The French and Indian War
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Transcript of The French and Indian War
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The French and Indian War
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Background
• European countries were constantly fighting
• European countries tried to control as much land and as much trade as possible
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Triangle of Hatred
• England
• France
• Spain
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18th Century Success Secret
more land
+ more trade
+ more gold
= more wealth
& more power
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18th Century Success Secret
more land
+ more trade
+ more gold
= more wealth
& more power
Mercantilism
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Colonists “bumped” into each other.Colonists explored each others’ land.Colonists claimed each others’ land.
Colonial Land Grab
Native Americans were always caught in the middle.
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A Series of Wars…
Wars between the English, the French and their Indian allies in North America:
• 1675-1675 King Philip’s War
• 1689-1697 King William’s War
• 1702-1713 Queen Anne’s War
• 1744-1748 King George’s War
• 1755-1763 French & Indian War
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French forts in
the Ohio Valley
angered the
English.
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The French Irritation…
• French had better trading relations with the Indians than the English did... especially the fur trade.
• France controlled land from the St. Lawrence River (north) to New Orleans (south); wanted to control western PA
• In the 1750s, France started building forts around the Great Lakes and into the Ohio River valley.
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• VA claimed western PA too.• G. Washington was a wealthy
planter and member of Virginia militia (volunteer soldiers).
• VA Governor Dinwiddie sent GW and militia to PA to build a road through the mountains.
• The road from VA to PA would help “claim” the land for VA.
George’s First Command
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• Dinwiddie ordered GW to tell the French to leave (May, 1754).
• VA militia killed a French “ambassador” by mistake.
• French forces outnumbered GW and VA militia.
• GW built Fort Necessity.• French forces captured GW
and sent him home embarrassed.
George’s First Command
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• Think about what you have learned so far in this presentation
• Analyze the quality of George Washington’s leadership so far
• Share your assessment of GW with two other students
Think Break
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BACK TO LESSON
- Ben. Franklin published this cartoon in 1754 urging colonies
to unite for defense.
Join, or Die (1754), Benjamin Franklin
Albany Plan of Union
- 7 Colonies sent representatives to Albany, NY to devise a common government
- Not one colony approved the “Albany Plan.”
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Preparing for War
• Both Britain and France tried to secure the help of Native Americans.
• In June 1755, Braddock led nearly 2000 British soldiers and some colonial militia to the French Fort Duquesne, PA. (near Pittsburgh, PA)
• In late 1754, France sent several army regiments to defend Canadian territory.
• In late 1754, Britain sent professional soldiers to America commanded by General Edward Braddock.
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Recognizing the Players
“red coats” for professional British troops
“blue coats” for amateur American militia
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Recognizing the Players
“white coats” for professional French troops
“no coats” for Native Americans (the “Indians”)
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Braddock Blunders…
• July 9, French and Indians ambushed the British as they marched alongside the Monongahela River (near Pittsburgh, PA).
• Washington served as one of Braddock’s aides-de-camp (advisor and guide).
• GW warned Braddock that troops lined up in columns and rows made easy targets.
• Braddock believed that British troops were better than colonial militia or the French and Indians; he ignored GW’s advice.
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Battle of the Monongahela
• Braddock had five horses shot out from under him. Braddock was shot and died four days later.
• GW had two horses shot from under him and four bullet holes in his uniform… GW led the survivors back to Virginia.
• British losses: nearly 1000 soldiers, artillery, and supplies.
• French and Indian losses: 30 soldiers.
• French and Indians attacked from behind trees and rocks. British stood in straight lines to return fire.
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• Think about what you have learned so far in this presentation
• Analyze the after action report from Washington to Governor Dinwiddie
• Share your assessment of GW with two different students
Think Break
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Britain Declares War!
• It was a “world war”…French, British, and Spanish forces clashed in Cuba, the West Indies, India, the Philippines…as well as in North America and Europe.
• Early years of the war were disastrous for the British and the British colonies.
• News of Braddock’s defeat reached London and Britain declared war on France, beginning the Seven Years’ War.
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Pitt Takes Charge
• Pitt wanted Britain to win the war no matter the cost; Britain went deep into debt.
• Pitt sent some of Britain’s best generals, troops, and naval squadrons to the Colonies.
• British performance improved after William Pitt became Secretary of State and then Prime Minister.
• Overwhelming British strength won the war.
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The Treaty of Paris
• signed in Paris, France in 1763.
• France gave Canada its lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain.
• France gave its lands west of the Mississippi River (including Louisiana Territory) to Spain.
• France kept four Caribbean islands.
• Spain gave Florida to Great Britain.
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Results of the F & I War
British: • acquired more land• became a world-wide
“super power” • grew resentful of colonial
“blundering” and the cost of defending the colonies
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Results of the F & I War
French: • lost almost all land in
North America• no longer important in
American development
Native Americans: • continued to lose
control over land in North America
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European Claims in North America, 1754 and 1763
Back to Maps
BACK TO LESSONNorth America: Before and After
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Results of the F & I War
Colonists: • acquired land to expand• gained valuable military
experience • found their first “American”
hero…G.Washington• learned how to cooperate• began to think of
themselves as “Americans”
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• Think about the results of the French and Indian War
• Who was the biggest “winner” and why?
• Who was the biggest “loser” and why?
Think Break
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Proclamation of 1763• King George III declared that Appalachian
Mountains were the western boundary for all colonies; colonists could NOT cross mountains:
– to separate the colonists from the Indians
– to prevent future wars and expense
• 10,000 British troops sent to “police” the border.
• Proclamation angered many colonists, especially those who owned shares in land companies, such as the Ohio Company of Virginia.
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American colonists
forbidden to cross
Appalachian Mountains.
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• Proclamation of 1763 created tension between Britain and the colonies.
• Britain placed additional taxes on the colonists to pay for defending the 13 colonies…this created more tension.
Proclamation of 1763
• Indians traded with the British and the colonists, but regarded both as enemies.
• Colonists migrated across the Appalachian Mountains anyway.
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The French and Indian War…
…was really the beginning of the American Revolutionary War