The French and Indian The French and Indian War!War!

The first global war.The first global war.

An original Power Point presentation by David Knapp

Part of a bigger fight!Part of a bigger fight! French and Indian War French and Indian War

is the name given by is the name given by historians to the historians to the colonial wars in the colonial wars in the late 17th and the 18th late 17th and the 18th cent. They were really cent. They were really campaigns in the campaigns in the worldwide struggle for worldwide struggle for empire. At the time empire. At the time the fighting in North the fighting in North America was viewed in America was viewed in Europe as only an Europe as only an unimportant aspect of unimportant aspect of the struggle. the struggle.

This was just part of a This was just part of a big fight all over the big fight all over the world that lasted from world that lasted from 1689 to 1763. 1689 to 1763.

Other parts of this fight:Other parts of this fight: King William's War King William's War The first of the wars, King William's War (1689–97), The first of the wars, King William's War (1689–97),

approximately corresponds to the European War of the approximately corresponds to the European War of the Grand AllianceGrand Alliance (1688–97). It was marked in America principally (1688–97). It was marked in America principally by frontier attacks on the British colonies and by the taking of by frontier attacks on the British colonies and by the taking of Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal, N.S.) by British colonial forces Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal, N.S.) by British colonial forces under Sir William under Sir William PhipsPhips in 1690. (The French recaptured it the in 1690. (The French recaptured it the next year.) The British were unable to take Quebec, and the next year.) The British were unable to take Quebec, and the French commander, the comte de Frontenac, attacked the French commander, the comte de Frontenac, attacked the British coast. The peace that followed the Treaty of Ryswick in British coast. The peace that followed the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 was short-lived, and shortly the colonies were plunged 1697 was short-lived, and shortly the colonies were plunged into war again.into war again.

Queen Anne's War Queen Anne's War Queen Anne's War (1702–13) corresponds to the War of the Queen Anne's War (1702–13) corresponds to the War of the

Spanish SuccessionSpanish Succession. The frontier was again the scene of many . The frontier was again the scene of many bloody battles; the French and Native American raid (1704) on bloody battles; the French and Native American raid (1704) on Deerfield, Mass., was especially notable. Another British Deerfield, Mass., was especially notable. Another British attempt to take Quebec, this time by naval attack, failed. Port attempt to take Quebec, this time by naval attack, failed. Port Royal, and with it Royal, and with it AcadiaAcadia, fell (1710) to an expedition under , fell (1710) to an expedition under Francis Nicholson and was confirmed to the British in the Peace Francis Nicholson and was confirmed to the British in the Peace of Utrecht, as were Newfoundland and the fur-trading posts of Utrecht, as were Newfoundland and the fur-trading posts about Hudson Bay.about Hudson Bay.

King George's War King George's War Hostilities lapsed for years until trouble between England and Hostilities lapsed for years until trouble between England and

Spain led to the so-called War of Jenkins's Ear, which merged Spain led to the so-called War of Jenkins's Ear, which merged into the War of the into the War of the Austrian SuccessionAustrian Succession. The American phase, . The American phase, King George's War, did not begin until 1744, when the French King George's War, did not begin until 1744, when the French made an unsuccessful assault on Port Royal. The next year, a made an unsuccessful assault on Port Royal. The next year, a Massachusetts-planned expedition under William Massachusetts-planned expedition under William PepperrellPepperrell with a British fleet under Sir Peter Warren took with a British fleet under Sir Peter Warren took LouisburgLouisburg. . Border warfare was severe but not conclusive. The Treaty of Border warfare was severe but not conclusive. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) returned Louisburg to France, but the Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) returned Louisburg to France, but the hostile feelings that had been aroused did not die.hostile feelings that had been aroused did not die.

The French and Indian War The French and Indian War Rivalry for the West, particularly for the valley of the upper Rivalry for the West, particularly for the valley of the upper

Ohio, prepared the way for another war. In 1748 a group of Ohio, prepared the way for another war. In 1748 a group of Virginians interested in Western lands formed the Virginians interested in Western lands formed the Ohio CompanyOhio Company, and at the same time the French were , and at the same time the French were investigating possibilities of occupying the upper Ohio region. investigating possibilities of occupying the upper Ohio region. The French were first to act, moving S from Canada and The French were first to act, moving S from Canada and founding two forts. Robert founding two forts. Robert DinwiddieDinwiddie, governor of Virginia, sent , governor of Virginia, sent an emissary, young George an emissary, young George WashingtonWashington, to protest., to protest.

This was just part of a This was just part of a big fight all over the big fight all over the world that lasted from world that lasted from 1689 to 1763. 1689 to 1763.

The end of Native power!The end of Native power! For more than a generation, the For more than a generation, the

powerful Iroquois Confederacy, an powerful Iroquois Confederacy, an alliance of several Native American alliance of several Native American nations from the Iroquoian language nations from the Iroquoian language family, dominated a middle ground family, dominated a middle ground between the French and British between the French and British colonies in North America. The colonies in North America. The Iroquois, originally centered in Iroquois, originally centered in western New York, had gained western New York, had gained control of a vast region in the control of a vast region in the interior of the continent by alliances interior of the continent by alliances with other Native American peoples with other Native American peoples and had successfully excluded the and had successfully excluded the European nations from this territory. European nations from this territory. The Iroquois were able to maintain The Iroquois were able to maintain their power against that of both the their power against that of both the British and the French, but this British and the French, but this three-way balance of power began three-way balance of power began to break down during the 1740s. to break down during the 1740s. British traders penetrated deep into British traders penetrated deep into the Ohio country and established the Ohio country and established direct relations with tribal groups direct relations with tribal groups who previously had been controlled who previously had been controlled by the Iroquois or had traded only by the Iroquois or had traded only with the French. with the French.

This was the last time This was the last time that a group of Native that a group of Native Americans had as much Americans had as much power as the Europeans – power as the Europeans – and the Group was the and the Group was the Iroquois NationIroquois Nation

The conflict started over land!The conflict started over land! The Ohio company, an association The Ohio company, an association

of land speculators based in of land speculators based in Virginia, encouraged the British Virginia, encouraged the British excursions. The company had excursions. The company had received a grant of 500,000 acres received a grant of 500,000 acres from the British king and wanted from the British king and wanted to move traders and settlers into to move traders and settlers into this interior region. In 1753 this interior region. In 1753 Governor Governor Robert DinwiddieRobert Dinwiddie of of Virginia, who was also a leading Virginia, who was also a leading member of the Ohio Company, member of the Ohio Company, dispatched 21-year-old dispatched 21-year-old George George WashingtonWashington on his first military on his first military mission. Washington carried a mission. Washington carried a message to the French, warning message to the French, warning them to leave the region. In the them to leave the region. In the following year Governor Dinwiddie following year Governor Dinwiddie ordered the construction of a fort ordered the construction of a fort at the forks of the Ohio (where at the forks of the Ohio (where the Monongahela and Allegheny the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers meet), later the site of rivers meet), later the site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The conflict started The conflict started over land in the Ohio over land in the Ohio River valley.River valley.

George Washington Starts the War!George Washington Starts the War! The contest between the Ohio The contest between the Ohio

Company and the French was now Company and the French was now joined and hinged on possession joined and hinged on possession of the spot where the of the spot where the Monongahela and the Allegheny Monongahela and the Allegheny join to form the Ohio (the site of join to form the Ohio (the site of Pittsburgh). The English started a Pittsburgh). The English started a fort there but were expelled by fort there but were expelled by the French, who built Fort the French, who built Fort Duquesne in 1754. Dinwiddie, Duquesne in 1754. Dinwiddie, after attempting to get aid from after attempting to get aid from the other colonies, sent out an the other colonies, sent out an expedition under Washington. He expedition under Washington. He defeated a small force of French defeated a small force of French and Native Americans but had to and Native Americans but had to withdraw and, building Fort withdraw and, building Fort Necessity, held his ground until Necessity, held his ground until forced to surrender (July, 1754). forced to surrender (July, 1754). The British colonies, alarmed by The British colonies, alarmed by French activities at their back French activities at their back door, attempted to correlate their door, attempted to correlate their activities in the Albany Congress. activities in the Albany Congress. War had thus broken out before War had thus broken out before fighting began in Europe in the fighting began in Europe in the Seven Years War.Seven Years War.

George Washington George Washington Starts the War!Starts the War!

The War starts badly for the The War starts badly for the EnglishEnglish

The war did not begin well for the The war did not begin well for the British. The British Government sent British. The British Government sent General General Edward BraddockEdward Braddock to the to the colonies as commander in chief of colonies as commander in chief of British North American forces, but he British North American forces, but he alienated potential Indian allies and alienated potential Indian allies and colonial leaders failed to cooperate colonial leaders failed to cooperate with him. On July 13, 1755 Braddock with him. On July 13, 1755 Braddock himself died while on a failed himself died while on a failed expedition to capture expedition to capture Fort DuquesneFort Duquesne in present-day Pittsburgh, after being in present-day Pittsburgh, after being mortally wounded in an ambush. The mortally wounded in an ambush. The war in North America settled into a war in North America settled into a stalemate for the next several years, stalemate for the next several years, while in Europe the French scored an while in Europe the French scored an important naval victory and captured important naval victory and captured the British possession of Minorca in the the British possession of Minorca in the Mediterranean in 1756. However, after Mediterranean in 1756. However, after 1757 the war began to turn in favor of 1757 the war began to turn in favor of Great Britain. British forces defeated Great Britain. British forces defeated French forces in India, and in 1759 French forces in India, and in 1759 British armies invaded and conquered British armies invaded and conquered Canada. Canada.

The British lose the The British lose the first few fights.first few fights.

Most Native Americans helped the Most Native Americans helped the French.French.

The Iroquois were the main Native The Iroquois were the main Native American group that helped the American group that helped the English Most others thought that English Most others thought that the French would be a better ally.the French would be a better ally.

Later the English began to Win!Later the English began to Win! In 1758 the tide began to turn and In 1758 the tide began to turn and

the British started to take the the British started to take the upper hand. They launched a three upper hand. They launched a three part attack on the French. In July, part attack on the French. In July, Brigadier General John Forbes Brigadier General John Forbes assembled a large force to move assembled a large force to move against Fort Duquesne. Despite an against Fort Duquesne. Despite an initial setback, Forbes had great initial setback, Forbes had great success. He held a council with the success. He held a council with the Indian tribes, establishing peace Indian tribes, establishing peace between them and the British. between them and the British. When the French realized they When the French realized they would no longer have Indian allies, would no longer have Indian allies, they quickly abandoned Fort they quickly abandoned Fort Duquesne. Which the English soon Duquesne. Which the English soon rebuilt and renamed Fort Pitt. rebuilt and renamed Fort Pitt.

In early 1759 General James Wolfe In early 1759 General James Wolfe and a fleet of 20 ships under and a fleet of 20 ships under Admiral Charles Saunders. The Admiral Charles Saunders. The British lay siege to Quebec from British lay siege to Quebec from June 27th until September 18th, June 27th until September 18th, when the French surrendered. This when the French surrendered. This was the turning point of the war.was the turning point of the war.

After 1758 the English After 1758 the English began having military began having military success.success.

The War ends in 1763 with the The War ends in 1763 with the Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Warfare ended with the Warfare ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, and Treaty of Paris in 1763, and the peace terms reflected the peace terms reflected British military successes. British military successes. Britain gained control over Britain gained control over half the North American half the North American continent, including French continent, including French Canada, all French territorial Canada, all French territorial claims east of the Mississippi claims east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida. In River, and Spanish Florida. In return, Britain gave Cuba and return, Britain gave Cuba and the Philippines back to Spain, the Philippines back to Spain, and France compensated its and France compensated its Spanish ally for the loss of Spanish ally for the loss of Florida by giving it title to all Florida by giving it title to all of Louisiana west of the of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

In 1763 the English win In 1763 the English win control of most of North control of most of North America.America.