Biochemistry Vitamins 1. Water soluble vitamins 2. Fat soluble vitamins
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Transcript of The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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The Fat-Soluble The Fat-Soluble VitaminsVitamins
A, D, E, and KA, D, E, and K
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The Fat-Soluble The Fat-Soluble VitaminsVitamins
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Vitamin A And Vitamin A And Beta-CaroteneBeta-Carotene
• Retinoids and carotenoidsRetinoids and carotenoids– Vitamin A activityVitamin A activity
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Vitamin A And Vitamin A And Beta-CaroteneBeta-Carotene
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Vitamin A And Vitamin A And Beta-CaroteneBeta-Carotene
• Retinol-binding protein (RBP)Retinol-binding protein (RBP)
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Vitamin A And Vitamin A And Beta-CaroteneBeta-Carotene
• Roles in the bodyRoles in the body – Vitamin A in visionVitamin A in vision
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• Roles in the bodyRoles in the body– Vitamin A in protein synthesis Vitamin A in protein synthesis
and cell differentiationand cell differentiation
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Vitamin A And Vitamin A And Beta-CaroteneBeta-Carotene
• Roles in the bodyRoles in the body– Vitamin A in reproduction and Vitamin A in reproduction and
growthgrowth– Beta-carotene as an antioxidantBeta-carotene as an antioxidant
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Vitamin A And Vitamin A And Beta-CaroteneBeta-Carotene
• RecommendationsRecommendations– Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
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Vitamin A And Vitamin A And Beta-CaroteneBeta-Carotene
• Vitamin A in foodsVitamin A in foods– The colors of The colors of
vitamin A foodsvitamin A foods– Vitamin A-poor Vitamin A-poor
fast foodsfast foods– Vitamin A-rich Vitamin A-rich
liverliver
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In SummaryIn Summary• Other namesOther names
– RetinolRetinol– RetinalRetinal– Retinoic acidRetinoic acid– Precursors are carotenoids such Precursors are carotenoids such
as beta-caroteneas beta-carotene• 2001 RDA2001 RDA
– Men: 900 Men: 900 g RAE/dayg RAE/day– Women: 700 Women: 700 g RAE/dayg RAE/day
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In SummaryIn Summary• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:
3000 3000 g/dayg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– VisionVision– Maintenance of cornea, epithelial Maintenance of cornea, epithelial
cells, mucous membranes, skincells, mucous membranes, skin– Bone and tooth growthBone and tooth growth– ReproductionReproduction– ImmunityImmunity
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In SummaryIn Summary• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, livermargarine, eggs, liver
– Beta-carotene: spinach and other Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)pumpkin)
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In SummaryIn Summary• Deficiency disease: Deficiency disease:
hypovitaminosis Ahypovitaminosis A• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Night blindness, corneal drying Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia)blindness (xerophthalmia)
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In SummaryIn Summary• Deficiency symptoms Deficiency symptoms
(continued)(continued)– Impaired immunity (infections)Impaired immunity (infections)– Plugging of hair follicles with Plugging of hair follicles with
keratin, forming white lumps keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)(hyperkeratosis)
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Deficiency Symptom: Deficiency Symptom: KeratinizationKeratinization
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In SummaryIn Summary• Toxicity disease: Toxicity disease:
hypervitaminosis Ahypervitaminosis A• Chronic toxicity symptomsChronic toxicity symptoms
– Increased activity of osteoclasts Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone densitycausing reduced bone density
– Liver abnormalitiesLiver abnormalities– Birth defectsBirth defects
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In SummaryIn Summary• Acute toxicity symptomsAcute toxicity symptoms
– Blurred visionBlurred vision– Nausea, vomiting, vertigoNausea, vomiting, vertigo– Increase of pressure inside skull, Increase of pressure inside skull,
mimicking brain tumormimicking brain tumor– HeadachesHeadaches
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Vitamin DVitamin D• Other namesOther names
– CalciferolCalciferol– 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D
(calcitriol)(calcitriol)– Animal version: vitamin DAnimal version: vitamin D33 or or
cholecalciferolcholecalciferol– Plant version: vitamin DPlant version: vitamin D22 or or
ergocalciferolergocalciferol– Precursor is the body’s own Precursor is the body’s own
cholesterolcholesterol
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Vitamin DVitamin D• 1997 adequate intake (AI)1997 adequate intake (AI)
– 19-50 years: 5 19-50 years: 5 g/dayg/day– 51-70 years: 10 51-70 years: 10 g/dayg/day– more than 70 years: 15 more than 70 years: 15 g/dayg/day
• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:50 50 g/dayg/day
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Vitamin DVitamin D• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Mineralization of bones (raises Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)retention by kidneys)
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Vitamin DVitamin D• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– Synthesized in the body with the Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlighthelp of sunlight
– Fortified milk, margarine, butter, Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals, and chocolate mixescereals, and chocolate mixes
– Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oilsand their oils
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Vitamin DVitamin D
• Deficiency Deficiency diseasesdiseases– RicketsRickets– OsteomalaciaOsteomalacia
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Vitamin DVitamin D• Deficiency symptoms: rickets Deficiency symptoms: rickets
in childrenin children– Inadequate calcification, Inadequate calcification,
resulting in misshapen bones resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs)(bowing of legs)
– Enlargement of ends of long Enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists)bones (knees, wrists)
– Deformities of ribs (bowed, with Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)beads or knobs)
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Vitamin DVitamin D• Deficiency symptoms: rickets Deficiency symptoms: rickets
in children (continued)in children (continued)– Delayed closing of fontanel, Delayed closing of fontanel,
resulting in rapid enlargement of resulting in rapid enlargement of headhead
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Vitamin DVitamin D• Deficiency symptoms: rickets Deficiency symptoms: rickets
in children (continued)in children (continued)– Lax muscles resulting in Lax muscles resulting in
protrusion of abdomenprotrusion of abdomen– Muscle spasmsMuscle spasms
• Deficiency symptoms: Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adultsosteomalacia in adults– Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, Loss of calcium, resulting in soft,
flexible, brittle, and deformed flexible, brittle, and deformed bonesbones
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Vitamin DVitamin D• Deficiency symptoms: Deficiency symptoms:
osteomalacia in adults (cont.)osteomalacia in adults (cont.)– Progressive weaknessProgressive weakness– Pain in pelvis, lower back, and Pain in pelvis, lower back, and
legslegs• Toxicity disease: Toxicity disease:
hypervitaminosis Dhypervitaminosis D
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Vitamin DVitamin D• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms
– Elevated blood calciumElevated blood calcium– Calcification of soft tissues Calcification of soft tissues
(blood vessels, kidneys, heart, (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)lungs, tissues around joints)
– Frequent urinationFrequent urination
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Vitamin EVitamin E• Other name: alpha-tocopherolOther name: alpha-tocopherol• 2000 RDA2000 RDA
– Adults: 15 mg/dayAdults: 15 mg/day• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:
1000 mg/day1000 mg/day• Chief function in the bodyChief function in the body
– Antioxidant (stabilization of cell Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)vitamin A)
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Vitamin EVitamin E
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Vitamin EVitamin E• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– Polyunsaturated Polyunsaturated plant oils plant oils (margarine, salad (margarine, salad dressings, dressings, shortenings)shortenings)
– Leafy green Leafy green vegetables, wheat vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seedsnuts, seeds
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Vitamin EVitamin E• Easily destroyed by heat and Easily destroyed by heat and
oxygenoxygen• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Red blood cell breakageRed blood cell breakage– Nerve damageNerve damage
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Augments the effects of Augments the effects of
anticlotting medicationanticlotting medication
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Vitamin KVitamin K• Other namesOther names
– PhylloquinonePhylloquinone– MenaquinoneMenaquinone– MenadioneMenadione– NaphthoquinoneNaphthoquinone
• 2001 AI2001 AI– Men: 120 Men: 120 g/dayg/day– Women: 90 Women: 90 g/dayg/day
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Vitamin KVitamin K• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Synthesis of blood-clotting Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calciumregulate blood calcium
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Vitamin KVitamin K• Significant Significant
sourcessources– Bacterial Bacterial
synthesis in the synthesis in the digestive tractdigestive tract
– LiverLiver– Leafy green Leafy green
vegetables, vegetables, cabbage-type cabbage-type vegetablesvegetables
– MilkMilk
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Vitamin KVitamin K
• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms– HemorrhagingHemorrhaging
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– None knownNone known
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The Fat-Soluble The Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamins -
In SummaryIn Summary• Interactions with each otherInteractions with each other
• Interactions with mineralsInteractions with minerals
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Antioxidant Nutrients Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease PreventionIn Disease Prevention• Free radicals and diseaseFree radicals and disease
– Oxidative stressOxidative stress
• Defending against free radicalsDefending against free radicals– Oxidants and antioxidantsOxidants and antioxidants
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Antioxidant Nutrients Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease PreventionIn Disease Prevention
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Antioxidant Nutrients Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease PreventionIn Disease Prevention• Defending against cancerDefending against cancer
• Defending against cardiovascular Defending against cardiovascular diseasedisease
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Antioxidant Nutrients Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease PreventionIn Disease Prevention• Foods, supplements, or both?Foods, supplements, or both?
– ProoxidantsProoxidants
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Water And The Water And The Major MineralsMajor Minerals
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Water And The Water And The Body FluidsBody Fluids
• Functions of water:Functions of water:– TransportTransport– Structural support for moleculesStructural support for molecules– Participates in metabolic reactionsParticipates in metabolic reactions– SolventSolvent– LubricantLubricant– Body temperature regulationBody temperature regulation– Maintains blood volumeMaintains blood volume
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Water And The Water And The Body FluidsBody Fluids
• Water balance and recommended Water balance and recommended intakesintakes– Intracellular fluidIntracellular fluid– Extracellular fluidExtracellular fluid
•Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid
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One Cell One Cell And Its And Its
Associated Associated FluidsFluids
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Water And The Water And The Body FluidsBody Fluids
• Water balance and recommended Water balance and recommended intakesintakes– Water intakeWater intake
•DehydrationDehydration•Water intoxicationWater intoxication
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Water And The Water And The Body FluidsBody Fluids
• Water balance and recommended Water balance and recommended intakesintakes– Water sourcesWater sources– Water lossesWater losses– Water recommendationsWater recommendations
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• Water balance and recommended Water balance and recommended intakesintakes– Health effects of waterHealth effects of water
•Hard water vs. soft waterHard water vs. soft water•Bottled waterBottled water
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How The Body Regulates Blood Volume
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Fluid And Fluid And Electrolyte BalanceElectrolyte Balance
• Dissociation of salt in waterDissociation of salt in water– IonsIons
•CationsCations•AnionsAnions
– Electrolyte solutionElectrolyte solution
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Water Dissolves SaltsAnd Follows Electrolytes
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Fluid And Fluid And Electrolyte BalanceElectrolyte Balance
• Electrolytes attract waterElectrolytes attract water
• Water follows electrolytesWater follows electrolytes– SolutesSolutes– OsmosisOsmosis– Osmotic pressureOsmotic pressure
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• Vegetables “sweat” when sprinkled with salt
• Raisins plump up when immersed in water
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Fluid And Fluid And Electrolyte BalanceElectrolyte Balance
• Proteins regulate flow of fluids and Proteins regulate flow of fluids and ionsions
• Regulation of fluid and electrolyte Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balancebalance
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Fluid And Fluid And Electrolyte ImbalanceElectrolyte Imbalance• Sodium and chloride most easily Sodium and chloride most easily
lostlost
• Different solutes lost by different Different solutes lost by different routesroutes
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Fluid And Fluid And Electrolyte ImbalanceElectrolyte Imbalance
• Replacing lost Replacing lost fluids and fluids and electrolyteselectrolytes– Oral Oral
rehydration rehydration therapy (ORT)therapy (ORT)
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Acid-Base BalanceAcid-Base Balance• pHpH
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Acid-Base BalanceAcid-Base Balance• Regulation by the buffersRegulation by the buffers
– BicarbonateBicarbonate– Carbonic acidCarbonic acid
• Regulation by the lungsRegulation by the lungs
• Regulation by the kidneysRegulation by the kidneys
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The Minerals - The Minerals - An OverviewAn Overview
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The Minerals - The Minerals - An OverviewAn Overview
• Inorganic elementsInorganic elements
• The body’s handling of mineralsThe body’s handling of minerals
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The Minerals - The Minerals - An OverviewAn Overview
• Variable bioavailabilityVariable bioavailability– BindersBinders
•PhytatesPhytates•Oxalates Oxalates
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The Minerals - The Minerals - An OverviewAn Overview
• Nutrient interactionsNutrient interactions
• Varied rolesVaried roles
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SodiumSodium• Roles in the bodyRoles in the body
– Principal extracellular cationPrincipal extracellular cation
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SodiumSodium• HypertensionHypertension
– Salt sensitivitySalt sensitivity
• OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
• FoodsFoods
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SodiumSodium
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Sodium: In SummarySodium: In Summary• 1989 estimated minimum 1989 estimated minimum
requirement for adults:requirement for adults:500 mg/day500 mg/day
• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balancebalance– Assists in nerve impulse transmission Assists in nerve impulse transmission
and muscle contractionand muscle contraction
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Sodium: In SummarySodium: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetiteappetite
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Edema, acute hypertensionEdema, acute hypertension
• Significant sourceSignificant source– Table salt, soy sauceTable salt, soy sauce– Moderate amounts in meats, milks, Moderate amounts in meats, milks,
breads, and vegetablesbreads, and vegetables– Large amounts in processed foodsLarge amounts in processed foods
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ChlorideChloride• Chlorine (ClChlorine (Cl22) vs. chloride ion (Cl) vs. chloride ion (Cl--))
• Roles in bodyRoles in body– Principal extracellular anionPrincipal extracellular anion
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Chloride: In SummaryChloride: In Summary• 1989 estimated minimum 1989 estimated minimum
requirement for adults:requirement for adults:750 mg/day750 mg/day
• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balancebalance– Part of hydrochloric acid found in the Part of hydrochloric acid found in the
stomach, necessary for proper stomach, necessary for proper digestiondigestion
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Chloride: In SummaryChloride: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Do not occur under normal Do not occur under normal circumstancescircumstances
• Toxicity symptomToxicity symptom– VomitingVomiting
• Significant sourcesSignificant sources– Table salt, soy sauceTable salt, soy sauce– Moderate amounts in meats, milks, Moderate amounts in meats, milks,
eggseggs– Large amounts in processed foodsLarge amounts in processed foods
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PotassiumPotassium• Principal intracellular cationPrincipal intracellular cation
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Potassium: In SummaryPotassium: In Summary• 1989 estimated minimum 1989 estimated minimum
requirement for adults:requirement for adults:2000 mg/day2000 mg/day
• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balancebalance– Facilitates many reactionsFacilitates many reactions– Supports cell integritySupports cell integrity– Assists in nerve impulse transmission Assists in nerve impulse transmission
and muscle contractionsand muscle contractions
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Potassium: In SummaryPotassium: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Muscular weaknessMuscular weakness– ParalysisParalysis– ConfusionConfusion
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Muscular weaknessMuscular weakness– VomitingVomiting– If given into a vein, can stop the heartIf given into a vein, can stop the heart
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Potassium: In SummaryPotassium: In Summary• Significant Significant
sourcessources– All whole foodsAll whole foods– Meats, milks, Meats, milks,
fruits, vegetables, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumesgrains, legumes
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Calcium Calcium BalanceBalance
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CalciumCalcium• Calcium rigor vs. calcium tetanyCalcium rigor vs. calcium tetany
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CalciumCalcium
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Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• 1997 adequate intake (AI)1997 adequate intake (AI)
– Adults 19-50 years: 100 mg/dayAdults 19-50 years: 100 mg/day– Adults 51 and older:Adults 51 and older:
1200 mg/day1200 mg/day• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:
2500 mg/day2500 mg/day
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Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Mineralization of bones and teethMineralization of bones and teeth– Involved in muscle contraction Involved in muscle contraction
and relaxation, nerve and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clottingfunctioning, blood clotting
– Blood pressure, immune Blood pressure, immune defensesdefenses
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Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Stunted growth in childrenStunted growth in children– Bone loss (osteoporosis) in Bone loss (osteoporosis) in
adultsadults
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Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms
– ConstipationConstipation– Increased risk of urinary stone Increased risk of urinary stone
formation and kidney formation and kidney dysfunctiondysfunction
– Interference with absorption of Interference with absorption of other mineralsother minerals
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Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• Significant Significant
sourcessources– Milk and milk Milk and milk
productsproducts– Small fish (with Small fish (with
bones)bones)– Tofu (bean Tofu (bean
curd), greens curd), greens (broccoli, (broccoli, chard), legumeschard), legumes
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PhosphorusPhosphorus• 1997 RDA for adults:1997 RDA for adults:
700 mg/day700 mg/day• Upper level for adults (19-70 Upper level for adults (19-70
years): 4000 mg/dayyears): 4000 mg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Mineralization of bones and teethMineralization of bones and teeth– Part of every cellPart of every cell– Important in genetic material, Important in genetic material,
part of phospholipidspart of phospholipids
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PhosphorusPhosphorus• Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body
(continued)(continued)– Used in energy transfer and in Used in energy transfer and in
buffer systems that maintain buffer systems that maintain acid-base balanceacid-base balance
• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms– Muscular weakness, bone painMuscular weakness, bone pain
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PhosphorusPhosphorus
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Calcification of nonskeletal Calcification of nonskeletal
tissues, particularly the kidneystissues, particularly the kidneys• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– All animal tissues (meat, fish, All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)poultry, eggs, milk)
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MagnesiumMagnesium• 1997 RDA1997 RDA
– Men (19-30 years): 400 mg/dayMen (19-30 years): 400 mg/day– Women (19-30 years): 310 mg/dayWomen (19-30 years): 310 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 350 mg Upper level for adults: 350 mg nonfood magnesium/daynonfood magnesium/day
• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body– Bone mineralization, building of Bone mineralization, building of
protein, enzyme action, normal protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune systemand functioning of immune system
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MagnesiumMagnesium• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– WeaknessWeakness– ConfusionConfusion– If extreme, convulsions, bizarre If extreme, convulsions, bizarre
muscle movements (especially of eye muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowingdifficulty in swallowing
– In children, growth failureIn children, growth failure
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MagnesiumMagnesium• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms
– From nonfood sources onlyFrom nonfood sources only– Diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydrationDiarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration
• Significant sourcesSignificant sources– Nuts, legumesNuts, legumes– Whole grainsWhole grains– Dark green vegetablesDark green vegetables– SeafoodSeafood– Chocolate, cocoaChocolate, cocoa
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SulfurSulfur• RolesRoles
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
• Bone development and Bone development and disintegrationdisintegration– Cortical boneCortical bone– Trabecular boneTrabecular bone
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Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Trabecular Bones
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
• Bone development and Bone development and disintegrationdisintegration– Bone densityBone density
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
• Age and bone calciumAge and bone calcium
• Maximizing bone massMaximizing bone mass
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Osteoporosis And CalciumOsteoporosis And Calcium
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
• Minimizing bone lossMinimizing bone loss
• Gender and hormonesGender and hormones
• Genetics and ethnicityGenetics and ethnicity
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
• Physical Physical activity and activity and body weightbody weight
• Smoking and Smoking and alcoholalcohol
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
• Dietary calcium is the key to Dietary calcium is the key to preventionprevention
• Other nutrients play a supporting Other nutrients play a supporting rolerole
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
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Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium
• A perspective on supplementsA perspective on supplements– AntacidsAntacids– Bone mealBone meal– Oyster shellOyster shell– Dolomite (limestone)Dolomite (limestone)
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The Trace MineralsThe Trace Minerals
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The Trace MineralsThe Trace Minerals
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The Trace MineralsThe Trace Minerals• Food sourcesFood sources
• DeficienciesDeficiencies
• ToxicitiesToxicities
• InteractionsInteractions
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IronIron• Ferrous (FeFerrous (Fe++++) )
– ReducedReduced
• Ferric (FeFerric (Fe++++++))– OxidizedOxidized
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Iron AbsorptionIron Absorption
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Iron: Heme vs. NonhemeIron: Heme vs. Nonheme
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IronIron• Factors enhance nonheme iron Factors enhance nonheme iron
absorptionabsorption– MFP factorMFP factor– Vitamin CVitamin C– Citric acid from Citric acid from
foodsfoods
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IronIron• Factors enhance nonheme iron Factors enhance nonheme iron
absorptionabsorption– Lactic acid from foodsLactic acid from foods– HCl from stomachHCl from stomach– SugarsSugars
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IronIron• Factors inhibit nonheme iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron
absorptionabsorption– PhytatesPhytates– FibersFibers– OxalatesOxalates
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IronIron• Factors inhibit nonheme iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron
absorptionabsorption– CalciumCalcium– PhosphorusPhosphorus– EDTAEDTA– Tannic acidTannic acid
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Iron RecyclingIron Recycling
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IronIron• High risk for iron deficiencyHigh risk for iron deficiency
– Women in their reproductive Women in their reproductive yearsyears
– pregnant womenpregnant women– Infants and young childrenInfants and young children– TeenagersTeenagers
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IronIron• Stages of iron deficiencyStages of iron deficiency
– Iron stores diminishIron stores diminish– Transport iron decreasesTransport iron decreases– Hemoglobin production declinesHemoglobin production declines
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• Both size and color are normal in these blood cells
• Blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin
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IronIron
• Contamination Contamination ironiron
• Iron Iron supplementssupplements
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Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary
• 2001 RDA2001 RDA– Men: 8 mg/dayMen: 8 mg/day– Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/dayWomen (19-50 years): 18 mg/day– Women (51+ years): 8 mg/dayWomen (51+ years): 8 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 45 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 45 mg/day
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Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Part of the protein hemoglobin, which Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the bloodcarries oxygen in the blood
– Part of the protein myoglobin in Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contractionavailable for muscle contraction
– Necessary for the utilization of energy Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic as part of the cells’ metabolic machinerymachinery
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Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggseggs
– Legumes, dried fruitsLegumes, dried fruits
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Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Anemia: weakness, fatigue, Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headachesheadaches
– Impaired work performance and Impaired work performance and cognitive functioncognitive function
– Impaired immunityImpaired immunity– Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous
membranes, and palm creasesmembranes, and palm creases– Concave nailsConcave nails– Inability to regulate body temperatureInability to regulate body temperature– PicaPica
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Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– GI distressGI distress– Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint
pain, skin pigmentation, organ pain, skin pigmentation, organ damagedamage
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ZincZinc• RolesRoles
– MetalloenzymesMetalloenzymes
• AbsorptionAbsorption– MetallothioneinMetallothionein
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ZincZinc• Enteropancreatic circulationEnteropancreatic circulation
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ZincZinc• Zinc supplementationZinc supplementation
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Zinc: In SummaryZinc: In Summary
• 2001 RDA2001 RDA– Men: 11 mg/dayMen: 11 mg/day– Women: 8 mg/dayWomen: 8 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 40 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 40 mg/day
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Zinc: In SummaryZinc: In SummaryChief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Part of many enzymesPart of many enzymes– Associated with the hormone insulinAssociated with the hormone insulin– Involved in making genetic material Involved in making genetic material
and proteins, immune reactions, and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetusdevelopment of the fetus
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ZincZinc• Significant Significant
sourcessources– Protein-Protein-
containing containing foodsfoods
– Red meats, Red meats, shellfishshellfish
– Whole grainsWhole grains
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ZincZinc• Deficiency Deficiency
symptomssymptoms– Growth Growth
retardation, retardation, delayed sexual delayed sexual maturation, maturation, impaired immune impaired immune function, hair loss, function, hair loss, eye and skin eye and skin lesions, loss of lesions, loss of appetiteappetite
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Zinc: In SummaryZinc: In Summary
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, Loss of appetite, impaired immunity,
low HDL, copper and iron deficiencieslow HDL, copper and iron deficiencies
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IodineIodine• Iodine vs. iodideIodine vs. iodide
• DeficiencyDeficiency– GoitrogensGoitrogens
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Iodine: In SummaryIodine: In Summary• 2001 RDA for adults: 150 2001 RDA for adults: 150 g/dayg/day• Upper level: 1100 Upper level: 1100 g/dayg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– A component of two thyroid A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic growth, development, and metabolic raterate
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Iodine: In SummaryIodine: In Summary• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– Iodized salt, seafood, bread, Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plantsthose plants
• Deficiency diseaseDeficiency disease– Simple goiterSimple goiter– CretinismCretinism
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Iodine: In SummaryIodine: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Underactive thyroid gland, goiterUnderactive thyroid gland, goiter– Mental and physical retardation in Mental and physical retardation in
infants (cretinism)infants (cretinism)• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms
– Underactive thyroid gland, elevated Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiterTSH, goiter
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SeleniumSelenium• 2000 RDA for adults: 55 2000 RDA for adults: 55 g/dayg/day• Upper level for adults: 400 Upper level for adults: 400 g/dayg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Defends against oxidationDefends against oxidation– Regulates thyroid hormoneRegulates thyroid hormone
• Significant sourcesSignificant sources– Seafood, meatSeafood, meat– Whole grains, vegetables (depending Whole grains, vegetables (depending
on soil content)on soil content)
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SeleniumSelenium• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Predisposition to heart disease Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Loss and brittleness of hair and nailsLoss and brittleness of hair and nails– Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and
nervous system disordersnervous system disorders– Garlic breath odorGarlic breath odor
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CopperCopper• 2001 RDA for adults: 900 2001 RDA for adults: 900 g/dayg/day• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:
10,000 10,000 g/day (10 mg/day)g/day (10 mg/day)• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Necessary for absorption and use of Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobiniron in the formation of hemoglobin
– Part of several enzymesPart of several enzymes
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CopperCopper• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– SeafoodSeafood– Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumesNuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes
• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms– Anemia, bone abnormalitiesAnemia, bone abnormalities
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Liver damageLiver damage
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ManganeseManganese• 2001 AI2001 AI
– Men: 2.3 mg/dayMen: 2.3 mg/day– Women: 1.8 mg/dayWomen: 1.8 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 11 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 11 mg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Cofactor for several enzymesCofactor for several enzymes
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ManganeseManganese• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, teatea
• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms– RareRare
• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Nervous system disordersNervous system disorders
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FluorideFluoride• 1997 AI1997 AI
– Men: 3.8 mg/dayMen: 3.8 mg/day– Women: 3.1 mg/dayWomen: 3.1 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 10 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 10 mg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Involved in the formation of bones Involved in the formation of bones and teethand teeth
– Helps to make teeth resistant to Helps to make teeth resistant to decaydecay
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U.S. U.S. Population Population With With Fluoridated Fluoridated WaterWater
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FluorideFluoride• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– Drinking water (if fluoride containing Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated)or fluoridated)
– Tea, seafoodTea, seafood• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Susceptibility to tooth decaySusceptibility to tooth decay• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms
– Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth)teeth)
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ChromiumChromium• 2001 AI2001 AI
– Men: 35 Men: 35 g/dayg/day– Women: 25 Women: 25 g/dayg/day
• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body– Enhances insulin actionEnhances insulin action
• Significant sourcesSignificant sources– Meats (especially liver)Meats (especially liver)– Whole grains, brewer’s yeastWhole grains, brewer’s yeast
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ChromiumChromium• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– Diabetes-like conditionDiabetes-like condition• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms
– None reportedNone reported
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MolybdenumMolybdenum• 2001 AI for adults: 45 2001 AI for adults: 45 g/dayg/day• Upper level for adults: 2 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 2 mg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body
– Cofactor for several enzymesCofactor for several enzymes• Significant sourcesSignificant sources
– Legumes, cerealsLegumes, cereals– Organ meatsOrgan meats
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MolybdenumMolybdenum• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms
– UnknownUnknown• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms
– None reportedNone reported– Reproductive effects in animalsReproductive effects in animals
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Other Trace MineralsOther Trace Minerals• NickelNickel
• SiliconSilicon
• VanadiumVanadium
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Other Trace Other Trace MineralsMinerals
• CobaltCobalt
• BoronBoron
• ArsenicArsenic
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Contaminant MineralsContaminant Minerals• Heavy metalsHeavy metals
– LeadLead
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Phytochemicals And Phytochemicals And Functional FoodsFunctional Foods
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Phytochemicals And Phytochemicals And Functional FoodsFunctional Foods
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Phytochemicals And Phytochemicals And Functional FoodsFunctional Foods
• Defending against cancerDefending against cancer• Defending against heart diseaseDefending against heart disease
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• Functional Functional foods...foods...– from naturefrom nature
– from from manufacturersmanufacturers
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Phytochemicals And Phytochemicals And Functional FoodsFunctional Foods
Functional foodsFunctional foods– Inconclusive researchInconclusive research– Food labelsFood labels– SafetySafety– Overall healthfulness of productsOverall healthfulness of products