The Founding

The Framers as politicians

Pop Quiz!

• On a piece of paper, answer the following 2 questions.

1. Why does Dahl call the Framers ignorant?

2. What are five ways in which he argues the Constitution is undemocratic?

What did the Framers know, and how did that affect the Constitution?

• Framers’ personal and political motives– Enlightenment– Class

• Experience with strong central authority

The Declaration of Independence

• He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

• He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

• He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

• He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

• He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

• He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

• For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

…continued• For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which

they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:• For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:• For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: • For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:• For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences• For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering

fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:• For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with

power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.• He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and

waging War against us.• He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat

the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

What did the Framers know, and how did that affect the Constitution?

• Framers’ personal and political motives

• Experience with strong central authority

• Experience with weak central authority

The Articles of Confederation (1777)

• No executive branch• Execution of laws left to states• Members of Congress chosen, paid, and

recalled by state legislatures• Each state has one vote• Congress cannot levy taxes or regulate

interstate commerce• No national army, only state militias

What did the Framers know, and how did that affect the Constitution?

• Framers’ personal and political motives

• Experience with strong central authority

• Experience with weak central authority

• Politics of the 13 states

A political problem:

• “Effectively, the Constitutionalists had to induce the states, by democratic techniques of coercion, to emasculate themselves…to agree to send delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, provide maintenance for these delegates, set up the special ad hoc convention to decide on ratification, and concede to the decision of the ad hoc convention.” (Roche, 800)

Features of The Constitution

• Legislative supremacy

Congress’ Constitutional Powers

• The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States;

• To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

• To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

• …To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures

• …To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

• …To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

• …To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

• To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

• To provide and maintain a Navy;• To make Rules for the Government and

Regulation of the land and naval Forces;• To provide for calling forth the Militia to

execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

• To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, … the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

• …To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof

The President’s Constitutional Powers

• The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States;

• he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

• He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law

• The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

• …He may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper;

• he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers;

• he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed,

• and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States

Resulting Constitution

• Legislative supremacy

• Checks and balances

Checks and Balances

Congress

President Courts

Writes laws

Overrides vetoes

Confirms nominations

Confirms treaties

Declares war

Impeaches president/judges

Vetoes bills

Appoints judges

Appoints executive officials

Commander in chief

Negotiates with foreign nations

Reviews laws

Reviews executive actions

Impeachable

Resulting Constitution

• Legislative supremacy

• Checks and balances

• Bicameral Congress

• Bill of Rights

• Slavery

Dahl’s argument

• What couldn’t the Framers know? What did they get wrong?

• How is the Constitution undemocratic?

• What is his take-home message?

Dahl’s argument

• The Constitution is not a sacred text

• Our system does not live up to modern democratic standards

• Our system of government is no better than other democratic systems

How is our Constitution undemocratic?

• Slavery• No guarantee of right to vote• Insulated from popular control

– Senators chosen by state legislators– President chosen by electors

• Judicial review• No clear allowance for regulation or taxes

How has the Constitution become more democratic over time?

• Expansion of suffrage

• Abolition of slavery

• Changes to election of Senators

Other democratic systems aren’t like ours!

• Unitary, not federal

Federal Unitary

Austria Costa Rica

Australia Denmark

Canada Finland

Germany France

Switzerland Iceland

Belgium Ireland

United States Israel

Italy

Japan

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom

Other democratic systems aren’t like ours!

• Unitary, not federal

• Unicameral (not bicameral) legislatures

Bicameral Unicameral

Australia Costa Rica

Germany Denmark

Switzerland Finland

United States France

Iceland

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom

Belgium

Austria

Other democratic systems aren’t like ours!

• Unitary, not federal

• Unicameral (not bicameral) legislatures

• No judicial review– Except USA, Canada, Germany

Other democratic systems aren’t like ours!

• Unitary, not federal

• Unicameral (not bicameral) legislatures

• No judicial review

• Parliamentary not separated system– USA the only separated system

Other democratic systems aren’t like ours!

• Unitary, not federal

• Unicameral (not bicameral) legislatures

• No judicial review

• Parliamentary not separated system

• PR not Plurality

Plurality vs. Proportional Representation

PLURALITY

• Just need one more vote than next candidate to win a seat in legislature

• Favors two parties

PR

• Party gets seats in legislature proportional to the percent of the vote it received

• Favors multiple parties

Our democracy is no better (or worse?) than other democracies

• Stability

• Individual rights

• Responsiveness

• Fairness to losers

• Effectiveness?