The final is one week from yesterday

• Same format as prelims, but longer

• 7-9:30pm, Wednesday night, in Baker Lab

• Bring #2 pencils, erasers, etc.

• Please consider donating your textbook

• Thanks for a great semester!

• Always feel free to email (or visit) me with any astronomy or planetary science questions

You should review:

• Lecture notes

• Textbook (assigned reading)

• Homework

• Prelims

• Practice prelims

Review sessions: Mon, Tues, 2-3:30, SSB 105

Yes, there is a lecture on Friday

• Prof. Squyres talking about life in the Universe

• Last chance to hand in Planet Walk extra credit assignment

• Also, it’s a scheduled day of class

Primordial Soup

• Julia Child video: http://www.slashfood.com/2009/11/05/julia-childs-primordial-soup/

Extremophiles

Yellowstone: Cyanidium lives in water with pH 2-3

Images from http://halo.umbi.umd.edu/~haloed/Ecology.htm, http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/204/bugs-from-hell, http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/extreme/acidic/

Salt crystal: Halobacteria in brine inclusions (red stuff is

bacteria!)S. African gold mine: Bacillus infernus lives

inside rocks 3km underground

Tardigrades!

Image from http://phe.rockefeller.edu/barcode/blog/2009/08/11/dna-for-tardigrades/

Part 1: General concepts about the Solar System

• Celestial Sphere

• Sidereal vs. synodic days

• Seasons

• Phases of the Moon

• Tides

• Kepler’s laws

• Spectra

• Eclipses

Part 2: The inner Solar System

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars

• Interiors (including seismology)

• Surfaces (impacts, volcanism, tectonics, erosion)

• Atmospheres (including compositions)

• Climate and climate change (Earth and Mars)

• The Greenhouse Effect

Part 3: Small bodies and the outer Solar System

• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (sizes, similarities, differences, interiors, atmospheres)

• Asteroids, comets, meteorites

• Pluto and the trans-Neptunian region

• Jovian satellites (including the Galilean satellites)

• Ice giants vs. gas giants

• Impacts

• Rings

• Resonance and tidal heating

Part 4: Origins

• Solar system formation

• Planet formation

• The Sun

• Exoplanets

• Exobiology

• Life in the Universe

The Celestial Sphere

The Celestial Sphere

Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sidereal_Time_en.PNG

Sidereal vs. Synodic

Seasons

Image from http://visual.merriam-webster.com/earth/meteorology/seasons-year.php

Phases of the Moon

Tides II

Image from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Water/ocean_tides.html

Spectroscopy

Images from http://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/projects/nuclear2/basicsci.html, http://astrophys-assist.com/educate/solarobs/ses01p11.htm

Energy level diagram Types of Spectra

Blackbody Radiation

Image from http://physics.schooltool.nl/irspectroscopy/method.php

Solar Eclipses

Image from http://www.space.com/spacewatch/050408_solar_eclipse.html

Lunar Eclipses

Image from http://www.space.com/spacewatch/041001_lunar_eclipse.html

Surface Processes

• Erosion

• Tectonics

• Volcanism

• Impacts

Images from http://fireflyforest.net/firefly/2005/11/12/aerial-view-of-the-grand-canyon/, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=geologists-link-the-great, http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect18/Sect18_1.html, and http://users.forthnet.gr/ath/nikolas_c/tectonic_geoology.htm

Earth’s interior, cont.

P wave S wave

http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/seismology/seismo_interior/seismo_interior.html

http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/seismology/seismo_interior/seismo_interior.html

The Greenhouse Effect

http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect16/Sect16_2.html

Earth’s atmosphereGas Name Chemical Formula Percent Volume

Nitrogen N2 78.08%

Oxygen O2 20.95%

*Water H2O 0 to 4%

Argon Ar 0.93%

*Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0360%

Neon Ne 0.0018%

Helium He 0.0005%

*Methane CH4 0.00017%

Hydrogen H2 0.00005%

*Nitrous Oxide N2O 0.00003%

*Ozone O3 0.000004% * variable gases

From http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html

Origin of the Moon

• Sisters?

• Fission?

• Capture?

• Giant impact

Mercury’s day and year

• 3 days every 2 years

• Animations….– Rotation and orbit: http://www.messenger-education.org/Interactives/ANIMATIONS/Orbit_Rotation/orbit_rotation_full.htm

– The Sun in the sky: http://www.messenger-education.org/Interactives/ANIMATIONS/Day_On_Mercury/

day_on_mercury_full.htm

Venus

Images from http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA10124, http://atmos.nmsu.edu/~nchanove/A105S04/lecture_21.html,and http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/venus/venusglobe.jpg

Visible UV Radar

Plate tectonics

Image from http://www.umt.edu/geosciences/faculty/hendrix/g100/L17.html

Earth’s magnetic field and plate tectonics

Image modified from http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/alvarez_02

Radar imaging

Images from http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec13.html and http://ganymede.nmsu.edu/tharriso/ast110/class08.html

Dark is smooth Rough is bright

Terrestrial planet interiors

Image from http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/nasaNAS~20~20~120294~226993:Terrestrial-Planet-Interiors

Gas giants and ice giants

Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Semimajor axis (AU) 5.2 9.54 19.2 30.1

Temperature 125 K 95 K 60 K 60 K

Radius (REarth) 11 9.4 4.0 3.9

Density (g/cm3) 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.6

Spin Period (hrs) ~ 10 ~10 ~17 ~ 16

Atm. Comp. (%) H He methane

8613.61.8 x 10 -3

9468 x 10 -4

83152

85130.01 to 1?

Giant Planet Interiors

Image from http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2010/01/q_a_inside_a_gas_giant.php

Giant Planet Atmospheres

Image from http://astronomyonline.org/SolarSystem/SaturnIntroduction.asp

Kuiper Belt vs. Oort Cloud

http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS102_2006/Lectures/Lecture6/kuiper3.jpg

Dwarf planets are small

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/images/five_dwarfs_earth_luna_big_jpg_image.html

The Galilean moons

From http://www.physast.uga.edu/~jss/1010/ch11/ovhd.html

Europa, Ganymede and Callisto

Image from http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~barnes/ast110_06/gphah.html

Io’s tidal heating

Images from http://www.physast.uga.edu/~jss/1010/ch11/ovhd.html

Elliptical orbit caused by orbital resonance

Synchronous rotation

Solar System formation

• Cloud of interstellar gas/dust

• Protostar + disk

• Planetary embryos, planetesimals

• “Heavy Bombardment”/ “Late Heavy Bombardment”

• Planets, asteroid belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud

Image from http://www.astro.psu.edu/users/niel/astro1/slideshows/class43/slides-43.html

Hunting planets

• Radial velocity (Doppler shifts)

• Astrometry

• Transits

• Direct detection

The Sun

Images from http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/convective_envelope.html