The expansion of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil

The expansion of The expansion of Participatory Budgeting in Participatory Budgeting in

BrazilBrazilan analysis of the sucessful cases based

upon design and socio-economic indicators

Leonardo AvritzerBrian Wampler

The World Bank InstituteThe Municipal Development Program (MDP), Africa

The Participatory Democracy Project

Belo Horizonte, BrazilDecember, 2008

Explaining the Explaining the ResearchResearch

Presentation guidelines: P.B. casesAfter the collection of data, it was time to categorize it for the analysis process. P.B.

cases were categorized according to their existence in administrative mayoral periods in Brazil since 1997:

1997-2000: 120 cases 2001-2004: 199 cases 2005-2008: 201 cases

Research Methodology: data collection and categorization; P.B. incidence: emergence and spreading; P.B. incidence: socio-economic indicators; P.B. incidence: design and patterns for successful cases

PB’s OperationPB’s Operation

1. City’s regionalization and constitution of fora and regional and thematic assemblies – presentation of demands and discussion of priorities;

2. Adjustment of the discussion to a set of rules and procedures to be discussed, such as poverty indices and access to public goods and services – redistributive criteria;

3. Creation of a PB council (delegates and councilors) that defines the investment plan and budget proposal;

4. Control, supervision and fiscalization of the implementation of approved projects.

Diffusion of PBs through municipal administrations in Brazil

Source: Projeto Democracia Participativa, 2004

Period 1989-1992 Period 1993-1996

P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreadingEmergence and spreading

Source: Projeto Democracia Participativa, 2004

Period 1997-2000 Period 2001-2004



Period 2005-2008

Source: data collected from the present research




Regions ofBrazil

Years

1997-2000 2001-2004 2005-2008

North 2,5% 5,5% 8,5%Northeast 14,2% 22,6% 22,4%South 39,2% 22,6% 21,9%Southeast 41,7% 45,2% 41,3%Center West 2,5% 4% 6,0%

Percentage of P.B. Experiences through Brazil


Source: data collected from the research

PB 2008 Continuity 1997-2008

Continuity 2001-2008

Planning Secretary 32,50% 38,20% 29,20%

Works Secretary 1,90% 2,90% 3,10%

Finances / Accounting Secretary 11,90% 8,80% 9,20%

Sector directly subordinated to the Executive 36,30% 20,60% 46,20%

P.B. Secretary 4,40% 11,80% 3,10%

Secretary of administration 8,10% 11,80% 4,60%

Other 5% 5,90% 4,60%

P.B. 2008

In which place of the administration P.B. is located

P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful casesDesign and patterns for successful cases


P.B. 2008

Timing cycle for the cases



P.B. 2008

Existence of P.B. Municipal Council



P.B. 2008

Priorities for the distribution of resources


ConclusionsConclusions

HDI ranking above the averageHistorically, P.B. cases are present in cities that rank higher in HDI average. Despite

the de-concentration from the South and Southeast, which are regions that usually rank higher anyway, this pattern hasn´t changed, as the table bellow shows:

P.B. Cases still rank higher in HDI in comparison to Brazil´s average. Regarding the Northeast region, which has received most of the new cases found, the pattern remains the same: P.B. Cases rank higher in comparison to the regions average.

Comparison of HDI averages

Brazil General PB 2008 Northeast

General PB 2008

Northeast cases HDI average 0,699 0,753 0,610 0,678

ConclusionsConclusions

Central institutions to the existence of P.B.The research has shown the existence of some institutions that have strong

presence in the successful cases of P.B.. They are described in the table that follows:

These institutons are related to design and may be understood as key elements for the proper functioning and even existence of P.B.

P.B. key institutions

PB 2008 Continuity

2001-2008 % of cases % of cases

Existence of regional meetings 88,1 95,4

Existence of PB Council 56,9 67,7

Representation of Civil Society in PB Council 100 100

Focus on infrastructure issues 83,1 83,8

Dissemination paperDissemination paperBrazil and Mozambique

Analysis of data collectedAnalysis of data collectedBrazil and MozambiqueBrazil and Mozambique

Two phenomena are common to both cases:

FIRSTRapid increasing in the degree of urbanization in the

last yearsRegions of

Brazil Years Mozambique Years

1991 2000 2005 1997 2007 (General) N % N %

Brasil 75,6 81,3 82,8 Urban 4,604,371 28.6 7,760,810 37,8 North 59,1 69,9 74,4

Northeast 60,7 69,1 70,8 Rural 11,494,829 71,4 12,769,904 62,2 Southeast 88,0 90,5 91,8

Southeast 74,1 80,9 82,5 Center-West 81,3 86,7 86,0


Second

In spite of the increase in the degree of urbanization, there haven´t been adopted any effective urban planning policies to guide the process

The result is the lack of basic policies in many areas of many cities, such as access to electric energy, access to basic infrastructure, and so on


One of the most important observed characteristic of P.B. cases in Brazil nowadays is not only the wide territorial distribution, but the non-complete dependency on the type of political party to exist. Not only leftist parties have been adopting it, but also centrist ones.

Political Party

Period 1997-2000 2001-2004 2005-2008

% % % PFL 1,7 4 3

PMDB 11,7 7,5 8.5 PSB 10,8 4 2

PSDB 15,9 11,6 5.5 PT 43,3 59,3 66

Others (Leftist) 16,6 12,5 13,5

Total 100 100 100


Successful cases in Brazil have shown that two variables do have great weight for the existence of P.B.:

FirstThe political will of the government. The support and initiative

of the government are paramount

SecondThe existence of a strong participatory background, or, in

other words, the existence of a strong civil society capable of pressing the government for the adoption of the program


In Mozambique, as well as in many other african countries, some participatory programs have been implemented by a myriad of organizations

However, the methodology of such programs implied a “top-down” implementation, which means that a whole prescription was previously made and, then, implemented as a package

Successfull P.B. cases in Brazil have, rather, been implemented in a “bottom-up” basis. This suggest that the role to be played by civil society actors is crutial for the success of the program, participating in all steps of the process

The expansion of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil

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