The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!
description
Transcript of The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!
![Page 1: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
c
Vd
d EdF
d
V
V
The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!
Paradox IV (Aharonov)
![Page 2: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
W. Shockley and R.P. James, PRL 171, 1370 (1967)
A cannon with no recoil
Paradox V
![Page 3: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
An isolated system consists of a current loop (two oppositely rotating and oppositely charged disks) and a charge which are originally at rest.
When the current dies out, the charge starts moving, while the disks apparently stay in place.
W. Shockley and R.P. James, PRL 171, 1370 (1967)
A cannon with no recoil
Paradox V
![Page 4: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Resolution of Paradoxes V, IV,III (Re)discovery of “hidden momentum”
A current loop in a static electric field has a nonzero linear momentum Y. Aharonov, P. Pearle, and L. Vaidman, PRA 38, 1863 (1988)
When the current stops, the hidden momentum of the current loop is transferred to the mechanical momentum of the tube. The loop recoils to the left.
Resolution of Paradox V (recoil-free cannon)
![Page 5: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Resolution of Paradoxes V, IV,III (Re)discovery of “hidden momentum”
A current loop in a static electric field has a nonzero linear momentum Y. Aharonov, P. Pearle, and L. Vaidman, PRA 38, 1863 (1988)
There is no recoil-free cannon.
Resolution of Paradox V (recoil-free cannon)
When the current stops, the hidden momentum of the current loop is transferred to the mechanical momentum of the tube. The loop recoils to the left.
![Page 6: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Resolution of Paradox IV
0
a0
F
dt
but
hiddenpVmp
dt
pdF hidden
exactly 0
a
![Page 7: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ELECTRON
The motion of the electron is identical to the motion of the neutron
Resolution of Paradox III
The motion of the neutron inside the interferometer is the same with or without the line of charge.
ELECTRON
NEUTRON
LINE OF CHARGE
NEUTRON
0F
0F
AC dual to AB
0
a 0
a
The motion of the electron inside the interferometer is the same with or without the solenoid
![Page 8: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
LINE OF CHARGE
NEUTRON
Aharonov-Bohm Effect Aharonov-Casher Effect
SOLENOID
ELECTRON
Paradox I is an unavoidable property of both Aharonov Bohm and Aharonov Casher effects which makes them nonlocal topological effects
Paradox I At every place on the paths of the wave packets of the particle there is no observable action, but nevertheless, the relative phase is obtained.
Conclusion
![Page 9: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How comes hidden momentum?A current loop in a static electric field has a nonzero linear momentum
Hint: paradox VIParadox of Two Lorentz Observers
![Page 10: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Paradox VICharged particle, charged plate, and two Lorentz Observers
Alice’s view
![Page 11: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Paradox VICharged particle, charged plate, and two Lorentz Observers
Bob’s view
![Page 12: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
iq
iV
0
ii
iVq
00
i
iiVm 0
i
iiVm
c
Epp hiddentot
The current loop model: free charges moving inside a frictionless tube
E
p hid
Hidden momentum
(This and other models: L. Vaidman, AJP 58, 978 (1990))
0
2
2
0
1
i itot i i
i i i
m Vp mV
Vc
![Page 13: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Bohm versus Everett
21st-century directions in de Broglie-Bohm theory and beyondTHE TOWLER INSTITUTE The Apuan Alps Centre for Physics Vallico Sotto, Tuscany, Italy
30.08.2010
![Page 15: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hope: Today’s physics explains all what we see.
Big hope: Today’s physics explains All.
Bohm and Everett are candidates for a final theory.
The quantum mechanical formalism does not provide physicists with a ‘pictorial’ representation: the ψ-function does not, as Schrödinger had hoped, represent a new kind of reality. Instead, as Born suggested, the square of the absolute value of the ψ-function expresses a probability amplitude for the outcome of a measurement.
Bohr (SEP):
Bohr and today’s majority of physicists gave up the hopeI think, we should not.
![Page 16: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
All is iR
and
Bohm:
![Page 17: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
All is Everett:
![Page 18: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
All is Many-Worlds Everett:
![Page 19: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Quantum World Splitter Choose how many worlds you want to split by pressing one of the red dice faces.
http://qol.tau.ac.il/TWS.html
![Page 20: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
left right
http://qol.tau.ac.il/TWS.html
![Page 21: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
right
http://qol.tau.ac.il/TWS.html
![Page 22: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A B
World-splitter of Tel Aviv University
![Page 23: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A B
World-splitter of Tel Aviv University
![Page 24: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A B
World-splitter of Tel Aviv University
![Page 25: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
All
All is a closed system which can be observed
![Page 26: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
All
All is a closed system which might include an observer which can be observed
![Page 27: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What is ψ ?There is no sharp answer. Theoretical physicists are very flexible in adapting their tools, and no axiomization can keep up with them. But it is fair to say that there are two core ideas of quantum field theory. First: The basic dynamical degrees of freedom are operator functions of space and time- quantum fields.Second: The interaction of these fields are local in space and time. F. Wilczek (in Compendium of Quantum Physics, 2009)
( ( ), ( ))a aA r r ( )r
Bohm: At the end of the day, the only variables we observe are positions.
![Page 28: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Space is taken for granted
![Page 29: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
( )r
Everett:
![Page 30: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
( )r
Bohm:
![Page 31: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
All isevolving according to deterministic equations
All is
1 2( , ,...., , )Nr r r t
Everett:
Bohm: 1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r t
and
1 2( , ,...., , )Nr r r t
evolving according to deterministic equation
![Page 32: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
All is particlesevolving according to Newton’s equations
Laplacian determinism
A CENTURY AGO:
1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r t
![Page 33: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Everett Interpretation
Observation
Laplacian determinism
Observation 1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r t
1 2( , ,...., , )Nr r r t
TRIVIAL
Bohmian mechanics
Observation 1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r tTRIVIAL
HARD
![Page 34: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Everett Interpretation
Observation
Laplacian determinism
Observation 1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r t
1 2( , ,...., , )Nr r r t
TRIVIAL
HARD
Bohmian mechanics
Observation 1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r tTRIVIAL
![Page 35: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Everett Interpretation
Many parallel
Observations
Laplacian determinism
Observation 1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r t
1 2( , ,...., , )Nr r r t
TRIVIAL
Bohmian mechanics
Observation 1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r tTRIVIAL
HARD
![Page 36: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
An observer has definite experience.
Everett’s Relative State World
What is “a world” in the Everett Interpretation ?
A world is the totality of (macroscopic) objects: stars, cities, people, grains of sand, etc. in a definite classically described state.
The MWI in SEP
OBSERVER RESTi i i
1 2 ...OBJECT OBJECT OBJECTK RESTi i i i i
OBJECT
i is a Localized Wave Packet for a period of time
1 2( , ,...., , )Nr r r tmany
worlds
1 2( , , ...., , )
Ni r r r t Observation i world i
1 21 2 ( , , ...., , )( , ,...., , )NN i i r r r tr r r t
Many parallel
Observations
![Page 37: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What is our world in the Bohmian Interpretation ?
Observation 1 2( ), ( ),...., ( )Nr t r t r t
We do not observe (experience) 1 2( , ,...., , )Nr r r t
![Page 38: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Bohmian trajectories
![Page 40: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
CONTEXTUALITY
![Page 51: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
EPR
![Page 65: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
V
![Page 85: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
V
![Page 86: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
V V
![Page 87: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
V V
![Page 88: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
VV
![Page 89: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
VV
![Page 90: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
VV
![Page 91: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
V
V
![Page 93: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
V
V
![Page 94: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
V V
V
![Page 95: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
V
/ 3V
V
1 0.5
1 0.5 3
V V V
![Page 96: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
V/ 3V
V
![Page 97: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
VVV
![Page 98: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
VV
V
![Page 99: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
MZI
![Page 100: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
![Page 102: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
IFM
![Page 103: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 104: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Counterfactual Computation
![Page 105: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
0
![Page 106: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Surrealistic trajectories
![Page 107: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
![Page 110: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
![Page 112: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
A tale of a single world universe
The king forbade spinning on distaff or spindle, or the possession of one, upon pain of death, throughout the kingdom
![Page 114: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
A tale of a single world universe The king forbade performing quantum measurements, or the possession of quantum devices, upon pain of death, throughout the kingdom
PhotomultipliersGeiger countersStern Gerlach devicesBeam splittersDown conversion crystalsQuantum dotsQuantum tunnelingPhotodiods……The Quantum World Splitter
![Page 115: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
1 2 ...OBJECT OBJECT OBJECTKUNIVERSE WORLD REST
Quantum states of all macroscopic objects are Localized Wave Packets all the time
A tale of a single world universe
1 21 2 1 2( , ,...., , ) ( ) ( )... ( )NWORLD
N Nr r r t r r r Zero approximation: all particles remain in product LWP states
Particles which do not interact strongly with “macroscopic objects” need not be in LWP states.
1 21 2( ) ( )... ( )KWORLD REST
Kr r r
( )nnr
Particles which make atoms, molecules, etc. can (and should be) entangled among themselves. Only states of the center of mass of molecules, cat’s nails etc. have to be in LWP states.
21 1 2 1
1 21 1 2 2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )... ( ) ( )M
M
WORLD CM CM CM RESTCM rel i j CM rel i j CM rel Mi Mjr r r r r r r r r
![Page 116: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Quantum states of all macroscopic objects are Localized Wave Packets all the time
A tale of a single world universe
1 21 2 1 2( , ,...., , ) ( ) ( )... ( )NUNIVERSE
N Nr r r t r r r
21 1 2 1
1 21 1 2 2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )... ( ) ( )M
M
WORLD CM CM CM RESTCM rel i j CM rel i j CM rel Mi Mjr r r r r r r r r
Observation 1 21 2( ) ( )... ( )N
Nr r r TRIVIAL
Almost the same as in
( )r
( )r of a cat!
Bohmian trajectories
![Page 117: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
![Page 118: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Two worlds universe
This is a multiple worlds universe
![Page 119: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Two worlds universe
A
B
![Page 120: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
A
B
Two worlds universe One world does not disturb the other
![Page 121: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
A
B
Two worlds universe One world does not disturb the other
![Page 122: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Two worlds universe
A
B
Preferred basis:
| | | |MD A MDB ENVA R R R | | | |MD A MDB ENVA V R R | | | |MD A MDB ENVA V R A
| , |A B | | | |, | , |
2 2
A B A B
or
STABILITY
![Page 123: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Two worlds universe
A
B
Preferred basis:
| | | |MD A MDB ENVA R R R | | | |MD A MDB ENVA V R R | | | |MD A MDB ENVA V R A
| | | |MD A MDB ENVB R R R
| | | |MD A MDB ENVB R V R | | | |MD A MDB ENVB R V B
| , |A B | | | |, | , |
2 2
A B A B
or
STABILITY
![Page 124: The forces exerted on the neutron can give energy for nothing!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/568158bd550346895dc60561/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Two worlds universe
A
B
Preferred basis:
| | | |MD A MDB ENVA R R R | | | |MD A MDB ENVA V R R | | | |MD A MDB ENVA V R A
| | | |MD A MDB ENVB R R R
| | | |MD A MDB ENVB R V R | | | |MD A MDB ENVB R V B
| , |A B | | | |, | , |
2 2
A B A B
or
| | | |MD A MDB ENVR R R | | | | | |
|2
MD A MDB MD A MDBENV
A V R B R VR
| | | | | | | |
2MD A MDB ENV MD A MDB ENVA V R A B R V B
| | | | | | | | | | | || |
2 2MD A MDB ENV MD A MDB ENV MD A MDB ENV MD A MDB ENVV R A R V B V R A R V B
STABILITY