THE FURNACE OF THE CIVIL WAR:

What marked the beginning of the Civil War?

LESSON 19A The Furnace of the Civil War

(1861-1865)

Where does Lincoln’s election leave North-South relations?

I. THE EFFECT OF A LINCOLN PRESIDENCY

A. Lincoln’s goal PRESERVE THE UNION!

1. Not fighting to free the slaves2. Not a “war hawk”: he sought to

draw alliance with border states

3. Deep South: Viewed his election/inaugural as war message triggered secession

Where does Lincoln’s election leave North-South relations?

B. Advantages Lincoln possessed

Understood public opinion

Kind toward South Moderate: kept

balance between racists and abolitionists

Where does Lincoln’s election leave North-South relations?

C. What did Lincoln promise the people?

1. Elements of Republican platform something for everyone

Non-extension of slavery Maintenance of protective tariff Protection of immigrants’ rights Federal funding for railroad to Pacific Federal funding for internal

improvements in West Free homesteads (land grants)

Where does Lincoln’s election leave North-South relations?

D. Results of Lincoln’s election

1. LINCOLN WON, BUT… he is a minority President (only polled 40%)

2. Lincoln appealed to every important non-Southern group

3. Republicans do not take control of Congress

4. South still controlled Supreme Court

Why would the election of 1860 lead to secession?

E. Lincoln’s election led to Southern exodus

1. 12/1860: South Carolina seceded

2. Next six weeks: Six states followed

3. 2/1861: Confederate States of America created

4. BUCHANAN: Refused to force them back into Union no Constitutional authority

Jefferson DavisPresident of the

Confederacy

Why would the seceding states choose to do so?

I. Justification for Southern secession Feared their rights as slaveowners were

threatened by Republican presidency Believed they would be unopposed South hoped to institute banking and

shipping into economy South relied on Revolutionary example

(ex: 13 colonies seceded, so…) Moral high ground they voluntarily

entered Union, so they could leave as easily

End of long-term dependence on North

What economic challenges did each section face?

II. PAYING FOR A WARA. NORTH: Money raised

through variety of tax measures

1. Income tax: temporary tax paid for 2/3 of war

2. Excise taxes placed on luxuries

3. MORRILL TARIFF ACT (1861): Increased substantially during war

What economic challenges did each section face?

4. GREENBACKS: $450 million of paper money supported by gold and nation’s credit

5. Bond sales increased national borrowing

6. NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM (1863): First national bank since BUS that issued bonds and paper money lasted until 1913

What economic challenges did each section face?

B. SOUTH: Paper money provided majority of financing

1. Blockade: Cut off Southern trade routes forced British to rely on surpluses and new sources (India, Egypt)

2. $400 million in bonds sold at home and abroad

What economic challenges did each section face?

3. Inflation: Currency inflated as paper money printed wildly

4. Suffered from lack of trade, little industrial output, and general hatred of direct taxes

What started the war?

III. ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER, SC (4/12/1861)

A. Did not relinquish control to Confederacy

B. Lincoln warned of sending provisions to Fort Sumter South Carolina viewed action as sending reinforcements

C. Began series of cannon fire on fort fort surrendered

What started the war?

D. Results1. Lincoln called for volunteers2. Lincoln attempted naval blockade3. Four border states join Rebels

VA, TN, AR, NC

How did Lincoln ensure Northern loyalty?

IV. LIMITATIONS ON WARTIME LIBERTIES IN NORTH

A. LINCOLN: Expanded power of presidency to preserve Union that meant restricting constitutional rights

How did Lincoln ensure Northern loyalty?

B. Lincoln’s efforts at controlling war effort

1. Suspension of writ of habeas corpus for anti-Unionists

2. Call for blockade while Congress was out of session

3. Increased size of army and navy without congressional approval

How did Lincoln ensure Northern loyalty?

4. Union Army authorized to oversee voting in border states intimidation factor?

5. Outlawed slavery in all national territories

6. Suspension of newspapers nationwide