The Future of Energy & Reduction in Greenhous e Emissions

The Future of Energy & Reduction in Greenhouse

Emissions

Applied Filter TechnologyApril 22nd, 2010

2April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation

APPLIED FILTER TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Applied Filter Technology (AFT) facilitates the conversion of waste stream BioGas into

energy. The energy output can be broken into two markets: the production of electricity and

the production of Natural Gas.BioGas is a mixture of methane and other gases produced from the decomposition of

organic materials. It is produced naturally in landfills and from the processing of animal

waste, sewage, crop waste, and cellulose and non-cellulose crops.

2


BIO GAS PERSPECTIVE

A 1998 study by the United States Department of Energy concluded that in the US it is feasible

to capture and use over a third of the biogas potential from landfills, animal waste and

sewage or about 1.25 quadrillion BTU. If all this were used in transportation, it would displace 10

billion gasoline-gallon-equivalent per year. In the vehicle example this would reduce

greenhouse gases by 500 million metric tons of CO2 per year or removing the emissions

equivalent of 90 million light-duty gasoline vehicles from the road

storage.

Applied Filter TechnologyOpportunity and Challenge of BioGas for Sustainability and Green House Emissions

Renewable Energy Cost TrendsLevelized cents/kWh in constant $20001

Wind

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

PVC

OE

cen

ts/k

Wh

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

40

30

20

10

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

BiomassGeothermal Solar thermal

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

CO

E c

ents

/kW

h

10

8

6

4

2

0

70605040302010

0

15

12

9

6

3

0Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)1These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data.Updated: October 2002


Total BIOGAS Quality Management

BIOGAS USE PRESENTS BOTH OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

The future will include the effective use of Biogas for plant operations, grid

power, and energy security. Engines and turbines will continue to play a larger

role in this market.


Experience

Applied Filter TechnologyExperience that matters:

• 167 operating systems on Biogas• First system on exhaust catalyst 1997

7

SUPPLY AND DEMANDENERGY SECURITY

DISTRIBUTED ENERGY TRENDCONSUMER APPEAL (“GREEN”)RELEASE OF “GREENHOUSE”

GASESREGULATORY – EMISSIONS

(SOx, NOx, CO - California, New Jersey)

ENERGY CREDITS – CO2, Greenhouse

MARKET DRIVERS

THE AMERICASChanging attitudes and market

drivers are creating a bright future for technology companies in biogas processing and power

generation.

THE PACIFIC RIMChina is driving the demand for

traditional fuels forcing other Countries in the region to seek higher cost sources, and utilize

biogas for power generation

THE OPPORTUNITY

10

April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation

Market Overview

The historical use of biogas as a secondary heat source for digesters is rapidly being replaced as a valuable

resource for reducing operating costs.Drivers for change Include:

High cost of purchased energy Aging equipment

Staff reductions Plant upgrades

Equipment sensitivity Environmental concerns

Green energy and carbon credits Social conscience

10

SAGPack Systems

System Capacities from

small microturbines to

natural gas quality

Custom Designs for Specific Applications

13



Engineering Considerations Effective baseline data

Design simulation and modeling Gas utilization equipment

matching Total Plant integration

Long Term O/M plan Supplier Qualifications

14



Each BIOGAS has its own “Signature”

Methane Gas Content Non-Methane Gas Fraction

Moisture Content Sulfur Species Content

Volatile Organic Contaminants

15



BIOGAS “A” BIOGAS “B”

MethaneMethane

CO2 CO2

Water WaterOther Other

16



C6 to C12

H2S

SiloxanesHVOCs

Oxy. VOCs

SiloxanesHVOCsC6 to C12

Oxy. VOCs

H2S

BIOGAS “A” BIOGAS “B”

17



What are siloxanes?Siloxanes are organosilicons added

to many personal care products and are present in almost all

biogas. Typical levels are:

Landfills – 0.5 to 50 ppm v/v Digesters – 0.5 to 140 ppm v/v

18



Type of Siloxanes Polydimethylsiloxanes - [Me2SiO]x - (MM, MDM, MD2M) are highly volatile.

Cyclomethicones [Me2SiO]x D3, D4, D5, D6 are not highly volatile

None are regulated as VOC or ODC.

19



Polydimethylsiloxane Chemical Formula

CH3 CH3

H3C Si O Si CH3

CH3 CH3

MM

20



Cyclomethicone Chemical Formulas

SiO

O

O

SiSi

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

D3

O

OO

OSi

Si

SiSi CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3

H3C

H3C

D4

21



5,200------1Trimethylpropoxysilane610------1Trimethylfluorosilane170------1Tetramethylsilane352765373Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6)

3,42218,12910247Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)2,45620,1443346Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4)2,1558,7002855Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3)

1834653212Octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM)8472,2604610Hexamethyldisiloxane (MM)76100512Pentamethyldisiloxane85------11,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane

227------1Methoxytrimethylsilane920------1Butoxytrimethylsiloxane

AverageHighLowNo. of HitsOrganic Silicon SpeciesppbvRange, ppbv

Concentration

22



Combustion of Siloxane D5 C10Si5H30O5 (D5) + 15O2 5SiO2 + 10CO +

15H2O Mass: 370.8 479.7 300.4 280

270.1

Or C10Si5H30O5 (D5) + 20O2 5SiO2 + 10CO2 + 15H2O

Mass: 370.8 639.6 300.4 440 270.1

A 140 CFM gas stream containing 0.5 ppm v/v D5, upon combustion will

generate almost 60 pounds per year of silicon dioxide, the main constituent of

sand.

Common ResultsBoilers and Engines

DEPOSITS FROM LOW LEVELS OF SILOXANES IN ENGINE

25



Deposits are formed containing mostly silica and silicates (SiO2 and SiO3), but can also

contain calcium, copper, sodium, sulfur, and zinc.

26



Constituent or Contaminant

Problems Requiring Attention in BIOGAS Treatment System Design and Operation

Nitrogen Corrosion NOx Emissions Remove for Pipelines

CO2 Corrosion Hampers VOC Removal Remove for Pipelines

Water Corrosion Inhibits Removal of Siloxanes, HVOCs

Silicate Formation Remove for Pipelines

H2S, Sulfides Corrosion Inhibits Removal of Siloxanes, HVOCs

SOx Emissions Remove for Pipelines

Siloxanes Silicate Formation

Increase O&M $

Decrease Power

Catalyst Poisons Remove for Pipelines

Oxy. VOCs Inhibit Siloxane Rem. Inhibit HVOC Rem. Contaminate

CondensateProduce Odors

Hal. VOCs Corrosion Contaminate Condensate

Contribute to Emissions

Methane Reformer Poison

27



• Removal of hydrogen sulfide• Gas chilling• Removal of water vapor• Removal of siloxanes• Gas Compression• Gas Drying• Removal of halogenated organic species (low molecular

weight contaminants containing bromine, chlorine, and fluorine);

• Separation of the methane from the carbon dioxide (methane content upgrade).

Steps in Complete SAGPackTM Treatment Process

28



CISTM Process in SAGPackTM Treatment System

29



Moisture Removal in SAGPackTM Treatment Process

30



SAGPackTM System with H2S and Siloxane Removal

31



Dublin San Ramon WWTP, CA

32



Riverside WWTP, CA

Oro Loma SAGPack™ System Digester Gas-300 scfm

Many Applications and Systems

36

March 30, 2010 Technical Presentation


City Brew, La Crosse WI

37



Glacier Ridge, WI

38



Madison, WI

39



Tulare, CA SAGPackTM System

40


Vehicle Fuels and Upgrade

To Pipeline

Gas Source

Regenerant Gas To Discharge

Gas/Gas Exchanger

CoalescerCompressor

V3

H2S Removal

Hot Gas Source

V1 V2

Drain

V4V5

Booster( 5 psig )

600 psig +Stage 1

PSA System

98% + Methane

130 psig

40 0F at Pressure Dew Point

77 0F

125 psig

Stage 2

Heat Exchanger

90-100 0F

80 0F

98% + Industrial Grade CO2

112 0F

200 0F Gas/Liquid Exchanger

Drain

Condenser

Drain

Chiller

Condenser

300 0F

Heat to Recovery

Compressor

DrainDrain

41


Regenerable Technology Options

AFT SWOPTM (Thermal Swing Operated Biogas Purification Process)

Refined Biogas

Crude Biogas

VOC RemovalVessel

Regeneration Vessel

Pneumatic Conveyance

Dirty MediaClean Media

Clean, Hot Regenerant Gas

300 to 600 oF

VOC-Rich Regenerant Gas

To Flare or Thermal Oxidizer

From Inert Gas Generator

Cooling Stage

Detail ofMixed Media

Biogas with water,

hydrocarbons, siloxane

and H2S

Cleaned Biogas

Media with contaminant

s

Regenerated media

Water and liquid

hydrocarbons (with siloxane)

H2S oxidation reactor

Sulfur capture

SiO2 capture

Hydrocarbon oxidation

reactor

Carbon filter

Vent

Microwave Reactor

Mediaadsorber

Nitrogen

Microwave Regeneration and Oxidation

Microwave Regeneration and Oxidation Reactor System

45


Capabilities

Project feasibility and gas testingSystem design and supply

Removal ofSulfur, moisture, VOC, siloxanes

Gas UpgradingSystem Operations

Long Term Service Support45

46



SummaryThe AFT Difference• Packaged Systems matched to end use products

• Long Term System Support with trained service people• Sales and support thru the established network of

dealers• Parts and Service provided and supported by AFT• Plug and Play treatment processes on each site

specific gas• Proper sizing and design of treatment processes • Ongoing BIOGAS influent and effluent testing to assure

consistent engine performance

The Future of Energy & Reduction in Greenhous e Emissions

Documents

Transcript of The Future of Energy & Reduction in Greenhous e Emissions