity) and provide less that 3% of energy that

fuels cars, trucks, aircrafts and ships. By the year

2035, fuel processed from plant material will be

responsible for using more then 72% of water in

primary energy production.

CoAl poWER BIo-FUEl

Bio-fuel

57% 18%

2010

Coal Power

52%Coal Power

31%Bio-fuel

2035

Steam driven coal plants have always required the most amount of water. “They are the backbone fuel for electric generation.”

Energies fresh water consumption.

-International Energy Agency

-International Energy Agency, current policies scenario


GEoThERMAlheat from the earth can be used as a renewable

energy source in many ways, from large and

complex power stations to small and relatively

simple pumping systems. This heat energy,

known as Geothermal Energy, can be found

almost anywhere—as far away as remote deep

wells in Indonesia and as close as the dir t

in our backyards.

The most common current way of capturing

the energy from geothermal sources is to

tap into naturally occurring “hydrothermal

convection” systems, where cooler water

seeps into Earth’s crust, is heated up, and

then rises to the surface. When the heated water

is forced to the surface, it is relatively simple

to capture that steam and use it to drive electric

generators.

The largest geothermal system now in operation

is a steam-driven plant in an area called the

Geysers, just north of San Francisco, California.

Cold waterpumped down

Steam andhot water

Generating Station

Geothermal Energy Plant


This form of clean power is produced by flowing

water, from which energy is captured and turned

into electricity. It is a highly efficient energy

producer that emits no harmful emissions.

The most common type of hydroelectric power

plant uses a dam on a river to store water in

a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir

flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn

activates a generator to produce electricity.

There are currently three hydro electric power-

houses within the hetch hetchy power system

that provide electricity to San Francisco

municipalities, residents and retail customers,

as well as additional energy for neighboring

districts. This system generates 1.6 billion

kilowatt-hours of clean, greenhouse gas-free

energy annually; it produces no harmful

radioactive byproducts, nor does it leave

any waste behind.

hYDRoElECTRIC poWER

Unlike fossil-fueled power plants, Hydroelectric energy facilities generate electricity without producing any pollutant emissions or green-house gases.


water / commerce


pRIVATIzATIon oF WATER

Water privatization is when companies own

the rights to a body of water. The main water

providers in the Bay Area are public utilities

EBMUD and The San Francisco public Utilities

Commission. ninety percent of water in the United

States is provided by public utilities while about

ten percent is served by private companies.

The most surprising fact about public versus private

water is that public services are 20% cheaper

than private ones in California. nationally, public

is 33% less. private companies are taking over

water rights of locals who are living above or near

the water source. Montara and Moss Beach had

to pay $11.1 million to American Water, one of the

biggest private utilities, to obtain the rights to their

water supply.

If private companies do not make enough money

charging the public for water, they may abandon the

area completely. In 2000, the Bolivian people took

a stand against World Bank, a private company

who had significantly increased water rates. A

public utility eventually took back power after

World Bank left the country because of rioting

and their profits being too low.

Ownership in California

public

67%private

33%

Utility

public

90%private

10%

Land

With the drought in California getting worse

every year, the topic of water ownership becomes

more important as well. The public consumes

water but doesn’t always know who they are

purchasing their water from. In addition, the water

bottle industry is exploiting the natural resources

which are supposed to be free to the public.

UTIlITIES


“Since nature gives water to us free of cost, buying and selling it for profit violates our inherent right to nature’s gift and denies the poor of their human rights.”

—Vandana Shiva,

environmental activist

There are many misconceptions about private

utility values. people assume that it is cleaner

since they are dealing with fewer peoples’ needs.

The private companies care less about quality and

more about profit because these companies report

to stockholders not consumers. The same ethical

code applies to being protective of the environment.

These companies would rather keep the water for

manufacturing purposes than sell to the public.

With little regard for the public or environment, it is

hard to believe that the population would allow

water privatization to continue. Many people

aren’t aware of these water rights issues. The

major corporations involved have worked very hard

to keep the public uninformed in order to maintain

their profits.

Many people don’t realize that privatization

also includes the sale of bottled water. The

largest bottled water brands in the United

States are surprisingly owned by soda compa-

nies, pepsi and Coca-Cola. Most companies

bottle tap water directly or filter it before bot-

tling. Selling the public water that they could

get from their own tap may seem ridiculous,

but the public spent $21.7 billion on bottled

water in 2011– perpetuating the profitability of

this market.

CoMMon MISConCEpTIonS


“Companies such as Coca-Cola and Nestlé suck up millions of gallons of water, leaving the public to suffer with any shortages.”

—Jeffrey Green

pRIVATE EXploITATIon

The bottled water industry is perhaps one of the

most lucrative industries. For decades, bottled

water corporations have exploited groundwater

and commodified and made a profit from natural

resources, which are supposed to be accessible

and free to everyone.

Bottled water is one form of privatization. In fact,

it is the most exploitive form of privatization

according to Ashley powdar, a Research

Associate for the Council on hemispheric Affairs.

Multinational water companies usually gain water

ownership by purchasing water rights from local

communities in developing countries. “The com-

panies monopolize water reservoirs, often the

only locally available potable water resource that

a community has. They then sell the water back

to the community at a price too expensive for

many residents to pay.”

Furthermore, private abuse of groundwater in

the U.S. has been aided by several common law

rules such as the English rule of absolute owner-

ship and the reasonable use rule, allowing the

bottling companies to excessively extract ground-

water. The corporations’ large withdrawal of

groundwater results in over-pumping aquifers,

exhausting the resources, causing environmental

damages, and jeopardizing local communities.

In addition, bottled water companies are regu-

lated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

which does not require them to publish water

quality tests, while tap water is strictly regulated

by the Environmental protection Agency (EpA).

Also, “large multinational beverage companies

are usually given water-well privileges (and even

tax breaks) over citizens because they create

jobs, which is apparently more important to the

local governments than water rights to other

taxpaying citizens.”


ThE BIG ThREE

Bottled water holds the second largest share of the U.S. beverage market at 14.4% in 2006.

In the United States, the consumption of bottled

water has increased by 8 to 20 percent annually

since 1992, despite the fact that bottled water

is by no means safer than tap water and it is much

more costly. In fact, bottling companies generate

about $35 billion per year, and in 2006 bottled

water represented 14.4% of the U.S. beverage

market share, making it the number two drink

in the nation. Due to an increase in consumption,

bottled water is now the number one drink in

the nation, surpassing carbonated soft drinks.

As for the bottled water market share, Coca-Cola,

pepsiCo and nestle are the largest corporations

in the industry. Coca-Cola and pepsiCo own 50

percent of the bottled water market. Water sources

for these brands are not open to public scrutiny

and the companies are frequently accused of

providing misleading and false claims.

U.S. 2006 Beverage Market


water / governance


With a wastewater treatment plant underground and an on-site rainwater harvester, the building reduces its monthly bill by almost 30%.


WATER GoVERnAnCE In ThE BAY AREA

Water is a natural resource that may seem like

it’s going to last forever, but the reality is that

one day we might not have enough water for

everyone in our community. This is especially

worrisome considering our population is

growing at a rapid pace. So who is taking

responsibility for making sure that we don’t get

to this point? Who is governing our water today

in San Francisco?

The San Francisco public Utilities Commission

(SFpUC) manages all the water services in the

San Francisco, Alameda, Santa Clara and

San Mateo counties and it’s committed to

shape the future of the Bay Area into a water

conscious community. The SFpUC’s goal is

to diversify and expand the city’s water sup-

ply by implementing wastewater recycling

and harvesting rainwater systems in as many

buildings and homes in the Bay Area as possible.

A great example of how these systems work

and have been successful in saving water is

the SFpUC headquarters building. located

in the heart of San Francisco, the building is

considered one of the most highly efficient

buildings in the country. With a wastewater

treatment plant underground and an on-site

rainwater harvester, the building reduces its

monthly water bill by almost 30%. After the

wastewater has been treated on-site it goes

back to the plumbing system and is used for

flushing toilets. The rainwater that has been

collected is used to irrigate plants and trees

around the building.

The SFpUC is also trying to persuade

homeowner’s to install these systems that

reduce water usage and waste. Benefits from

implementing water saving systems at home not

only include reducing their monthly water bill

but also means that less energy will be used to

treat greywater. There will be lower sewer flow

and more water available for our fast growing

population.

Learn how to install a

rainwater harvester at

home. Search for “Green

Dean TV: Install a Rain

Harvester!” on Youtube.


Resources provided by the San Francisco Green Business Program apply to water conservation within the home as well as a business.


pRIoRITIzInG WATER

What makes it possible to motivate everyone

from the largest corporation to the individual at

home to conserve water, save money, and take

responsibility for their environmental impact?

What programs or rules are currently working to

change the landscape at the intersection of water

conservation and governance?

Examining a local government program that

regulates and rewards ecofriendly business is a

good place to begin addressing these questions.

The San Francisco Green Business program

unites and promotes businesses of all kinds that

meet the program’s rigid standards for every

sector of conservation.

Water conservation is one of the focuses of the

SF Green Business program. Their strategy of

rewarding and promoting environmentally friendly

practice provides an effective model of water

conservation standards that can be applied to

the business or to the home. As environmental

consciousness becomes an increasing priority in

San Francisco, businesses and individuals who

operate in a “green” way will benefit immensely

from saving money and saving the environment.

The movement to make sustainable business

practice standard is galvanized when people are

unified through a program or organization such as

SFGB. This model is effectively ensuring a viable

future of water and a healthy planet.

Though directed at businesses large and small,

the SF Green Business program is also beneficial

to individuals. The resources and standards

upheld by the SFGB are relevant to water

conservation within a home as well as within any

type of business.

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

90

CUBIC FEET

2 8 0 00 0

note every example of how and

where water is used in your home or

business

learn to read your water meter

& record trends in water use

Use low-flow toilets, showerheads,

dishwashers and washing machines

Install water-efficient landscaping

Regularly check for leaks and retain

records of repairs or plumbing issues

$$

$$

$


water / security


WhAT SCARES US

As citizens of a free and industrialized country,

we tend not to think about the safety of our

water. As long as it is clear, we think it’s

clean and ready to drink. The possibility of

contaminating our nation’s water supply is

very likely. So what are we doing to protect it?

our water supply is already less regulated and

monitored compared to our agriculture supply,

if it were to get contaminated, our source of

water would diminish and we would need to find

different ways to access water. Scarcity and

storage comes into mind. The distribution of

potable and non-potable water would become

a heated topic

In the event of a disaster, a reliable backup

water source would be required. Flooding

is also a threat to potable water in our

neighborhoods, as floods from rain can

destroy a city. What are we doing to ensure

San Francisco remains resilient in the face of

a natural disaster? The safety of our homes is

also crucial and automatic fire sprinklers are

one way to ensure this. Residential sprinklers

are now being implemented into new houses

that are being built. Safety measures such as

this could make all the difference.

“There is ample evidence to suggest that contamination of U.S. water supplies could produce significant public health and economic consequences…”

— Jennifer B. Nuzzo

Biological threats can happen.


BIoTERRoRISM SCARCITY & SToRAGE

It is possible that drinking water could be

intentionally contaminated from the origin

of the supply. It can also be contaminated

through the pipes and reservoirs it is stored

in. our water systems can be compromised

by biological contamination or physically by

damaging the infrastructure. Additionally

the water delivery systems and treatment

centers could be electronically hacked. If

this were to happen in San Francisco, we

would have reserves in the current eight

reservoirs located throughout the city.

But that can only last us so long, as we

use water in our households and business

everyday. The supply will end up being

limited and eventually scarce.

Stocking up and storing for an alternative source.

• Demand for water doubles every 20 years.

• our current 6 billion population is expected to

rise to 8 billion by 2050.

• In less than 20 years, the demand for fresh

water will exceed the world supply by at least

50%.

• Agriculture accounts for more than 70% of

fresh water use in the United States.

• A family of four would require 12 gallons of

water in an emergency

• 30 days supply for fresh water is required.

• Change the stored water every 6 months.


RESIDEnTIAl FIRE SpRInklERS

Although damage and injury from fire can

devastate any city, san Francisco is at greater

risk. According to a study done by the new York

Fire Department on fire safety in urban areas,

“In all large cities, especially those of compara-

tively modern construction, the danger of fires is

always greater.” If a fire occurs in san Francisco

whether it be because of a natural disaster,

ruptured gas line, or an accident, the results

could be devastating. the homes and buildings

are close in proximity, making it easier for a fire

to spread from one house to another. Also, the

high population in the city puts a larger number

of people at risk.

While smoke alarms can alert residents of a

home that there’s a fire and they should escape,

residential fire sprinklers can increase the

chance of survival. the national Fire Proetction

Association says that a fire sprinkler system

can reduce death from fire by 83%, by helping

contain or even extinguish fires before there is

any significant damage to property. the quick

response increases the time residents have to

escape to safety.

the Residential Fire sprinkler Initiative, which

passed in 2010 in California, requires one

and two family homes to have a fire sprinklers

installed. But this initiative only applies to newly

constructed homes and not older buildings.

Installing fire sprinklers in an existing home only

costs a few thousand dollars and the security it

provides residents makes it well worth it.

“In all large cities, especially those of comparatively modern construction, the danger of fires is always greater” —NYFD


FlooDInG AnD SAFETY AT hoME

With the recent climate change and rising sea

levels, California is at a higher risk of flooding.

this especially applies to low-lying urban areas

like san Francisco, where so many homes

are surrounded by water. the sF Bay keeper

estimates that 270,000 people in the Bay Area are

at risk of flooding that would also cause $62 billion

worth of damage to shoreline developments and

associated infrastructure. Flood preparedness

and safety during a flood is an important issue for

citizens of san Francisco. While there are ways

to keep safe during a flood such as making an

emergency kit or haiving an evacuation plan, in

places like the netherlands and Belgium where

floods are a frequent occurrence, architects have

designed a floating homes designed to withstand

flood waters.

one example is the Float House, a collaborative

design by the architecture and urban planning

firm Morphopedia in the netherlands and

students from UCLA. this project was inspired

by the residents of new orleans who lost their

homes after Hurricane Katrina, but this design

can easily be altered for other flood prone areas.

the base of the house is designed like a raft,

which is connected to steel masts and can break

away from the ground. the shape of the concave

roof allows it to collect rainwater which is stored

in a cistern. the house can also generate its own

electricity even during a storm. It not only helps

decrease the damage to the home from flooding,

but allows residents to be able to stay in the

house until they get rescued.

Although other floating houses have been built

in other parts of the United states, none have

been implemented in California. Due to the risks

of rising water levels and storm activity, housing

design in san Francisco would be wise to adapt

elements of new orleans Float House. this

could potentially save significant sums of money,

decrease flooding damage done to the home and

ensure the safety of residents.

Hurricane Katrina victims awaiting rescue after flooding in New Orleans (Aftermath in New Orleans, Wikimedia)


ConClUSIon

the trends in graphic design are proving that the practice is no longer

limited to simply layout, type, and discrete artifacts. Critical and divergent

thinking, transdisciplinary collaboration, as well as the call to design

working for social good (rather than the expectations of consumption) are

reshaping and expanding the practice. How can graphic design education,

and specifically curriculum, engage students in these new practices as well

as create experiences resulting in real outcomes outside of the idealized

confines of the classroom?

this publication is a result of the collaboration of students in the

Advanced Graphic Design class at san Francisco state University and

a world leader in engineering, design, and planning. students worked with

the engineering firm’s research group, whose work raises awareness

about the major challenges affecting the built environment and to think

more creatively about the long term future. over the course of the semester

students explored the issues and social implications of water in the city

of san Francisco.

Utilizing design research exercises, prompts, and direction, students

created this “thought Piece” for internal distribution to engineers. this

collection of visual narratives articulates for engineers and urban planners,

water’s diverse social and cultural impacts in the urban environment, raising

awareness of important issues that are not typically considered in their dis-

cipline or processes. this publication represents an overview of the project

and it’s incorporation of design research methods, social engagement, and

transdisciplinary collaboration with industry.


Information

Polaris Institute

http://bit.ly/11voFXd

the U.s. Geological survey

http://water.usgs.gov/

Project Wet

http://projectwet.org/

the California Water Awareness

http://wateraware.org/

san Francisco Water sources

http://bit.ly/18g38cq

Library of Georgetown

http://bit.ly/11xmQ0W

Clean Water Action

http://bit.ly/ZwKnRG

Mobility

Water Power sewer

http://bit.ly/18g3W0I

sierra Club

http://bit.ly/ZMjc6l

C40 Citites Climate Leadership

http://bit.ly/ZMjhqn

environmental Protection Agency

http://1.usa.gov/ZMjlGX

sPUR

http://bit.ly/Znnp4Y

Irrigation and Green Industry

http://bit.ly/10Qgo0b

Governing

http://bit.ly/10QgRJk

Wellness

Brookfalls Water CA

http://bit.ly/12dsmVw

Water First International

http://bit.ly/Zw6uHn

What is ADA?

http://1.usa.gov/Zs0V6g

Global tap

http://globaltap.org/index.php

Drink tap

http://drink.sfwater.org

outdoor tap Water stations

http://bit.ly/108idZU

tap It Water

http://www.tapitwater.com/

Water and stress Reduction

http://bit.ly/ZgxgAx

nourishment Huffington Post

http://huff.to/18g5nfV

toxins In our Drinking Water

http://bit.ly/12dtJDv

Care2: Water Bottled

http://bit.ly/11sBd03

Why Plastics Can Make You sick

http://bit.ly/Zs1sVn

CDC Water treatment

http://1.usa.gov/18dVrX4

Free Drinking Water

http://bit.ly/12YiW2U

Info Wars toxin Consumption

http://bit.ly/161deb2

environmental Protection Agency

http://1.usa.gov/16qo5QH

California Department of Public Health

http://bit.ly/18sbhKn

RePoRt soURCes


shelter Homeless

http://bit.ly/155oQ2a

I am Waters Foundation

http://bit.ly/11y5AIP

Market Place

http://bit.ly/13HFeFR

Venture Beat

http://bit.ly/1891pIG

Huffington Post

http://huff.to/15VsZF8

entertainment san Francisco Recreation and Parks

http://sfrecpark.org/

Protect Planet ocean

http://bit.ly/ZhwJoA

WaterWorld California

http://bit.ly/155Q1yz

the Water Information Program

http://bit.ly/12etX8L

Waste Water Conservation Methods

http://bit.ly/ZnIkcs

Water Conservation and Water Recycling

http://1.usa.gov/1891tot

transmission Main Leak Detection

http://bit.ly/14LeWqs

smart Planet

http://smrt.io/12McfRx

Water eduction

http://bit.ly/15Vtter

energy

Light Bulb savings Calculator

http://on.natgeo.com/18927pg

energy Challenge

http://on.natgeo.com/10026MX

Water Demand for energy

http://bit.ly/11s4kBZ

Active Coal Mining

http://bit.ly/10oL62F

Geothermal

http://1.usa.gov/104KZKF

Geothermal energy

http://bit.ly/11WRYse

the UsGs

http://on.doi.gov/1619qjv

Hydroelectricity

http://bit.ly/12p4fDe

Boulder Colorado

http://bit.ly/17yAeMs

Hetch Hetchy Power

http://bit.ly/13noGYw


Commerce public and private Water

http://bit.ly/10olY7q

SF Gate: Water Wars

http://bit.ly/11y9xgh

The Wall Street Journal

http://on.wsj.com/13hkae7

Best and worst bottled waters

http://usat.ly/14lnr4z

Bottled Water Statistics

http://bit.ly/Yiheed

Water and Sustainability

http://bit.ly/zShF8C

Activist post

http://bit.ly/YihlXj

other Sources:

Water privatization Trends in the United

States: human Rights, national Security, and

public Stewardship by Craig Anthony Arnold

(2009)

Governance San Francisco Green Business

sfgreenbusiness.org

Smart Building

http://bit.ly/131ivpE

The South Farmingdale Water

sfwater.com


Security FloAT house http://bit.ly/Ya3XSR

Fire Sprinkler Initiative

http://bit.ly/16fkzii

Enduring lessons

http://bit.ly/Ya41lp

Climate Change Adaptation

http://bit.ly/zwliS1

hurricane katrina

http://bit.ly/14lpahx

The Biological Threat to U.S.

http://bit.ly/12W5jSp

Food and Water in Emergency

http://1.usa.gov/12W5ldx

CDC Eathquakes

http://1.usa.gov/155Tj4W

our Drinkable Water Supply is Vanishing

http://bit.ly/zYM1b3

Climate and Capitalism

http://bit.ly/18964kF

Sprinkler System

http://bit.ly/13hlmho

The Future of Water

Documents

Transcript of The Future of Water