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The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815
QUIT
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
Time LineTime Line
Visual SummaryVisual Summary
SECTION Revolution Threatens the French King1
SECTION Revolution Brings Reform and Terror2
SECTION Napoleon Forges an Empire3
SECTION Napoleon’s Empire Collapses4
SECTION The Congress of Vienna Convenes5
23CHAPTER
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Chapter Overview
Revolution leads to the overthrow and execution of the French king. After a period of instability, Napoleon takes control of France and of most of Europe. Napoleon’s thirst for power leads to his downfall, and European leaders craft a lasting peace.
The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–181523
CHAPTER
1789 Storming of the Bastille ignites the French Revolution.
1793 King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine.
1796 Napoleon defeats France’s enemy, Austria.
1799 Napoleon overthrows the Directory through a coup d´état.
1804 Napoleon crowns himself emperor.
1815 Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; the Congress of Vienna creates five great powers in Europe.
The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–181523
CHAPTER
Time Line
1789 1815
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Members of the Third Estate demand a more representative government. The fall of the Bastille and the king’s removal from Versailles signal the beginning of the French Revolution.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
Revolution Threatens the French King
1
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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution.
Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments.
Overview
Revolution Threatens the French King
1
AssessmentAssessment
• Old Regime
• estate
• Louis XVI
• Marie Antoinette
• Estates-General
• National Assembly
• Tennis Court Oath
• Great Fear
TERMS & NAMES
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Causes of Revolution
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes of the French Revolution.
Revolution Threatens the French King
1
Section 1 Assessment
heavy taxes
desire for privileges
government debt
poor harvest & high bread prices
poor leadership
gap between rich & poor
Enlightenment ideas
continued . . .
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2. Do you think that changes in the French government were inevitable? THINK ABOUT
Section
Revolution Threatens the French King
1
1 Assessment
• the leadership of Louis XVI• the French national debt• Enlightenment ideas• other world revolutions
ANSWERANSWER
continued . . .
• Changes were inevitable because conditions were bad and new ideas were powerful.
Possible Responses:
• The situation in France could have been solved with better leadership, better communication, and a sharing of privileges and power.
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3. How were the economic conditions in France similar to or different from those in England and the American colonies before their revolutions? THINK ABOUT
Section
Revolution Threatens the French King
1
1 Assessment
• France’s three estates• the role of taxation• France’s national debt• conditions in England before the Civil War
ANSWERANSWER
continued . . .
• conditions in the colonies before the American Revolution
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Revolution Threatens the French King
1
End of Section 1
SIMILARITIES: unfair taxes and class systemPossible Responses:
DIFFERENCES: Most American colonists were better off financially than French peasants; the colonists were not laboring to support a feudal nobility.
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The Legislative Assembly faces war and internal divisions. The king is executed, and Robespierre inaugurates the Reign of Terror. A third constitution puts power in the hands of the upper middle class.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
2HOME
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
2
The revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power.
Some governments that lack the support of a majority of their people still use terrorism to control their citizens.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
• Declaration of the
• Legislative Assembly
• émigrés
• sans-culottes
• guillotine
• Maximilien Robespierre
• Committee of Public
• Reign of Terror
Rights of Man
Safety
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
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Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
2
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events that occurred after the creation of the Constitution of 1791.
Section 2 Assessment
continued . . .
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Assembly creates a constitution.
War with Austria begins when Austria offers support for Louis XVI.
War goes badly for the French, and mobs rule Paris.
Terror ends as moderates gain control.
Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the government.
King is executed.
continued . . .
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
2
2. After the French rejected the king’s absolute control, they struggled to create a more democratic government. However, in 1793, Robespierre became a dictator. What caused this to happen? THINK ABOUT
Section 2 Assessment
• the political climate prior to Robespierre’s rule• the need for a leader• Robespierre’s personality
ANSWERANSWER
War, economic problems, and struggling political factions caused confusion. People needed stability and leadership. Robespierre’s strong personality filled the vacuum. End of Section 2
Possible Responses:
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A brilliant general, Napoleon Bonaparte, becomes emperor of France and assumes broad powers. Through military victories, he establishes mastery over most of Europe.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
Napoleon Forges an Empire
3HOME
A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte, seized power in France and made himself emperor.
In times of political turmoil, military dictators often seize control of nations, as in Haiti in 1991.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• coup d'état
• plebiscite
• lycée
• concordat
• Napoleonic Code
• Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleon Forges an Empire
3
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
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1789 1796–1799 1800
1795 1799 1804
Napoleon Forges an Empire
3
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the events leading to the crowning of Napoleon as emperor of France.
Section 3 Assessment
French Revolution breaks out.
Napoleon defeats royalist rebels.
Napoleon wins many victories.
Napoleon seizes power from the Directory.
New constitution gives Napoleon all real power.
Napoleon crowned emperor.
continued . . .
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Napoleon Forges an Empire
3
Section 3 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Napoleon became powerful because of his military responsibilities and the political chaos after the Terror.
• Napoleon’s strong personality would have dominated no matter the circumstances.
2. There is an old question: “Do the times make the man, or does the man make the times?” In your opinion, was Napoleon the creator of or the creation of his times?THINK ABOUT
• the government after the Terror• Napoleon’s defense of France• Napoleon’s popularity
continued . . .
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Napoleon Forges an Empire
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Section 3 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
• Internal unrest was most important, because division and chaos at home would have made military success impossible.
Possible Responses:
• Victory against external enemies would have led to union within France.
3. To keep his empire together, Napoleon had to deal with forces both inside and outside the French Empire. In your judgment, which area was more crucial to control? THINK ABOUT
• the length of the period of civil unrest in France• the power and activities of the other European nations
End of Section 3
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Napoleon makes political and military mistakes as he tries to increase his power. He is defeated, returns, is defeated again, and finishes his life in exile.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
4HOME
Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall.
In the1990s, nationalistic feelings contributed to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
• blockade
• Continental System
• guerrilla
• Peninsular War
• scorched-earth policy
• Waterloo
• Hundred Days
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
4
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
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Napoleon’s Mistakes Effect on Empire
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Napoleon’s three disastrous mistakes and the effects that each one had on his empire.
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
4
continued . . .
Continental System
Peninsular War
Russian invasion
Weakening of France
Great loss of life and prestige
Loss of much of army
Section 4 Assessment
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Section 4 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
2. What were the main reasons people in other European countries resisted Napoleon? THINK ABOUT
• why some of his own allies refused to abide by the Continental System
• why the Spanish fought a guerrilla war for several years
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
4
• why the Russians destroyed their own crops and cities
• Nationalistic feelings caused resistance to French control. Possible Responses:
• Invaded countries did not support Napoleon’s drive for power.
• Russians did not want French rulers.
End of Section 4
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Following the plan of Metternich, the Congress of Vienna reestablishes stability in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
The Congress of Vienna Convenes
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After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order and reestablish peace.
International bodies such as the United Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
The Congress of Vienna Convenes
5
• Congress of Vienna
• balance of power
• legitimacy
• Holy Alliance
• Concert of Europe
• Klemens von
Metternich
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
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Problem Solution
METTERNICH’S PLAN
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the ways in which the three main goals of Metternich’s plan at the Congress of Vienna solved a political problem.
Section 5 Assessment
The Congress of Vienna Convenes
5
French aggression
Power struggles between countries
Lack of legitimate leaders
Surrounding France with strong countries
Creating a balance of power so that no country can dominate others
Restoring royal families to their thrones
continued . . .
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The Congress of Vienna Convenes
5
Section 5 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
• The French would have considered the decisions fair because as a defeated country, France could have had its territory divided among the victors. Instead, its original borders were left intact.
Possible Responses:
• France lost all that it had gained.
2. From France’s point of view, were the decisions made at the Congress of Vienna fair? THINK ABOUT
• Metternich’s three goals• France’s loss of territory• the fears of the rest of Europe
continued . . .
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The Congress of Vienna Convenes
5
Section 5 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
• Liberals, mostly of the Third Estate, wanted a more representative government and more power for the common people.
Possible Responses:
• Conservatives feared the common people and wanted to preserve royalty and privilege, viewing change as dangerous and frightening.
3. Why do you think liberals and conservatives differed over who should have power? THINK ABOUT
• Old Regime privileges• attitudes toward change• Enlightenment ideas
End of Section 5
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