Chapter 1Diversity amid globalization

A food-court type restaurant in the City Center Mall Doha, Qatar that caters specifically to the Pilipino resident workers there. (Photo credit: N Jensen, 2011.)

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As the title of the book suggests, this course examines the world around us. As geographers, we search for spatial patterns and information to understand WHY these patterns exist.

For example, we can ask ourselves why there are so many people from various parts of Asia living in Qatar. They come for work in the oil economy.

Concept 1:Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of people and places throughout the world through converging processes of economic, political and cultural change.

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For example, many processes thought to be local or assigned to a certain place are actually the result of actions occurring around the globe. VW, a German auto maker, has parts of its production in places such as Latin America and southern Africa to minimize cost.

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Global drug trafficking

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Here is another example of how places interconnect, this time in the informal (and in this case, illegal) economy.

Hybridization Global trends meld with local

traditions. Examples include aspects of:

Global consumer culture (i.e. brand names) Transnational firms (like Apple, McDonald’s) International migration (such as Sudanese

refugees in Chad)

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The opening of the MacDonald’s in Fez, Morocco.

How is this location similar to others you have seen? How is it different?

Self quiz

Read the section in the book entitled “Advocates and critics of globalization” (pages 6-11 in 5th edition)

Answer the following question: Why are some people advocates of

Globalization? What are the benefits of the trend? What are the negative or objections of those who are critics of globalization?

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Theme 1. Population and Settlement

At various scalesCityCountryRegionGlobally

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World population density.What accounts for the population pattern?

Why do people live in some places but not others?

World Urbanization Pattern

10Urban=city. Why are some places more urban than others? What is the pattern displayed on this map? Is there anything on this map that is surprising?

How does population grow? 1.Naturally. Balance between births

and deaths 2.Migration. People move in and out

of a location.

…lets start with natural population growth.

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1.Natural population increase Focus on the following terms and

concepts. You will be expected to know and

use this ideas in all of the following chapters.

These ideas are useful in comparing and contrasting different places.

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Demography Demos=people Graphy=description Demography=study of the characteristics of a

population What can we do with these statistics? What do

we learn about a population?

Watch this video from the Population Reference Bureau http://

www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=uwMUV1ks3vo

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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) Birth rate minus the death rate,

implying the annual rate of populations growth without regard for migration. Expressed as a percentage. Can be positive OR negative number.

RNI for India is 1.5 RNI for Russia is -0.1 (negative

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR) The average number of children a

woman can expect to bear in her lifetime.

India 2.5 Norway and USA 1.9 Mali 6.3 World 2.4

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Dependency Ratio The ratio of the economically

dependent part of the population to the productive part. Population under 15 Population over 65

Often displayed in a population pyramid

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How a population pyramid works

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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) The number of deaths of infants

under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year. IMR in Sweden is 2.5 IMR in Brazil is 24 IMR in India is 50 World IMR is 44

What could a high IMR indicate?18

Life expectancy Average length of life expected at

birth for a typical person. Based on National Death Statistics. China 72 USA 78 Botswana 32 http://prb.org/DataFinder.aspx

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Stage I: high birth and high death rates.

Stage II: Death rates fall. Stage III: Birth rates fall. Stage IV: Low birth and low death

rates. Stage V: Zero population growth.

• Watch this video.

Demographic Transition

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http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/ib_population/ib_demographic_transition_model.htm

What is the spatial distribution of population growth? Why are some places growing faster than others?

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Under 5 mortality Number of children who die per

1,000 live births Human Development Index,

used by the United Nations and others

This composite indicator tells much about the health, health care and stability of a place

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2.Migration Why would someone migrate? Push/Pull Factors

Push: negative conditions that drive people from a location

Pull: favorable conditions at a destination that attract people

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Global trends in migration About 3% cross international borders Labor and the global economy Transnationalism Gender Temporary v permanent Rural to urban

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Where do people migrate?

Check out the relationships between places.

How might you explain these population flows?

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Quiz

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Take quiz 1.1 under Assignments and Quizzes tab on Blackboard

Theme 2. Cultural Coherence and Diversity

Palestinian woman shopping at Friday market in Jerusalem (N Jensen 2009).

Village council in a refugee camp in Darfur, Sudan (T White 2008). 28

What is culture? Learned and shared

behavior by a group of people empowering them in a distinct “way of life”

Material and immaterial elements

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In the suq or marketplace of Doha, Qatar, sits a dhow, or traditional ship used for pearl diving. Pearl diving was the base of the economy here before oil was discovered.

UNESCO Culture is a set of distinctive

spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group. It encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, values systems, traditions and beliefs.

To which culture do you belong? Why?

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World Languages

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While a language is not equal to a culture, language is an aspect of culture. When a part of the world has a lot of linguistic variety, we also see cultural diversity. Here is an example of linguistic diversity in CA, USA.

World Religions

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Religious believes and religious heritage also can influence culture, both at the local scale and globally.

Cultural Imperialism

Active promotion of one cultural system over another.

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This is a famous political cartoon that displays the imperialist fervor of Cecil Rhodes, a British businessman who is know for his ambition to create a railway Cape of South Africa to Cairo. His dream was nearly realized as the British holdings in Africa were quite extensive. Along with actual imperialism, aspects of British culture were enforced in this colonies, including dress, education, language and economic policies.

What is the relationship between former colonies and their colonizers? Do ties remain between them? 34

Cultural Syncretism

The blending of two or more cultures, which produces a synergistic third culture that exhibits traits of all.

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Quiz

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Take quiz 1.3 under Assignments and Quizzes tab on Blackboard

Theme 3. Geopolitics Link between geography and

politics. Importance of SCALE inter-relationships between people,

state, and territory.

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Centrifugal forces

Those that pull people apart.

A Uyghur child protests against China’s contested occupation of what he calls Eastern Turkestan.

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Centripetal Forces

Those that bring people together.

In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in New York City, there was a rise in national pride and support of the US military.

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Nation

Group of people, clearly distinguishable, self-identifying.

For example, the French people are a nation

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Nations Hopi Navajo Han Chinese Welsh Pastuns Japanese Palestinians

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As discussed in your text, the Kurds are a nation, or people that does not have a corresponding state in which they can live. The Kurds are divided between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. They speak the same language, but write it in 3 different alphabets.

Cultural Nationalism Process of defending a cultural

system

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Ex: Graffiti in Seville, Spain demonstrating the divide between Andalusia in the south and the central government located in Madrid.

State

Centralized political system with internationally recognized boundaries. Think country, not state like Idaho.

Ex. France, The USA, Turkey

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Territory, defined by boundaries Permanent resident population Government Organized economy Circulation system Sovereignty/independence Recognition

Glassner’s characteristics of a state

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Types of Boundaries Physiographic (physical features) Anthropogeographic (man made) Geometric (lines) Ethnographic (according to ethic areas)

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A case study in boundaries:Israel/Palestine

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This area is contested. Basically there are two nations who want a state in the same location. Israel is attempting to build an anthropogeographic boundary by building a wall around the Palestinian territories.

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The wall or separation barrier

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A view of the barrier from a nearby hilltop. Note how the agricultural areas are separated from the city of Jerusalem by the wall.

Nation-state

Nation with a state wrapped around it. Extremely rare, > 5%

Ex. Japan, Iceland, PortugalThe USA is not a nation-state

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Quiz

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Take quiz 1.3 under Assignments and Quizzes tab on Blackboard

Theme 4. Economic and Social Development

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How are these statistics used?

These indicators are useful in understanding the disparity between places.

Each indicator tells us part of the story of a place.

Use indicators together to compare and contrast and get insight into what life is like around the globe.

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Disparity Setting terms 1st, 2nd, 3rd

North/South East/West Core/Periphery MDC/LDC: More developed

countries/Less developed countries. Preferred terminology

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4.1 Social Indicators Life expectancy Under 5 mortality Secondary School Enrollment Females in the Labor Force

Can also be used in conjunction with some population indicators to illustrate patterns at various scales.

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4.2 Economic Indicators Gross National Income (GNI): the

value of all final goods and services produced within a country plus net income from abroad.

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58Notice how GNP has changed over time, as countries become more industrialized and as their economies change.

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GNI

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PPP: Purchasing Power Parity a comparable for a standard “market

basket” of goods and services purchased with a local currency.

Sometimes referred to as the “Big Mac” index to give a sense of what money can buy in various economies.

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Poverty

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The United Nations defines poverty as living on less than $2 a day.

We are all tied into the global economy.

Self quiz

Using the Datafinder on PRB.org, compare and contrast the demographic data of a country in Latin America, the United States and Denmark. What do you learn about each of these countries?

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Quiz

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Take quiz 1.4 under Assignments and Quizzes tab on Blackboard

End of Module 1

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