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CH 10The French Revolution
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The Crisis of the French Monarchy 1780s-Financial crisis in France-deep debt French wars and support for AR Unreformed tax system and lavish
spending 1788-Bad harvest led to starvation Royal misters devised new tax schemes,
only to be stymied by parlements Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette detached
and ineffective, not seen as patriotic “servants of the state”
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Jacques Necker (1732-1804) Royal director of finances Downplayed France’s financial difficulties Argued that if you took out the AR
expenses, France in a surplus Most revenues went to pensions for
aristocrats, dismissed and recalled Desire to recall the Estates-General-
medieval institution that had not met since 1614
Would allow the nobles more direct control over policy
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The Estates-General
Clash of the estates 1st estate-Clergy 2nd estate-Nobility 3rd estate-Bourgeoeise, workers
Debate over organization and voting Voting done by estate rather than individual
member 3rd estate had twice the members of each other
estate Distrust of the 3rd estate towards the nobility
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The Estates General
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The cahiers de Doleances
The lists of grievances Documents criticized government
waste, taxes, church taxes and hunting rights
Called for equality of rights, and free press
Call for major reform and end to aristocratic privileges
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The Third Estate becomes the national assembly Conflict over organizing and method of
voting 3rd estate locked out of hall June 1-3rd estate and sympathetic nobles
and clergy declare themselves to be the National assembly. Locked out by King
Tennis Court Oath-took an oath that they would not disband until they had written a constitution for France
King allows the NA to meet and vote by person
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The Bastille
Louis Musters royal troops near Versailles and Paris
Use of force? Dismisses Necker King now seen as opposing the reforms Bread riots in Paris July 14th-Parisians march to Bastille to get
weapons, troops fire on people, Bastille stormed and dismantled
National Guard-headed by Marquis de Lafayette King has no choice but to recognize
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The Bastille
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The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4 Riots in the French countryside Peasants attack Feudal manors Destroy Feudal documents and
records Aristocrats in the Assembly pass
August 4 reforms Renounced feudal rights, dues , and
tithes Abolished the social institutions of
the old regime
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Statement of broad political principles All men are born free and remain equal in rights Political sovereignty lay in the nation and its reps Rights are liberty, property, and security All citizens equal in law Freedom of religion Property a sacred right Used universal language Applied to men and not women
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The Bread March of the Women Bread riots continued Louis XVI stalling October 5-7000 women armed with
knives and swords march to Versailles
Parisians demand that king and queen return to Paris
King had no choice but to leave Versailles
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Constitution of 1791
Established a constitutional monarchy Unicameral legislative assembly Monarch has suspensive veto power to delay Only active citizens could vote-men who
paid taxes Property restriction to serve in assembly 50,000 citizens out of 25 million No women could vote or hold office Power transferred to all forms of propertied
wealth, rather than privilege of birth
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Economic Policy
Confiscation of church lands Finance the debt by selling church property Authorized the issuance of assignats (bonds) Value determined by revenue from sale of church
property Created inflation, religious schism, and civil war 1790-Civil Constitution of the clergy-RC church now
part of the secular state Priests salaried by state, had to take loyalty oath Pope Pius condemned, Catholics had to make
choice between religious devotion and revolutionary support
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Counter-revolution
16000 emigres flee France King’s younger brother, Count of Artois
convinces King to attempt to flee June 1791-Louis and his family disguised as
servants captured in Varennes on border Soldiers escort him back to Paris King now seen as enemy of revolution 1791-Declaration of Pillnitz-Emperor
Leopold II promised to intervene to save monarchy in France if all others Europeans agreed
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The End of the Monarchy
Emergence of the Jacobins 3rd Estate organized into clubs Radical Jacobins called for a republic and the
end of the monarchy, led by the Girodists who now led the assembly
1792-The Girondists led the Assembly to declare war on Austria
King also supported the war-hoped that foreign armies would restore the Old Regime
War radicalized all the factions 1792-King and his family imprisoned
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The National Convention and the role of the Sans-Cullottes
Rise of the Paris Commune-executed 1200 people in the city jails
Called for universal male suffrage in Assembly
1792-The National Convention meets French army defeats Prussian army at
Battle of Valmy in eastern France NC declares that France is now a republic
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The Sans-Cullotes
Radical Jacobins Means “without breeches” Shopkeepers, artisans, wage-earners, factory
workers Became the primary drivers of the revolution Demanded price controls Hatred of inequalities Strongly republican Rise of the Mountain-more extreme Jacobins
that were willing to work with the sans-cullotes
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The Sans-cullotes
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Execution of the King
1792-Louis XVI put on trial as “Citizen Capet”
Condemned to death and executed in 1793
Marie Antoinette condemned and executed
1793-Convention declares war on GB and Holland, and later on Spain
France on the brink of disaster
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Execution
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Europe at War with the Revolution Edmund Burke (1729-1799) Reflections on the
Revolution in France
Condemned the French Revolution Application of a blind rationalism People without political experience trying to
govern France Revolution would become violent and end in
despotism Handbook of European conservatives Increasing division in the US over the FR
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The Reign of Terror
National Convention invades Austrian Netherlands and declares war on GB
April 1793-Fr at war with Austria, Prussia, GB, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland
Intense French nationalism and desire to protect the Republic
Imagined enemies of the revolution, from within and without
Extensive executions and violence Jacobins versus the Girondists
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The Reign of Terror
1793-the Committee of Public Safety Headed by Maximilien Robespierre Carried out executive duties of
government Waged war and ensured domestic
support Issued a levee en masse-military
mobilization of the entire population-mandatory conscription
Citizen army with well over 1 million men
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The “Republic of Virtue”
Civic virtue-Rousseau’s Social Contract Sacrifice of ones self for the good of the
republic Supported by the Sans-Cullotes General will over individual interests 1. Egalitarian titles 2. Simple clothing 3. new calendar based on revolution 4. De-christianization- 5. Metric system
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Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican women Radical group of revolutionary
women October 1793-Banned by Jacobins Olympe de Gouges-declaration of the
Rights of Women Guillotined in November Exclusion of women from the military
and public life
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Jean Paul Marat-friend of the people
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De-Christianization
New Calendar in France-12 months of 30 days each
Names associated with seasons and climate Every 10th day a holiday Nov 1793-Cathedral of Notre Dame called
the Temple of Reason Closed churches, persecuted and killed
priests Closed Churches down 1794-Cult of the Supreme Being introduced
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Revolutionary Tribunals
Summer of 1793 Try the enemies of the Republic 25000 beheaded on the Guillotine 1. members of the royal family and
aristocrats 2. the Girondists politicians 3. peasants, members of the churches,
and the sans-cullotes 4. The Jacobins including Jacques Danton 5. Robespierre executed
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The Thermidorian Reaction
Reaction against the radical violence Paris Commune ended and radical Jacobin
clubs outlawed White terror on the Jacobins Revival of Catholic church Constitution of Year 3 (1795) 2 house legislature Executive committee of directors (Directory) Property owners had the right to vote Peasants largest new propertied class
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The Directory
Removal the ceiling on bread prices Food riots by sans-cullotes in 1794
and 1795 Royalist agents spark riots General Napoleon Bonaparte saves
the directory with a “whiff of grapeshot”
France still at war with Austria and Prussia
Growing social and political unrest
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Ch 11-The Age of Napolean
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The Rise of Napolean
Chief threat to the Revolution were royalists Spring elections-1797-monarchists in power Directory and military stage coup d’etat Born in Corsica French military academy Military commander in Italy 1797-Attack on British interests in Egypt Lord Horatio Nelson defeats French fleet, NB
cut off
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The Constitution of Year VIII Directory support eroding Abbe Sieyes call for a new constitution,
“confidence from below, power from above”
1799-Napolean returns a national hero Establishment of Consulate-3 consuls
with executive powers (1799-1804) Napoleon becomes 1st Consul-military
dictator Voters approve by plebiscite
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Napoleonic reforms
Made peace with the Catholic church Signed Concordat of 1801 1. State named the bishops and paid
their salaries, had to take loyalty oath
2. Church gave up claims for confiscated property
3. Catholicism recognized as dominant religion in France
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The Napoleonic Code
1802-Napolean named consul for life Civil Code of 1804 Equality of all citizens before the law Forbade privileges based on birth Safeguarded all forms of property, even for
peasants Workers originations remained banned Fathers granted control over children and
husbands over wives Primogeniture abolished Divorce more difficult for women than men
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The Haitian revolution
Ideals of FR spread to New World Black slaves could revolt against
white masters-1st time Slave rebellion led by Toussaint
L’Ouverture 1793-French abolished slavery Napoleon sent army, captured L’O Sold his NA empire to US 1804-France recognized
independence
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Empire-1804 Crowned emperor
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Empire
La Grand Armee-700,000 men under arms
May 1803-Britain declares war 1805-Battle of Trafalgar British supremacy of the seas Ended French hopes of invading GB
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Napoleon wins victories
1805-Battle of Austerlitz-Napolean defeats combined Austrian and Russian force
King of Italy Reorganized German states-
Confederation of the Rhine 1806-defeats Prussian forces at Jena 1807-Defeats Russian forces,
occupies East Prussia
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Battle of Austerlitz
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The Continental System
Cut off all trade between European continent and the British
British-Orders in Council-no nations can trade with France
British enforced with powerful navy-trade with North and South America
Economy of Europe suffered
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Wars of Liberation
Napoleon's brother Joseph on Spanish throne
Spanish used guerrilla warfare against French
Peninsular campaign drained French resources
British land forces led Sir Arthur Wellesley
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The Invasion of Russia
Invasion with 600,000 men Russian scorched earth policy French supply lines extended 1812-Major battle 30 miles from Moscow Russians burned Moscow-hollow victory Russian winter sets in, napoleon orders
retreat Only 100,ooo survived, exposure,
frostbite, starvation, guerilla tactics
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Advance of the Grand Army
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Retreat
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European Coalition
1813-Coalition of Prussia, Austria, Russia, and GB defeat Napoleon at Leipzig in the Battle of the Nations
1814-Allied army marched into Paris Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Elba
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The Congress of Vienna
Treaty of Chaumont-Restored the Bourbons to throne and placed France to old borders
Formation of Quadruple Alliance-Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Congress of Vienna-Sept 1814 4 great powers dominated-dominated by
conservatives Reestablished the rule of legitimate monarchs Rejected republican and democratic policies Reestablish a stable balance of power
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Napoleon and the 100 Days
Escapes Elba on March 1, 1815 Returns to Paris, reestablishes rule Battle of Waterloo in Belgium-
Napoleon defeated by combined allied forces
Exiled to St Helena off the coast of Africa
Tsar Alexander proposes a Holy Alliance-based on Christian principles-
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St Helena
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The Quadruple Alliance
Goal was to prevent warfare and maintain a lasting peace
Create a framework for stability Also used to prevent revolutions-fire
department of Europe Austrian Klemons von Metternich
powerful player in international diplomacy Called the Concert of Europe Intact for half a century and prevented a
general European war for 100 years
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The Romantic Era
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Romanticism
Period of time after the French and revolution
Reflected reaction against cold reason of Enlightenment and social changes of Industrial revolution
Focus on the imagination and the individual
Urged revival of Christianity and folklore, folksongs, and fairy tales
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Romanticism and reason
Intellectual foundations in Protestant pietism and dramatic German poetry of Sturm and Drang (Storm and stress)
Jean Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant
Questioned rationalism and reason Rousseau-Emile-idea that society
corrupted the individual and that each child be raised with maximum freedom
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Kant and Reason
The Critique of Pure Reason (1781) Accepted the rationalism of
enlightenment and preserved belief in human freedom, belief in God , and immortality
Sphere of reality accessible to pure reason limited
Noumenal world exists-world of moral and aesthetic reality known by “practical reason “ and conscience
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The Categorical Imperative Inner command to act in ever
situation as one would have all other people act in the same situation
Example1. Making a promise that you do not
intend to keep
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Romantic Literature
Term came to be applied to all literature that did not follow classical forms and gave free play to the imagination
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Samuel Taylor Coleridge-English Gothic Poet- Imagination was God at work in the
mind
He prayeth best, who loveth best, All things both great and small;For the dear God who loveth us, He made and loveth all.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
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William Wordsworth