The Formation of Western Europe 800 - 1500. Church Power Problems: –Village priests married and...
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Transcript of The Formation of Western Europe 800 - 1500. Church Power Problems: –Village priests married and...
![Page 1: The Formation of Western Europe 800 - 1500. Church Power Problems: –Village priests married and had kids –Lay Investiture gave power to …. –Church positions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649dd25503460f94ac8333/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Formation of Western
Europe800 - 1500
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Church Power
• Problems:– Village priests married and had kids– Lay Investiture gave power to ….– Church positions are being sold!
• (Church needs/wants $$$ )
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Gothic Architecture
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Flying Buttresses
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Gargoyles
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High Ceilings
Pointed Arches
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Stained Glass Windows
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Ame
Notre Dame
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The Crusades
• 1093 Pope Urban II – Launches “Holy War”
• Causes– Emotional– Economic
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The Crusades• Richard the
LionheartedSaladin
Muslims had control of Jerusalem, but Christians could come visit!
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Effects of the Crusades
• TRADE between Europe and SW Asia
• Pope loses power
• Kings gain power
• Christians vs. Muslims & Jews
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The Crusades
• Crash Course Crusades:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI
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Growth & Changes1000 - 1300
• 3 Field System
• Trade
• Financial
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Growth & Changes1000 - 1300
• Town Advantages– Social– Economic
• Learning- Geoffrey Chaucer- Thomas Aquinas- Used “vernacular”
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England Absorbs Waves of Invaders
• 800’s = England attacked by Danish Vikings• Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic tribe, battled & defeated the
Vikings– “England” came from “the land of the Angles”
• 1066 = Battle of Hastings– Norman conquest
• From Normandy, France• Descendants from old Vikings• Spoke French & practiced French traditions
– William the Conqueror (Norman) claimed all of England
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King Henry II & Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Tried to achieve two main goals– 1) wanted to hold and add onto their French lands– 2) wanted to strengthen their own power over the
nobles and the Church
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England’s Evolving Government
• Strengthened the royal courts– Sent royal judges to every part of England once a year
• Collect taxes• Settle lawsuits• Punish crimes
• Introduced the jury in English courts– Usually 12 neighbors of the accused
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The Time Period of Robin Hood
• King John– Lost all of the British controlled land in
France– Confronted by his nobles– Mean to his subjects
• Highly taxed the people• Robin Hood
• 1215 = nobles forced King John to sign to Magna Carta
– Limits the king’s power– Safeguards the nobles’ rights– Guaranteed the following
• No taxation without representation• Jury trial• Protection of the law
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King Edward I• King Edward I
– Starts Parliament in 1295• Legislative group• Included knights, burgesses,
bishops, lords
– Continued to call Parliament anytime he wanted a new tax
– Eventually, it forms the Assembly
– Parliament provides a check on Royal Power
• House of Commons– Knights, burgesses, lords
• House of Lords– Bishops & nobles
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Capetian Dynasty Rules France
• Hugh Capet begins the Capetian Dynasty– 987-1328– Controlled a small territory in northern France
(Paris) that dominated trade routes
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Philip II
• Most powerful Capetian ruler– 1180-1223
• Known as Philip Augustus– Augustus means “majestic” in Latin
• Main goal– Weaken the power of the English kings in France
• He was crafty, unprincipled, and willing to do whatever necessary to achieve his goal
– He was unsuccessful against Henry II & Richard, but he beat King John
• Seized Normandy in 1204 & other territories later
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Philip II
• King Philip II wanted a stronger central government– Established royal
officials called bailiffs• Sent from Paris to
every district in the kingdom
– Preside over the king’s courts
– Collect the king’s taxes
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Capetian Dynasty
• Philip IV– 1285-1314– Starts the Third Estate
• Estates General– First Estate
» Church leaders– Second Estate
» Great lords– Third Estate
» Commoners
– Increases royal power against the nobility
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Great Schism
• Two popes were elected to please mobs– Pope Urban VI
• Lived in Rome
– Pope Clement VII• Lived in Avignon
• 1417 = the Council of Constance forced both popes to resign– They chose a new pope to end the schism
• Pope Martin I– Lived in Rome
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Scholars Challenged the Church Authority
• John Wycliffe & Jan Hus– Believed Jesus Christ was the head of the Church– Believed the Bible was the final authority for
Christians– Believed both, Jesus Christ & the Bible, were higher
than the Church and the Pope
• People grew tired of Popes & Bishops living lives of luxury– Believed the church clergy shouldn’t own land/wealth
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The Bubonic Plague Strikes• Bubonic Plague
– Came to Europe from Asia
– Affected most of Asia, North Africa, and Europe
– Symptoms• High fever, chills, & delirium
• Painful swelling of lymph nodes– Mainly in groin & armpits
• Purplish and Black spots on skin– Gave the name “Black Death”
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WHY??
• People looked for a scapegoat to blame– Jews were believed to have poisoned the
wells• Massacred & exiled
– Church loses influence• Prayers & penances didn’t stop the plague• Priests abandoned their duties
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This Plague is B-U-B-O-N-I-C
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQ
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Effects of the Bubonic Plague
• Church lost prestige• Town populations declined
– Within 4 years, 25 million Europeans were killed• Trade declined• Prices rose• Shortage of workers• Serfs unpaid/poorly paid
– Left the manors• Abandoned farmland• Manors crumbled• Peasant revolts• Pessimism rose
– “Eat, Drink, and Be Merry, for Tomorrow You may Die.”• End of the Middle Ages
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When the last Capetian King died without an heir, England’s Edward III claimed the French
throne because he was the grandson of Philip IV.
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Hundred Years War
• Hundred Years War– 1337-1453 (on and off)– Battle of Crecy = English victory– Battle of Poitiers = English victory– Battle of Agincourt = English victory
• All 3 of these battles were fought & won by British archers
• The success of the longbow put an end to the heavily armored medieval knight
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Joan of Arc
• Joan of Arc– French peasant teenager– Believed that God told her
to drive the English out & restore the crown to son of King Charles VI
– Prince Charles believed she was sincere
– She led soldiers to relieve Orleans & France of the blockade
• Successful• Afterwards, Charles VII
was crowned King of France on July 17, 1429
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Joan of Arc
• Joan of Arc continued to drive the English out
• She was captured in battle by the Burgundians (English allies)– Turned over to English– Turned over to the Church
• Put on trial & condemned a witch & heretic
– Burned at the stake
• King Charles VII did nothing to rescue her
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Impact of the Hundred Years Wars:English left France
England only controlled the port of Calais
• France– Lost lives, property,
and money– Raised power &
prestige for the monarch
– Raised nationalism– King is now the
national leader
• England– Lost lives & money– Raised nationalism– King is now the
national leader
– Goes through the War of the Roses
• 2 noble houses fought for throne which strengthens Parliament
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Impact of the Hundred Years Wars
End of the Middle Ages