The Forest Biorefinery and Bioenergy · Conversion A Bio-crude Conversion A: UOP-Ensyn pathway ......
Transcript of The Forest Biorefinery and Bioenergy · Conversion A Bio-crude Conversion A: UOP-Ensyn pathway ......
Tom Browne
8 December 2014
A Canadian viewpoint
The Forest Biorefinery and
Bioenergy
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Wood is scattered thinly all over the place
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The forests are not where the people are
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Getting wood-based products to where the
people are costs money
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Typical SW harvesting
costs, Eastern Canada:
• Single-grip harvester,
forwarder to roadside
• Cut-to-length, clearcut
• 120 m3/ha
• 8 ft spruce pulp logs
• 0.100 m3/stem, 400
kg/m3
• 250 m skid distance
• 100 km haul distance
Activity $/odt
Felling & processing $36.00
Forwarding & skidding $19.00
Stumpage (typical) $20.00
Road maintenance $ 6.25
Total in-woods $81.25
Loading and transport $34.00
Other overhead $ 7.25
Total transport & other $41.25
Total roundwood
delivered cost
$122.50
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Residues are not a lot cheaper, and are
full of bark
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$9.00
$30.54
$13.52
$2.48
$0.00
$10.00
$20.00
$30.00
$40.00
$50.00
$60.00
$/ODt
Pre-piling
Comminution
Transport (120 km)
Other:
Roads, overhead,
maintenance, compliance,
stumpage
Source: FPInnovations BiOS model
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Residues are not a lot cheaper, and are
full of bark
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$9.00
$30.54
$13.52
$2.48
$0.00
$10.00
$20.00
$30.00
$40.00
$50.00
$60.00
$/ODt
Pre-piling
Comminution
Transport (120 km)
Other:
Roads, overhead,
maintenance, compliance,
stumpage
Source: FPInnovations BiOS model
© 2014 FPInnovations. All rights reserved. Copying and redistribution prohibited. ® FPInnovations, its marks and logos are trademarks of FPInnovations.
Thermal Scale of Refineries
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Where What Capacity, GWth
Shell refinery,
Montreal (shut)130,000 bbl/d 9 GW oil
Nanticoke 3.5 GW power 11 GW coal
US refining
capacity16 MMbbl/d 1100 GW oil
World oil use 78.5 MMbbl/d 5400 GW oil
Canada’s largest
pulp mills
5,000 odt/d
wood supply1 GW wood
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Plant gate cost per litre, FT Diesel from CDN softwood supply
$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
10 100 1,000 10,000
Annual production (millions of litres)
$/lit
re
Combined Feedstock collection
Other operating Capital repayment
Economies of scale vs. feed costs
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Plant gate cost per litre, FT Diesel from CDN softwood supply
$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
10 100 1,000 10,000
Annual production (millions of litres)
$/lit
re
Combined Feedstock collection
Other operating Capital repayment
1 GW 10 GW
Economies of scale vs. feed costs
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What does $100/bbl mean for bio-
energy?
Paradoxically, $100/bbl may not be enough to
make stand-alone bio-energy profitable
where wood is $100/odt
Wood at $100/odt makes ~350 L of ethanol,
at operating costs in the range of $1.00 per
litre
▫ Corn ethanol costs under $0.65 per litre
▫ Can’t compete with corn (or sugar cane) without
subsidies
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What does $100/bbl mean for bio-
energy?
Ethanol from wood at $30/odt may be
competitive
▫ Wood at $30/odt arises as residues from some
other, higher value activity
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What does $100/bbl mean for bio-
energy?
Ethanol from wood at $30/odt may be
competitive
▫ Wood at $30/odt arises as residues from some
other, higher value activity
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Biomass is local
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This is the single most important factor in ROCE calculations
‘Local’ means bio-scale is at most ~1 GWTH
• Probably closer to 500 MWTH
10X smaller scale than petroleum industry
• Costs per unit output will be higher
• Focus on high-value products will be absolutely critical
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So what are the possibilities? (I)
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Benzene
Xylene
Toluene
Butanes
Ethyl Benzene
Cyclohexane
Cumene
p-Xylene
Iso-butylene
Butadiene
Styrene
Adipic acid
Caprolactam
Phenol
Acetone
Terephthalic
acid
Polystyrene
Nylon 6,6
Polyurethanes
Nylon 6
PF resins
Bisphenol A
Caprolactam
Salicylic acid
Methyl Mecracrylate
Solvents
Bisphenol A
Pharmaceuticals
Polyester fibres
Polyester films
Toluene diisocyanate
Foam polyurethanes
MTBE
Polybutadiene
Neoprene
Styrene butadiene
Biomass
Petroleum
Conversion A
Bio-crude
Conversion A: UOP-Ensyn pathway
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So what are the possibilities? (II)
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Petroleum
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Benzene
Xylene
Toluene
Butanes
Ethyl Benzene
Cyclohexane
Cumene
p-Xylene
Iso-butylene
Butadiene
Styrene
Adipic acid
Caprolactam
Phenol
Acetone
Terephthalic
acid
Polystyrene
Nylon 6,6
Polyurethanes
Nylon 6
PF resins
Bisphenol A
Caprolactam
Salicylic acid
Methyl Mecracrylate
Solvents
Bisphenol A
Pharmaceuticals
Polyester fibres
Polyester films
Toluene diisocyanate
Foam polyurethanes
MTBE
Polybutadiene
Neoprene
Styrene butadiene
Biomass
Conversion C
Conversion B
Conversion B: Lignin from black liquor
Conversion C: Succinic acid from sugar
© 2014 FPInnovations. All rights reserved. Copying and redistribution prohibited. ® FPInnovations, its marks and logos are trademarks of FPInnovations.
So what are the possibilities? (III)
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Petroleum
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Benzene
Xylene
Toluene
Butanes
Ethyl Benzene
Cyclohexane
Cumene
p-Xylene
Iso-butylene
Butadiene
Styrene
Adipic acid
Caprolactam
Phenol
Acetone
Terephthalic
acid
Polystyrene
Nylon 6,6
Polyurethanes
Nylon 6
PF resins
Bisphenol A
Caprolactam
Salicylic acid
Methyl Mecracrylate
Solvents
Bisphenol A
Pharmaceuticals
Polyester fibres
Polyester films
Toluene diisocyanate
Foam polyurethanes
MTBE
Polybutadiene
Neoprene
Styrene butadiene
Biomass
Conversion E
Conversion D
End-users:
- Injection molders
- Compounders
- Tire mfg
- Belts & hoses
- Auto mfg
- Etc.
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Plywood resin prices, inflation
adjusted
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- $
1,000 $
2,000 $
3,000 $
4,000 $
5,000 $
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Sources: SRI; http://www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Table.asp
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Plywood resin prices vs. oil prices
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Data for 1955, 1960, 1980 ignored in the regression analysis
Sources: SRI; http://www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Table.asp
y = 8.28x + 588R² = 0.784
500 $
750 $
1,000 $
1,250 $
1,500 $
0 $ 20 $ 40 $ 60 $ 80 $ 100 $ 120 $
1980
1955, 1960 ↑
Here, you can make
money with lignin
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Biomass is local
Primary transformation in forest communities
is key
• We won’t make car parts in forest communities
• We won’t ship millions of tonnes of wood chips to
chemical complexes, either
Convert biomass to easily-shipped, valuable
intermediates
• Convert the residues to energy products
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Conclusion
Biomass is thinly spread all over the place
▫ Wet, bulky, distributed
Petroleum is cheap, comes out of a pipe
▫ Even at $100/bbl, bio-fuels from wood are a
challenge in the absence of policy action
Bio-chemicals are a necessary component of
the forest biorefinery
▫ Target products at $1.00/lb
▫ Burn the residues (CHP, pellets, liquid fuels)
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Tom Browne
514-266-4104