The Federalist Era

The Federalist EraChp 10Students should understand the origins of the first political party system in the united States. National Growth RateDoubled every 25 years1790 the population was 4 millionCities were getting biggerPhiladelphia 42,000, NY 33,000, Boston 18,00090% of Americans were still rural, farmers and 95% lived east of the Appalachian mountains

1st Presidential Administration

Washington was elected unanimously by the electoral collegeFirst thing he did was establish a cabinetJefferson was secretary of stateHamilton was secretary of treasuryKnox was secretary of WarRandolph was the attorney General

1st CongressBill of rightsWritten by MadisonReligion, speech, press, arms, jury trials, etc9th amendment rights to people10th amendment rights to the statesFederal Judiciary Act of 1789Created the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 5 other justicesSet up the federal district courts and the circuit courtsJohn Jay was appointed as the first chief justice

Public CreditHamilton was the key figure in the govtRivalry with JeffersonFixed the economic problemsFavored the rich who in turn loaned money and supported the govtTrickle down theory Fundingpay the debt using bondsFunding at parpay the debt plus interestSpeculators bought bonds for almost nothing and made a fortuneAssumptionFederal government assumed the states debts$21 million worthStates like Massachusetts with debt loved it but Virginia had no debt and traded their votes on the issue for the capital (DC)

Taxes75 million in total debt when Washington took officeHamilton loved debtunified the countryEverybody the country owed money to would support the govtCustoms dutiesTariffs the first one was set at 8% it was passed in 1789Designed for revenue but acted as a protective tariffWhiskey TaxExcise was seven cents a gallon

National BankPrivate bank with the US govt the major ownerUsed as a place for extra money to be storedIt Kept funds in circulation which was a boom for businessPrinted moneyJefferson fought it on constitutional groundsStrict v. loose constructionist Necessary and proper clause v. the 10th amendmentShowed the north-south split North based on commerce and business while the south was based on agriculture

RebellionsShays RebellionWhiskey RebellionRevolutionary War veterans losing farmsDemanded paper money, lighten taxes and suspend foreclosuresMass raised an army and crushed the rebellionShay got his reform lawsShowed need for a reform/new government-fear of mobocracy

Excise tax hurt Pennsylvania frontier farmers hardEasier to ship whiskey than cornThey ran tax collectors out of the countiesWashington sent in the army and the rebels simply gave up, Washington pardoned the few rebels that were convictedShowed the federal governments power

Political PartiesStarted over Hamiltons economic issuesFederal vs. States rightsWere no political parties before in USParties were seen as disloyalJefferson vs. Hamilton and creation of the Democratic-Republican Party

French Revolution

Actually a Western world revolution because it affected everyoneIts ultimate goal was to take power away from the monarchs and give it to the peopleThey beheaded the king, the church was attacked, Reign of TerrorFederalists distrusted Jeffersonians as a resultJefferson was in favor of the revolution while the federalists were skeptical of ittoo violentBritain became involved and hence America

NeutralityFranco-American Alliance 1778Jeffersonians wanted to helpowed them Neutrality Proclamation 1793Leads to the Isolationism of AmericaEdmond Genet- ambassador- overstepped his boundsAlliances based on the needs of both sides British ProblemsForts in Northwest British Havent left yetInvolved in the fur tradeArming Indians Against Treaty of Pairs 1783Seizure of ships trading with FranceImpressmentsForcing Americans to work in the British navyJays TreatyBritish leave forts in NorthwestPay damages for seized shipsNothing about future seizure and impressmentsUS pay debts to British merchants from Revolutionary WarOpened trade routes between US and British colonies

Pinckneys Treaty

Access to Mississippi River through New OrleansDisputed land between New Orleans and Florida was given to the US

Washington ResignsFarewell addressStay away from partiesPermanent alliances

Adams1796 electionAdams (71) vs. Jefferson (68)Democrat-republicans against AdamsHigh Federalists conspired against him

FranceAs a result of Jays Treaty, the French started seizing US ships (300 total)XYZ AffairBribe to talk to TalleyrandMillions for defense not one cent for tributeEmbarrassed Democratic-Republicans were French friendsCreated Navy departmentUndeclared naval wars

Convention of 1800Agreed to end the quasi warFrance Returned captured shipsEnded the Franco-American Alliance of 1778, ensuring US neutrality in upcoming warAdams later said, "I desire no other inscription over my gravestone than: 'Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself the responsibility of peace with France in the year 1800.'"Alien ActChanged the Years it took to become a citizen from 5 to 14Slowed vote for Democratic-RepublicansDeport dangerous foreignersSedition ActFine and imprisonment for defaming the government Law expired in 1801

Federalists Witch Hunt

Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsJefferson and Madison NullificationStates could choose to disobey an unconstitutional law passed by the Federal GovernmentCompact TheoryFederal government was created by the states and the states had the final say Used later with JacksonNever intended to end the Union only a tool against the Federalists- Propaganda

Federalists vs. Democrat RepublicansDemo-RepubFederalistsHinterland- ruralMiddle class, poorWeak governmentFarmersDemocracy, not for ignorantPro-FrenchWealthierDistrusted democracyStrong central governmentCitiesPro-British